# Robertsons Solicitors > Independent solicitors for South Wales and the South West since 1903 — family law, wills, conveyancing, disputes and business law, explained in plain English. _Generated: 2026-08-17T20:47:13+00:00_ --- ## Home URL: https://robsols.co.uk/ Published: 2026-05-21 Updated: 2026-08-03 Author: --- ## Community URL: https://robsols.co.uk/community/ Published: 2026-05-26 Updated: 2026-07-31 Author: --- ## Careers URL: https://robsols.co.uk/careers/ Published: 2026-05-26 Updated: 2026-07-31 Author: --- ## Client Care & Complaints URL: https://robsols.co.uk/client-care-complaints/ Published: 2026-05-26 Updated: 2026-07-31 Author: --- ## Website Privacy Policy URL: https://robsols.co.uk/privacy-policy/ Published: 2026-06-14 Updated: 2026-07-30 Author: This policy explains how Robertsons Solicitors collects and uses personal information through this website, **robsols.co.uk**. It covers people who visit the site, browse our pages, or contact us through the website, for example by requesting a callback or sending an enquiry. **This policy does not cover our work for clients.** If you go on to instruct us, the way we handle your information as a client is governed by a separate client privacy notice, which we will provide to you at that stage. ## Who we are Robertsons Solicitors is a trading name of **Robertsons Legal Limited**, a company registered in England and Wales (company number 9645024), with its registered office at 6 Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3RS. We are authorised and regulated by the Solicitors Regulation Authority (SRA number 625915). For the purposes of data protection law, Robertsons Legal Limited is the “controller” of the personal information collected through this website. We are registered with the Information Commissioner’s Office under registration number ZA185852. If you have any questions about this policy or about how we use your information, you can contact us at [dataprotection@robsols.co.uk](mailto:dataprotection@robsols.co.uk) or by writing to the Data Protection contact at our registered office above. ## The information we collect **Information you give us.** When you request a callback, send an enquiry, or otherwise contact us through the website, we collect the details you provide. This usually includes your name, telephone number, email address, your preferred office, and any information you choose to include in your message. **Information we collect automatically.** When you visit the website, we automatically collect certain technical information, including your IP address, device and browser type, the pages you view, and how you move through the site. Some of this is collected using cookies and similar technologies. Our [Cookies Policy](/cookies) explains this in more detail. We do not deliberately collect special category data (such as information about health, beliefs or ethnicity) through the website. Please do not include sensitive details in a website enquiry form, if your matter involves sensitive information, we will gather what we need securely once we are in contact. ## How and why we use your information We use the information collected through the website for the following purposes, relying on the lawful bases set out below. - To respond to your enquiry or callback request and to take any steps you ask us to take before deciding whether to instruct us. Our lawful basis is our legitimate interests in responding to people who contact us, and, where relevant, taking steps at your request before entering into a contract. - To send you marketing or updates, such as legal updates or newsletters, where you have asked to receive them. Our lawful basis is your consent. You can withdraw your consent and unsubscribe at any time. - To keep the website secure, to prevent and detect misuse, fraud or unauthorised access, and to keep records of how the site is used. Our lawful basis is our legitimate interests in protecting our website, our business and our visitors. - To understand and improve how the website is used, using analytics. Where this relies on non-essential cookies, we act in accordance with your cookie choices; otherwise our lawful basis is our legitimate interests in improving our services. - To comply with our legal and regulatory obligations, including our obligations as a regulated law firm. Our lawful basis is compliance with a legal obligation. Where we rely on legitimate interests, we have considered whether those interests are outweighed by your rights, and we believe they are not. You can ask us for more information about this assessment at any time. ## Automated decision-making We do not, through this website, make decisions about you that have a legal or similarly significant effect using solely automated means, and we do not carry out profiling of that kind. If this were ever to change, we would update this policy, tell you, and explain the safeguards that apply, including your right to ask for a person to review the decision and your right to challenge it. ## Who we share your information with We do not sell your personal information, and we do not share it for anyone else’s marketing. We use a number of trusted third-party services to run the website, respond to your enquiries, take payments and understand how the site is used. Where these providers handle personal information on our behalf, they do so under our instructions and under appropriate data protection agreements. The main third parties whose services we use, and whose own privacy policies you may wish to read, are: - IONOS, our website hosting provider, which stores the website and the messages you send to us through it. IONOS privacy policy - Legl, which we use to take card payments securely when you pay us online. Legl privacy policy - Google, whose analytics tools help us understand how the website is used. Google privacy policy - Microsoft (Bing), whose analytics tools we use to understand how visitors find and use the website. Microsoft privacy statement We may also disclose information where we are required to do so by law, by a court, or by a regulator, or where it is necessary to protect our rights, our property, or the safety of others. ## Storing your information and international transfers We aim to store personal information within the UK or the European Economic Area. Where any of our providers process information outside the UK, we put appropriate safeguards in place, such as the UK’s International Data Transfer Agreement or an approved transfer mechanism, so that your information remains protected to UK standards. ## How long we keep your information We keep website enquiry information only for as long as we need it. If you contact us but do not go on to become a client, we keep your enquiry for 3 months and then delete it, unless we need to keep it longer to deal with a query or to meet a legal obligation. If you become a client, your information is dealt with under our separate client privacy notice and retention policy. Marketing preferences are kept until you unsubscribe. ## Your rights Under data protection law, you have a number of rights over your personal information. You can ask us to: - give you access to the personal information we hold about you; - correct information that is inaccurate or incomplete; - delete your information, where there is no good reason for us to keep it; - restrict or object to how we use your information; and - provide your information to you, or another organisation, in a portable format, where that right applies. Where we rely on your consent, you can withdraw it at any time. Withdrawing consent does not affect anything we did before you withdrew it. To make a request, contact us using the details at the top of this policy. We will respond within one month of receiving your request. If we need to confirm your identity or ask you to clarify what you are looking for, the one-month period may not start, or may pause, until you have provided what we have reasonably asked for. If your request is particularly complex, we may extend the time to respond and will tell you if so. There is normally no charge for exercising your rights. ## How to raise a concern or complain If you are unhappy with how we have handled your personal information, please contact us first using the details at the top of this policy. We take concerns seriously. We will acknowledge your complaint within 30 days and respond as soon as we reasonably can. You also have the right to complain to the Information Commissioner’s Office (ICO), the UK’s data protection regulator, at any time. You can find out how at [ico.org.uk](https://ico.org.uk), or by calling 0303 123 1113. We would, however, appreciate the chance to put things right first. ## Changes to this policy We may update this policy from time to time. The date at the top shows when it was last changed. Where the change is significant, we will make this clear on the website. ## Contact us Robertsons Legal Limited 6 Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3RS [dataprotection@robsols.co.uk](mailto:dataprotection@robsols.co.uk) 029 2023 7777 --- ## About URL: https://robsols.co.uk/about/ Published: 2026-05-26 Updated: 2026-07-30 Author: --- ## Contact URL: https://robsols.co.uk/contact/ Published: 2026-05-26 Updated: 2026-07-30 Author: --- ## Swansea URL: https://robsols.co.uk/swansea/ Published: 2026-05-27 Updated: 2026-07-21 Author: Our Swansea office is at Princess Quarter on Princess Way, in the city centre’s main business district. The building is a modern A-grade development that forms part of Swansea’s recent city-centre regeneration, sitting between The Kingsway and the seafront, a few minutes’ walk from Swansea Central station and just across from Copr Bay, the arena and the landmark bridge over Oystermouth Road. This is a fully staffed local office. The Swansea team covers the full range of personal legal work, family law, conveyancing, wills and probate, employment and civil disputes, and also handles business advice for the local commercial community. Most matters are seen through by a Swansea-based solicitor from the first call to completion. For more specialist or complex work, the team draws on the wider firm at our Cardiff head office. We act for clients across Swansea, the Gower, the wider Swansea Bay area, and the West Wales corridor through Llanelli, Pontarddulais and Carmarthen.  For an initial conversation about your situation, contact us or request a callback at a time that suits you. We won’t pressure you, we’ll listen to where you are, tell you honestly whether we can help, and explain how we’d approach it. --- ## Newport URL: https://robsols.co.uk/newport/ Published: 2026-05-28 Updated: 2026-07-21 Author: Our Newport office is at 8a Pentonville, just off the city centre near Gold Tops and the Civic Centre. The office works on an appointment basis rather than full-time staffing, but that makes very little difference to how your matter is handled. Most legal work today happens by phone, video and email, and an appointment-only office simply means we agree a time that suits you rather than asking you to drop in. The Newport team covers the full range of personal legal work, family law, conveyancing, wills and probate, and employment matters, alongside business advice for the local commercial community. Whether you’re buying your first home, sorting out a will, or facing a dispute at work, you’ll deal with a named solicitor who sees your matter through. For specialist or complex work, we draw on the wider firm at our Cardiff head office, just twenty minutes down the M4. We act for clients across Newport, Caerphilly, Pontypool, Cwmbran, Risca, Caldicot, Chepstow and the wider Gwent area. Because so much can be done remotely, distance is rarely a barrier, we work with clients across South Wales and the border counties without them needing to travel. If you’d like to meet in person, just let us know and we’ll arrange a time at the Pentonville office. It’s a short walk from Newport city centre and the railway station, with on-street and council parking nearby. Tell us your access needs when you book and we’ll do what we can to accommodate you. For an initial conversation about your situation, contact us or request a callback at a time that suits you. We won’t pressure you, we’ll listen to where you are, tell you honestly whether we can help, and explain how we’d approach it. --- ## Barry URL: https://robsols.co.uk/barry/ Published: 2026-05-27 Updated: 2026-07-21 Author: Our Barry office sits on St Nicholas Road, at the western end of the town centre near Romilly Park. It’s a fully staffed local office with a strong personal client base, most of the work involves moving house, writing wills, sorting probate, and helping people through separation and divorce. The Barry team is part of Robertsons but rooted in the town. We act for clients across Barry, the Vale of Glamorgan, Cowbridge and Penarth. Most matters are handled by a Barry-based solicitor from the first call through to completion. For more complex commercial work or specialist disputes, we draw on the wider team at our Cardiff head office, but the relationship stays with the person you first met. For an initial conversation about your situation, contact us or request a callback at a time that suits you. We won’t pressure you, we’ll listen to where you are, tell you honestly whether we can help, and explain how we’d approach it. --- ## Bristol URL: https://robsols.co.uk/bristol/ Published: 2026-05-28 Updated: 2026-07-21 Author: Our Bristol office is at Trym Lodge, a Georgian building at the end of the high street in Westbury-on-Trym, three miles north of the city centre. The office works by appointment rather than full-time staffing, but for most clients that makes little practical difference. The majority of legal work now happens by phone, video and email, and an appointment-only office simply means we agree a time that suits you rather than expecting you to drop in. As a firm based in Wales with an office in England, our Bristol team is well placed for clients who need specialist English-jurisdiction advice , some areas of law, including aspects of property, family and probate, differ between England and Wales, and it helps to work with solicitors who handle both. The team covers conveyancing, family law, wills and probate, and commercial matters, drawing on the wider firm at our Cardiff head office for specialist or complex work. We act for clients across Bristol, North Somerset, South Gloucestershire and the wider South West, including Clifton, Henleaze, Stoke Bishop, Portishead, Clevedon, Thornbury and beyond. Because so much can be handled remotely, you don’t need to be local to work with us, distance is rarely a barrier. If you’d like to meet in person, Trym Lodge is easy to reach. It’s around three minutes from junction 17 of the M5, close to Bristol Parkway. Tell us your access needs when you book and we’ll do what we can to accommodate you. For an initial conversation about your situation, contact us or request a callback at a time that suits you. We won’t pressure you, we’ll listen to where you are, tell you honestly whether we can help, and explain how we’d approach it. --- ## Cardiff Office URL: https://robsols.co.uk/cardiff/ Published: 2026-05-22 Updated: 2026-07-21 Author: Our Cardiff office at 6 Park Place is the firm’s head office and where most of the team is based. It sits in the heart of the city centre, opposite the New Theatre, next to Cardiff University’s main building and the National Museum. Most of Robertsons’ commercial work and complex disputes flow through here, alongside a full personal client practice covering family law, wills, conveyancing and employment. We act for clients across Cardiff and the wider South Wales area. The team covers the full range of legal services, from a first home purchase or a single will through to multi-jurisdictional divorce and high-value business disputes. Most matters can be handled by a solicitor in Park Place; for specialist English-jurisdiction work we may refer you to our Bristol location. For an initial conversation about your situation, contact us, we’ll listen to where you are, tell you honestly whether we can help, and explain how we’d approach it. --- ## Commercial Debt Recovery URL: https://robsols.co.uk/business-disputes/commercial-debt-recovery/ Published: 2026-06-20 Updated: 2026-07-21 Author: Commercial debt recovery is the process of getting in money owed to your business by another business or an individual. We act for creditors across South Wales and the South West, and the approach escalates as needed: a formal demand first, then court proceedings or insolvency-based pressure for an undisputed debt, and finally enforcement of any judgment. Many debts are recovered at the demand stage, once the debtor realises you are serious and ready to act. ## Is the debt disputed or just unpaid? This is the question that decides everything. If the debt is genuinely disputed on substantial grounds, it has to be pursued as an ordinary court claim and resolved like any other [commercial litigation](/business-disputes/commercial-litigation/). If the debt is not genuinely disputed and simply has not been paid, faster and more powerful routes are available, including a statutory demand and, for a company, the threat of a winding-up petition. Using those insolvency routes for a genuinely disputed debt is an abuse of process and can rebound on the creditor, so getting this judgment right at the outset matters. A bare assertion that the debt is disputed, with no real basis, will not stop the insolvency route, but a genuine dispute will. ## Can you charge interest and costs on a late payment? Yes. Under the [Late Payment of Commercial Debts (Interest) Act 1998](https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1998/20/contents), where one business pays another late you can usually claim statutory interest, currently eight per cent above the Bank of England base rate, together with fixed compensation of between £40 and £100 for each unpaid invoice, and reasonable recovery costs above that fixed sum. These are the debtor’s statutory liabilities, payable on top of the debt, and they strengthen your negotiating position. You can find the current rates on the [gov.uk guidance](https://www.gov.uk/late-commercial-payments-interest-debt-recovery). ## What if the debtor has no money? A judgment is only as good as the prospect of enforcing it, and there is little point pursuing a debtor with no assets. So it is sensible to assess the debtor’s financial position before committing, through credit checks and company filings. Where a debtor genuinely cannot pay, the options may be limited to proving as an unsecured creditor in any insolvency, where recovery is often small. In some cases a director can be personally liable, for instance under a personal guarantee. We give you a realistic view of recovery prospects before you spend money chasing. ## How is a judgment enforced? If a debtor still will not pay after judgment, enforcement options include taking control of goods, where enforcement agents seize and sell assets, a charging order over property, a third-party debt order freezing money in the debtor’s bank account, an attachment of earnings order against an individual, and, for a company, insolvency proceedings. The best method depends on what the debtor has, which is why it pays to know the debtor’s position before choosing. It is often worth obtaining information about the debtor’s assets before deciding how to enforce. ## What does it cost? For the recovery of undisputed commercial debts up to £100,000, our charges and the typical stages and timescales are set out on our debt recovery pricing page, in line with the transparency rules for this work. Where a debt is disputed or falls outside that scope, it is handled as commercial litigation and we charge by the hour with a written estimate at the outset. In many cases the recovery costs and statutory compensation can be added to the claim and recovered from the debtor. ## Speak to our dispute resolution team If a customer owes you money, act quickly, because arrears rarely improve with age. [Request a callback](/contact/) and we will get straight back to you. --- ## Cookies URL: https://robsols.co.uk/cookies/ Published: 2026-06-15 Updated: 2026-07-21 Author: This policy explains how Robertsons Solicitors uses cookies and similar technologies on this website, **robsols.co.uk**. It should be read alongside our [Website Privacy Policy](/privacy-policy/). ## What are cookies? Cookies are small text files that a website places on your device when you visit. They are widely used to make websites work, to make them work more efficiently, and to give the website owner information about how the site is used. Similar technologies, such as pixels and local storage, do comparable things, and where we refer to “cookies” in this policy we mean all of them. ## Your choices and consent Strictly necessary cookies do not require your consent, as the website cannot work without them. For all other cookies, we act in accordance with the choices you make and with data protection and privacy law. When you first visit the website, you can choose which categories of non-essential cookie to allow. You can change your choices at any time by clicking the button below, which reopens the cookie banner: Consent Preferences You can also block or delete cookies through your browser settings, as described below. ## The cookies we use The list below sets out the specific cookies used on this website, what they are for, and how long they last. It is kept up to date automatically. ### Necessary Necessary cookies are required to enable the basic features of this site, such as providing secure log-in or adjusting your consent preferences. These cookies do not store any personally identifiable data. Cookie Duration Description wt_consent1 yearThe WebToffee GDPR Cookie Consent plugin sets this cookie to store the user’s consent preferences, allowing the website to recognise those choices on future visits. The cookie does not collect or store any personal or identifiable information about the visitor. ### Functional Functional cookies help perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collecting feedback, and other third-party features. Cookie Duration Description No cookies to display. ### Analytics Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. These cookies help provide information on metrics such as the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. Cookie Duration Description _ga_*1 year 1 month 4 daysGoogle Analytics sets this cookie to store and count page views._ga1 year 1 month 4 daysGoogle Analytics sets this cookie to calculate visitor, session and campaign data and track site usage for the site's analytics report. The cookie stores information anonymously and assigns a randomly generated number to recognise unique visitors. ### Performance Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. Cookie Duration Description No cookies to display. ### Advertisement Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with customized advertisements based on the pages you visited previously and to analyze the effectiveness of the ad campaigns. Cookie Duration Description No cookies to display. ### Others Other cookies are those that are being identified and have not been classified into any category as yet. Cookie Duration Description No cookies to display. ## Managing cookies in your browser Most browsers let you block or delete cookies through their settings. The links below explain how to do this in the major browsers. Please note that blocking some cookies may affect how parts of the website work. - Chrome: support.google.com/accounts/answer/32050 - Safari: support.apple.com/en-gb/guide/safari/sfri11471/mac - Firefox: support.mozilla.org/en-US/kb/clear-cookies-and-site-data-firefox - Microsoft Edge: Delete cookies in Microsoft Edge If you use a different browser, please see that browser’s official support pages. ## Questions about this policy If you have any questions about how we use cookies, please contact us at [dataprotection@robsols.co.uk](mailto:dataprotection@robsols.co.uk). We may update this policy from time to time; any changes will be published on this page. ## Managing cookies in your browser As well as using our cookie settings, you can control cookies through your browser. Most browsers let you see what cookies are stored, delete them, and block some or all cookies. If you block all cookies, some parts of the website may not work as intended. Your browser’s help pages will explain how to do this for the browser you are using. To opt out of being tracked by analytics across many websites, you can also use the controls offered by the analytics provider or your browser’s privacy settings. ## Changes to this policy We may update this policy from time to time as the cookies we use change. The date at the top shows when it was last updated. ## Contact us If you have any questions about our use of cookies, please contact us at [dataprotection@robsols.co.uk](mailto:dataprotection@robsols.co.uk) or write to us at 6 Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3RS. --- ## Offices URL: https://robsols.co.uk/offices/ Published: 2026-05-22 Updated: 2026-07-21 Author: --- ## New-Build Conveyancing Solicitors in Cardiff URL: https://robsols.co.uk/conveyancing/new-build-purchases-cardiff/ Published: 2026-06-14 Updated: 2026-07-19 Author: If you are buying a new-build home in Cardiff, our conveyancing solicitors handle the purchase for buyers across the city and the surrounding developments, and we do a great deal of it. How buying a new build works, off-plan purchases, warranties, the developer’s contract, is set out in full on our [new-build purchases](/conveyancing/new-build-purchases) page. Here we focus on what is local. ## Why instruct a Cardiff solicitor the day you reserve? On a new build, speed is everything. Developers usually require exchange within about 28 days of reservation, far shorter than a normal purchase, and missing that deadline can mean losing your reservation fee and the plot. The single most effective thing you can do is instruct us on the day you reserve, so we order your searches straight away. That includes the Cardiff Council local search and an environmental search, which matters because new developments are often built on previously developed land. ## What about Welsh schemes and tax? A new-build purchase in Cardiff attracts Land Transaction Tax, the Welsh tax that replaces stamp duty, our [buying a property in Cardiff](/buying-a-property-cardiff) page explains how it works. Government purchase schemes add legal steps too: Help to Buy – Wales has closed to new applicants, but shared ownership and similar schemes are still about, and each involves reviewing extra documents. Tell us at the outset if a scheme is involved so it does not hold up your purchase. ## How our Cardiff team helps We act for new-build buyers across Cardiff and the Vale, on houses and flats, with and without schemes. We are quick off the mark, firm with developers, and clear about the contract you are signing, including the long-stop date that protects you if the build runs late, and the warranty that stands in place of a survey. The [New Homes Quality Board](https://www.nhqb.org.uk) oversees standards for many new homes. For a new flat, see also [leasehold conveyancing in Cardiff](/leasehold-conveyancing-cardiff). --- ## New-Build Purchases URL: https://robsols.co.uk/conveyancing/new-build-purchases/ Published: 2026-06-13 Updated: 2026-07-19 Author: Buying a new-build home is different from [buying an existing one](/conveyancing/buying-a-property), and the differences matter. You are often buying off-plan, agreeing to purchase before the home is finished, on the strength of plans and a specification. You reserve the plot and pay a reservation fee, then face a tight deadline to exchange contracts, usually within 28 days. The developer’s contract is written in its favour, and your main protection against defects is a structural warranty rather than a survey. We handle the legal work, hold the developer to the contract, and make sure you understand exactly what you are buying before you are committed. ## Why instruct a solicitor early? On a new build, speed is everything. The developer’s 28-day exchange deadline is far shorter than the timeline for a normal purchase, and missing it can mean losing your reservation fee and the plot being put back on the market. That leaves very little time to review the contract, run searches and get your mortgage in place. The single most effective thing you can do is instruct us on the day you reserve, not days later, we order searches straight away and work to the deadline so you are not caught out. ## Warranties, not surveys Most new builds come with a 10-year structural warranty from a provider such as NHBC, which is also what your mortgage lender will require. A warranty is not the same as a survey: it covers structural defects, not the quality of every finish. Before you complete, it is well worth having a professional snagging inspection to pick up defects while the developer is still on site and obliged to put them right. The [New Homes Quality Board](https://www.nhqb.org.uk) oversees standards for many new homes. We check the warranty is in place and properly transferable, so it protects you and any future buyer. ## Reading the developer’s contract Developer contracts contain terms you would not see in an ordinary purchase, and some of them can catch buyers out. We read the contract closely and report to you on the points that matter, in particular the long-stop date (the final date by which the developer must finish, and your right to walk away and recover your deposit if they miss it), any right to vary the specification or estate layout, and any restrictions on letting. You should never feel pressured to exchange before you understand what you are agreeing to. ## Help to Buy and other schemes If you are buying with the help of a scheme, there are extra legal steps, so tell us at the outset. Schemes such as shared ownership involve reviewing both the purchase and the lease carefully, and government equity loans add their own documentation and obligations. In Wales, the Help to Buy – Wales scheme is closing to new applications, so timing matters if you are relying on it. We will factor the right steps in from the start so the scheme side does not hold up your purchase. ## How we help We act for new-build buyers across South Wales and the South West, on houses and flats, with and without schemes. We are quick off the mark, firm with developers, and clear about the contract you are signing. To get started, or for a quote, you can [request a callback or contact our team](/contact). For a new flat, see also [leasehold conveyancing](/conveyancing/leasehold-conveyancing) and, in a taller building, [high-rise conveyancing](/conveyancing/high-rise-conveyancing). --- ## Probate Fees URL: https://robsols.co.uk/wills-trusts-estates/probate/pricing/ Published: 2026-06-12 Updated: 2026-07-19 Author: About these fees ## How we charge for probate We deal with uncontested estates across England and Wales. We charge for the time and work your matter actually takes, and we give you a written estimate at the outset, so you know where you stand before any work begins. Our hourly rates currently range from £165 to £325 plus VAT (£198 to £390 including VAT), depending on who carries out your matter. ## What a typical estate costs Every estate is different, so the figures below are guides, not fixed prices. Once we understand the estate, we confirm a tailored estimate in writing. A straightforward estate £3,000-£6,000 + VAT (£3,600-£7,200 inc. VAT) Typically where there is a valid will, one property or none, a few bank accounts, no inheritance tax to pay, and no disputes between beneficiaries. - Identifying the executors and the people who inherit - Valuing the estate’s assets and debts - Preparing the application and the simplified tax return - Applying for the Grant of Probate - Collecting the assets, settling debts and distributing the estate A more complex estate £6,000-£12,000 + VAT (£7,200-£14,400 inc. VAT) Typically where inheritance tax is payable, there are several properties, business or agricultural assets, trusts, assets abroad, no valid will, or a larger number of beneficiaries. - Everything in a straightforward estate, plus: - A full inheritance tax account and dealing with HMRC - Valuing and managing more complex assets - Additional work where there is no will, or part of the estate is contested The most complex estates can cost more than £12,000 plus VAT. If yours is likely to, we will explain why and agree the figure with you first. ## What is not included Our fees cover administering the estate. They do not include disbursements (below), selling a property (handled by our conveyancing team and quoted separately), or resolving a dispute over the estate. If a dispute arises, we will explain the options and, if needed, refer you to our [inheritance disputes team](/wills-trusts-estates/inheritance-disputes), who charge separately. ## Disbursements **Disbursements** are costs payable to others. They are additional to our fees. The usual ones are: - Probate application fee, £526 (estates over £5,000; no fee for smaller estates). No VAT. - Sealed copies of the Grant, £16 each. No VAT. - Bankruptcy searches, around £2 for each beneficiary. No VAT. - Statutory notices protecting the estate against unknown claims, a London Gazette notice at £96.55 plus VAT (£115.86), and a local newspaper notice, typically £100-£200 plus VAT. - Land Registry office copies, where the estate includes property, £7 per title. No VAT. These figures are correct at the review date shown above; the statutory ones can change. **VAT** is charged at 20% on our fees and on some disbursements. The disbursements marked “no VAT” above do not attract it. ## Key stages - Initial advice We take your instructions and explain the steps and likely cost. - Valuing the estate We establish the assets and debts and obtain valuations. - Inheritance tax We report to HMRC and arrange payment of any tax due. - Applying for the Grant We prepare and submit the application. - Collecting and settling We gather the assets and pay the estate’s debts. - Distributing the estate We distribute what is left and prepare estate accounts. ## How long it takes A straightforward estate usually takes 6 to 12 months, with the Grant itself normally issued 8 to 16 weeks after we apply. A more complex estate, particularly where inheritance tax is payable or a property is being sold, usually takes 12 to 24 months. If you are ever unhappy with our service, our [client care and complaints](/client-care-complaints) page explains how to raise it. [Wills, Trusts & Estates ## Probate & Estate Administration Read more about how we help executors and families administer an estate. Read more →](/wills-trusts-estates/probate/) --- ## UK Court Fees URL: https://robsols.co.uk/court-fees-list/ Published: 2026-06-03 Updated: 2026-07-19 Author: All UK Court Fees 2026, Complete Reference | Robertsons Solicitors Reference · England & Wales # All UK Court Fees 2026 The complete fee schedule for civil, family, probate, Court of Protection, magistrates’, immigration and enforcement matters in England and Wales. Verified against HMCTS EX50A July 2026. Court fees last updated **July 2026** [Open the calculator](/court-fees-calculator) [Jump to fee tables](#tabs) Civil Family Probate Court of Protection Magistrates’ Immigration Enforcement ## Money claims, issue fee Charged when you issue the claim. Based on the total claim amount including interest accrued to the date of issue. Claim valueFee Up to £300£35 £300.01 to £500£50 £500.01 to £1,000£70 £1,000.01 to £1,500£80 £1,500.01 to £3,000£115 £3,000.01 to £5,000£205 £5,000.01 to £10,000£455 £10,000.01 to £200,000 (5% of claim)5% Over £200,000 / unlimited (capped)£10,000 ## Hearing fees Due before trial. If the court gives 36+ days’ notice, the fee is payable at least 28 days before trial; otherwise within 7 days of notice. Late payment leads to automatic strike-out. FeeAmount Multi-track / Intermediate track£1,334 Fast-track£619 Small claim, up to £300£27 Small claim, £300.01 to £500£59 Small claim, £500.01 to £1,000£85 Small claim, £1,000.01 to £1,500£123 Small claim, £1,500.01 to £3,000£181 Small claim, over £3,000£346 ## General applications Applications within existing proceedings. FeeAmount Application on notice (standard)£321 On notice, Protection from Harassment / payment out of court funds£195 By consent / without notice (standard)£126 By consent, Protection from Harassment / payment out£63 Witness summons£4 Vary a judgment / suspend enforcement£16 Certificate of satisfaction£19 ## Other claims and starting proceedings FeeAmount Recovery of land (High Court)£559 Recovery of land (County Court)£415 Any other remedy (High Court)£663 Any other remedy (County Court)£387 Filing against an unnamed party£69 Permission to issue proceedings£69 Assessment of costs / costs-only proceedings£69 ## Judicial review Sequential fees through the JR process, permission, reconsideration, then proceed. FeeAmount Application for permission (papers)£179 Reconsider permission at hearing£449 Where reconsider paid and permission granted at hearing£447 Permission to proceed (after grant)£897 Permission to proceed, not started by JR procedure£179 ## Insolvency & bankruptcy Court fees only. Debtor bankruptcy applications go via the Insolvency Service Adjudicator (£680, not a court fee). Creditor petitions and winding-up additionally require deposits to the Official Receiver. FeeAmount Bankruptcy petition (by creditor)£352 Administration order£352 Any other petition£352 Request for certificate of discharge£22 Copy of certificate of discharge£14 Companies / Insolvency Act application (other than petition)£326 Order confirming voluntary winding-up£16 Notice of intention / appointment of administrator£58 Submission of nominee’s report£11 General application within insolvency (by consent)£31 General application within insolvency (with notice)£115 Search of bankruptcy / company records£11 ## Court of Appeal FeeAmount Permission to appeal / extension of time£663 Permission not required or has been granted£1,504 Appellant / respondent filing appeal questionnaire£1,504 Filing a respondent’s notice£602 Filing an application notice£663 ## Assessment of costs Detailed assessment fees scale with the costs claimed. FeeAmount Where the party filing is legally aided£296 Costs claimed up to £15,000£398 £15,000.01 to £50,000£801 £50,000.01 to £100,000£1,192 £100,000.01 to £150,000£1,595 £150,000.01 to £200,000£1,992 £200,000.01 to £300,000£2,988 £300,000.01 to £500,000£4,980 Over £500,000£6,640 Issue of default costs certificate£82 Appeal (detailed assessment)£290 Set aside default costs certificate£152 Request for Fixed Cost Determination£408 ## Copies of documents FeeAmount Copy of document, 10 pages or less£14 Each subsequent page50p Copy in electronic form£14 ## Issue / start a family case Divorce, dissolution and matrimonial applications. Domestic abuse applications (non-molestation, occupation, FGM, forced marriage) attract no fee. FeeAmount Divorce / dissolution of civil partnership£628 Other matrimonial / CP order; declarations£426 Amendment of application£61 Answer to matrimonial / CP application£240 Application for order of assessment of costs£58 Parental order£270 Where no other fee is specified£286 ## Children Act applications Most applications under the Children Act 1989 are £270 regardless of order type. Section 31 care or supervision proceedings (brought by local authorities) are higher. FeeAmount Section 8, Child Arrangements, Prohibited Steps, Specific Issue£270 Parental responsibility£270 Appointment of guardian£270 Enforcement order£270 Special guardianship order£270 Secure accommodation order£270 Contact with child in care£270 Education supervision order£270 Vary or discharge care / supervision order£270 Emergency protection order£270 Recovery order£270 Schedule 1 financial provision for children£270 Section 31 care or supervision (public law, by LA)£2,580 Appeal relating to fees 2.1(a)-(s), (v)-(y) and 2.2£251 ## Adoption & wardship FeeAmount Adoption application / permission£212 Placement order (s.22)£570 High Court wardship application£212 Warning notice on a contact order£57 ## Applications within proceedings Including the consent order fee for sealing financial agreements on divorce. FeeAmount Without notice / by consent (incl. consent order)£62 FPR 7.19, court to consider decree nisi / conditional order£63 On notice£195 Financial order (Form A, non-consent)£321 ## Family appeals FeeAmount Filing an appeal notice (DJ, lay justices, justices’ clerk)£146 ## Family enforcement FeeAmount Application to question a judgment debtor£63 Third-party debt order / appointment of receiver£90 Charging order£44 Judgment summons£85 Attachment of earnings order£39 Application for enforcement of judgment or order£117 Warrant of possession or delivery£139 Bailiff service of document£47 ## Other family fees FeeAmount Search central index of decrees absolute (10-year period)£89 Search central index of PR agreements£17 Search specific court index (10-year period)£61 Copy of document, 10 pages or less£14 Electronic copy£14 Register a maintenance order (1950/1958 Act)£58 Free-standing application for financial provision£251 Affidavit (High Court)£15 ## Probate fees Estates of £5,000 or less attract no fee. From October 2025, estates qualifying for IHTA 1984 s.153A relief (emergency services / armed forces killed in service) are also exempt. FeeAmount Grant of probate, estate over £5,000£526 Grant of probate, estate £5,000 or lessFree Duplicate / second grant for same deceased£22 Application for entry or extension of caveat£4 Application for a standing search£4 Deposit of a will£24 Inspection of will / other document£24 Copy for a named individual (with the grant application)£2 Copy for a named individual (other cases)£16 Copy in electronic form (individual not named)£1.50 Settling documents£5 ## Court of Protection All applications are filed centrally at First Avenue House, London. Help with Fees for COP cases uses Form COP44A (not the standard EX160), the online HwF service does not cover COP. FeeAmount Application to start proceedings / permission to start£432 Filing an appeal£272 Hearing fee (where final order made)£266 Copy of a document£8 ## Magistrates’ Court fees Civil applications and appeals heard in the Magistrates’ Court. FeeAmount Application for JP function not on court premises£30 Application to state a case for the High Court£160 Appeal, deduction from earnings (CSA)£23 Appeal, Licensing Act 2003 Sch 5£72 Other appeal (no other fee specified)£72 Certificate of satisfaction£19 Certified copy of memorandum of conviction£15 Other certificate / certified document£24 Liability order, Council Tax / Non-Domestic Rating50p Liability order, Child Support Act£14 Request for licence / consent / authority£32 Other oath / affirmation / declaration£32 Commencing civil proceedings (no other fee specified)£292 Application for leave / permission to commence proceedings£146 Contested hearing£661 Application for warrant of entry£27 Any other warrant£94 Warrant of commitment, Council Tax£215 Warrant of commitment, Child Support Act£47 ## First-tier Tribunal (Immigration and Asylum Chamber) Several exemptions apply automatically, including asylum support, legal aid, under-18s in local authority care, deportation cases, and individuals with a positive Reasonable Grounds decision under the NRM. FeeAmount First-tier Tribunal (IAC), appeal on the papers£80 First-tier Tribunal (IAC), oral hearing£140 ## County Court enforcement Most enforcement is via the County Court. High Court enforcement is faster but more expensive; judgments of £600+ can be transferred (must be transferred for sums of £5,000+ unless Consumer Credit Act regulated). FeeAmount Warrant of control£96 Attempt at execution at new address£38 Order for debtor to attend court£69 Third-party debt order£139 Charging order£139 Judgment summons£139 Warrant of possession / delivery£152 Attachment of earnings order£139 Enforce award from tribunal / other body£55 Order to recover specified road-traffic debt£11 Bailiff service of order to attend court£139 ## High Court enforcement FeeAmount Sealing a writ of control / possession / delivery£82 Order for debtor / other person to attend court£69 Third-party debt order / appointment of a receiver£139 Charging order£139 Judgment summons£139 Register a judgment / enforce arbitration award£82 ### Need to calculate a specific fee? Use the calculator to work out the exact fee for your case, check Help with Fees eligibility, and calculate statutory interest on money claims. [Open the calculator](/court-fees-calculator) These figures are a general guide to court fees in England & Wales, current as at the date shown above. Court fees are set by the government and can change — always confirm the fee that applies to your matter with the court before you pay. This page is general information, not legal advice. Robertsons Legal Limited is authorised and regulated by the Solicitors Regulation Authority (No. 625915). --- ## Conveyancing Fees URL: https://robsols.co.uk/conveyancing/pricing/ Published: 2026-06-13 Updated: 2026-07-19 Author: About these fees ## How our conveyancing fees work We believe in being open about the cost of moving home. Use the calculator below for an instant, itemised quote for your sale, purchase or remortgage, there is no need to call us or share your details first. Below the quote, we set out exactly what our fee covers, the disbursements to expect, and how the process runs. The quote above is what you will pay for a standard transaction. If something changes the work involved, for example the property turns out to be leasehold, or a problem with the title comes to light, we will explain it and agree any change with you before we carry on. ## What our fee covers For a standard sale, purchase or remortgage, our fee covers the whole legal process from start to finish: - Taking your instructions and carrying out our initial checks - Checking the contract and title, and raising or answering enquiries - Carrying out the property searches (on a purchase) - Reporting to you and going through the paperwork before you sign - Exchanging contracts and agreeing a completion date - Completing the sale or purchase and sending or receiving the money - Dealing with the tax return and registering the property at the Land Registry (on a purchase) ## What is not included Some matters fall outside a standard transaction and are quoted separately if they arise, for example a lease extension or deed of variation, a defective title needing an indemnity policy, a shared-ownership or Help to Buy element, or a transaction that becomes unusually complex. Your quote flags any extras that apply to your property, and we will always agree them with you before doing the work. ## Disbursements Disbursements are costs payable to others as part of your transaction, for example property searches, Land Registry fees, and bankruptcy and priority searches. These vary with the property and the type of transaction, so rather than quote a generic figure, **your quote above itemises every disbursement for your specific move**. On a purchase you will also pay property tax, worked out on the price you are paying: **Land Transaction Tax** in Wales (paid to the Welsh Revenue Authority) or **Stamp Duty Land Tax** in England (paid to HMRC). Which one applies depends on where the property is, not where you live. **VAT** is charged at 20% on our fee and on some disbursements. Your quote shows the VAT separately, so you can see the figures both before and after VAT. ## Key stages - Instructions and checks We open your file, confirm your identity and send you our terms. - Searches and enquiries On a purchase, we order searches, review the contract and title, and raise enquiries. - Report and sign We report to you, answer your questions, and arrange for you to sign. - Exchange Contracts are exchanged, the deposit is paid, and the completion date is fixed. - Completion The money changes hands and the keys are released. - After completion On a purchase, we deal with the tax return and register you as the new owner at the Land Registry. A sale follows the same shape without the searches and registration. A remortgage is usually the simplest of the three. ## How long it takes A typical residential transaction takes around 10 to 16 weeks from the offer being accepted to completion. The timing depends on things outside our control, the length of the chain, how quickly a mortgage offer is issued, and whether the property is leasehold, which usually takes longer. If you are ever unhappy with our service, our [client care and complaints](/client-care-complaints) page explains how to raise it. Related services ## Our conveyancing services [### Buying a Property Buying a house or flat, freehold or leasehold. Learn more →](/conveyancing/buying-a-property/) [### Selling a Property Selling your home, with the legal work handled end to end. Learn more →](/conveyancing/selling-a-property/) [### Remortgaging Switching or refinancing the mortgage on your home. Learn more →](/conveyancing/remortgaging/) [### Transfer of Equity Adding or removing someone from the title to a property. Learn more →](/conveyancing/transfer-of-equity/) [All conveyancing services →](/conveyancing/) --- ## Make a Payment URL: https://robsols.co.uk/make-a-payment/ Published: 2026-07-18 Updated: 2026-07-18 Author: Pay an invoice or put money on account quickly and securely, by credit or debit card. There’s no account to set up and it takes only a couple of minutes, with your payment matched to the right matter straight away. *Money on account simply means funds paid in advance towards work we’re about to carry out for you.* ## Before you pay A few things to have ready: - Your matter reference. You’ll find it on your invoice or statement. Entering it correctly means your payment reaches the right file without delay. - Your card. We accept most credit and debit cards. - The amount. Please check the figure carefully and pay the exact amount requested. [Pay Online](https://robsols.legl.com/pay/) ## Safe, secure and straightforward Your payment is handled by Legl, a specialist provider used by law firms across the UK to take client payments. Your card and personal details are encrypted to the highest security standards and are never seen or stored by us. When you select **Pay Online**, you’ll be taken to Legl’s secure payment portal to complete your payment. As soon as it’s confirmed, you’ll receive confirmation by email. ## The small print - Legl’s Terms of Use - Legl’s Privacy Policy ## Questions about your bill or account? If you have any questions about the amount, your reference or your account, please email us at [law@robsols.co.uk](mailto:law@robsols.co.uk) or speak to your usual contact, and we’ll be glad to help. --- ## Family Law URL: https://robsols.co.uk/family-law/ Published: 2026-05-23 Updated: 2026-07-18 Author: Family law covers the legal issues that arise when a relationship or family situation changes, separation and divorce, arrangements for children, dividing money and property, and agreements that set things out clearly for the future. Our family law solicitors help people across South Wales and the South West through exactly these moments. Some clients come to us to plan ahead and protect what matters; others are facing an unexpected change and need steady guidance through it. Either way, we’ll explain your options in plain English and stay alongside you for as much or as little as you need. Family matters are rarely just legal problems. They touch your home, your family and your sense of what comes next, and people understandably want to feel heard before they’re advised. So our first job is always to listen. Once we understand your situation and what you’re hoping for, we’ll set out the routes open to you and what each one is likely to involve, in time, in cost, and in how it might affect the people around you. We’ve been advising families in Wales since 1903, and that experience has taught us that the courtroom is rarely the best place to resolve a family dispute. Most matters settle through negotiation or mediation, without a judge ever being involved, usually the calmer, quicker and less costly route, and often the one that leaves relationships most intact. Where going to court is genuinely necessary, to protect a child, or because the other side won’t engage, we’ll prepare your case carefully and represent you properly. Throughout, we’ll keep things clear and agree the cost with you before any work begins. You don’t need to have it all worked out before you get in touch. A first conversation will help you understand your options and what each one would involve. --- ## Financial Settlements URL: https://robsols.co.uk/family-law/financial-settlements/ Published: 2026-06-09 Updated: 2026-07-15 Author: A financial settlement is the legally binding agreement that divides your finances when you divorce, property, savings, pensions, investments and debts. It matters because [divorce](/family-law/divorce-separation) on its own does not end financial claims between you. Until a court makes a financial order, a former spouse can make a claim against you in the future, sometimes many years later and against assets you acquire after the marriage ends. A settlement closes that door. It can be agreed between you and approved by the court as a consent order, or decided by a judge as a financial remedy order. Either way, the goal is a fair outcome that is final. ## Is everything split 50/50? No, there is no automatic 50/50 rule. The court works from a checklist of factors in the Matrimonial Causes Act 1973, and the welfare of any children comes first. It then weighs each person’s needs, income and earning capacity, the length of the marriage, the standard of living, contributions (including raising children), and any other relevant circumstances. In longer marriages an equal division is often the starting point, but the court will depart from it where fairness requires, meeting each person’s needs, particularly for a home and an income, usually comes first. The government is reviewing how financial remedies work, but the current law is as set out here. ## Consent orders and clean breaks If you can agree terms, we record them in a consent order and submit it to the court for approval; once approved, it is binding and enforceable. A written agreement without a court order is not, which is why a consent order matters even in amicable cases. Where possible, we aim for a clean break: an order that ends all financial claims between you, so neither can come back for more. A clean break is not always achievable, where one person needs ongoing support, maintenance may be appropriate instead, but it offers the certainty most people want. ## What if you can’t agree? If agreement is not possible, either of you can ask the court to decide. The process begins with full financial disclosure, followed by hearings designed to encourage settlement, and a final hearing only if matters are still not resolved. Most cases settle along the way. Court is a last resort, slower and more costly than agreement, so we explore [family mediation](/family-law/family-mediation) and negotiation first, and prepare thoroughly for court where it is genuinely needed. ## What it costs We charge by the hour and give you a written estimate at the outset, so the cost stays clear as matters progress. Court fees are separate and set by the government: currently £321 to start financial remedy proceedings and £62 to have a consent order approved. The cost of reaching agreement is almost always far lower than a contested case, which is why early advice and, where suitable, mediation tend to be the most economical route. The government’s guidance on [money and property when you divorce](https://www.gov.uk/money-property-when-relationship-ends) is a useful starting point. ## How we can help We advise families across South Wales and the South West on settlements both straightforward and complex. We are realistic about the likely outcome, and we keep sight of what matters: a fair result you can move on from. A properly drafted order also protects you for the future, and it is worth reviewing your [estate planning](/wills-trusts-estates/inheritance-tax-estate-planning) once your finances are settled. To discuss your situation, you can [request a callback or contact our family team](/contact). --- ## Pricing URL: https://robsols.co.uk/business-disputes/pricing/ Published: 2026-06-20 Updated: 2026-07-15 Author: About these fees ## How our debt recovery fees work This page covers our fees for recovering an undisputed business-to-business debt of up to £100,000. We work in fixed stages, so you only pay for the next step if the debt is still unpaid. If the debt is disputed, the matter becomes a contested case — see below. ## Stage 1 — Letter before action We review your paperwork and send a formal letter before action that complies with the Pre-Action Protocol, then deal with any payment or payment proposal that follows. DebtOur fee Up to £5,000£526 + VAT (£360) £5,001 to £100,000£350 + VAT (£420) ## Stage 2 — Issuing a claim If the debt is still not paid, we draft and issue a court claim, deal with any admission or request for time, and apply for judgment if there is no response. A court fee is payable on top of our fee (see the table below). DebtOur fee Up to £5,000£275 + VAT (£330) £5,001 to £10,000£450 + VAT (£540) £10,001 to £100,0005.5% of the debt + VAT ## Court fees The court charges a fee to issue a claim, based on the amount owed. These fees are set by the court, carry no VAT, and are recoverable from the debtor if your claim succeeds. Amount claimedCourt fee Up to £526£35 £526.01 to £500£50 £500.01 to £1,000£70 £1,000.01 to £1,500£80 £1,500.01 to £3,000£115 £3,000.01 to £5,000£205 £5,000.01 to £10,000£455 £10,000.01 to £100,0005% of the amount claimed Issuing the claim online, where available, is slightly cheaper for smaller debts. ## Interest and compensation On most business debts you can also claim interest and a fixed compensation sum under the Late Payment of Commercial Debts (Interest) Act 1998. Adding these can move the debt into a higher band, which we will point out before we issue. ## What is not included The fees above are for undisputed debts. They do not cover a disputed or defended claim, enforcing a judgment once you have it, or tracing a debtor who has moved. If the debt is disputed at any stage, it becomes a contested matter, which we charge on a time-spent basis — we will give you a written estimate before any further work. **VAT** is charged at 20% on our fees. Court fees carry no VAT. Note that the VAT on our fee cannot be recovered from the debtor — only our fee and any interest can. ## Key stages - Letter before action We send a formal demand and deal with the response. - Issuing a claim If unpaid, we draft and issue a court claim. - Judgment We apply for judgment if the debt is admitted or there is no response. - Enforcement If needed, we advise on enforcing the judgment — charged separately. ## How long it takes An undisputed debt is often recovered within 4 to 10 weeks, depending on how quickly the debtor responds. A defended claim takes longer — usually 6 to 12 months for a smaller claim, and up to 18 months for a larger or more complex one. If you are ever unhappy with our service, our [client care and complaints](/client-care-complaints) page explains how to raise it. [Business Disputes ## Commercial Debt Recovery Read more about recovering what your business is owed. Read more →](/business-disputes/commercial-debt-recovery/) --- ## Child Arrangements URL: https://robsols.co.uk/family-law/child-arrangements/ Published: 2026-06-09 Updated: 2026-07-15 Author: A child arrangements order is the court order that sets out where your children live and how much time they spend with each parent or other important person. It replaced the older orders for “custody”, “residence”, “contact” and “access” in 2014, the language now is that a child “lives with” and “spends time with” a parent. A child can live with both parents, which recognises both homes without necessarily meaning equal time. Most separating parents never need a court order: where you can agree arrangements, that is almost always better for the children. An order becomes necessary when you cannot agree, when arrangements are being ignored, or where there are concerns that need the court’s oversight. ## How the court decides: the welfare checklist When a court does decide, the child’s welfare is the paramount consideration, above everything else. The Children Act 1989 sets out a welfare checklist the court works through: the child’s wishes and feelings (with more weight as they get older), their needs, the effect of any change, their age and background, any risk of harm, and how capable each parent is of meeting their needs. There is no presumption of equal time. There is a presumption that involving both parents benefits the child, unless that would put the child at risk. The focus is always on what works for that particular child. ## Parental responsibility Parental responsibility is the legal authority to make decisions about a child’s upbringing, schooling, medical treatment, religion and travel. Mothers have it automatically, as do married fathers. An unmarried father has it if he is named on the birth certificate (for births registered from December 2003), or he can acquire it by agreement or court order. Having parental responsibility is separate from where a child lives. ## Where do you start? Start by trying to agree, directly or with help. Before you can apply to court for a child arrangements order, you normally have to attend a Mediation Information and Assessment Meeting (a MIAM) to see whether [family mediation](/family-law/family-mediation) could resolve matters, unless an exemption applies, such as domestic abuse or urgency. Court really is a last resort. If you have separated, our [divorce and separation](/family-law/divorce-separation) page covers the wider picture. ## What if there are bigger disputes? Some disagreements go beyond the day-to-day. If a parent wants to move abroad with the children, take them out of the country, change their school or change their name, specific court orders deal with that, and taking a child abroad without consent can be very serious. Our page on [international children issues](/family-law/international-children-issues) explains relocation and abduction, and where social services are involved, see [child care law](/family-law/local-authority-children). ## What it costs We charge by the hour and give you a written estimate at the outset. The court fee for a child arrangements application is currently £270, set by the government and separate from our fees. As with all family matters, reaching agreement, through mediation where possible, usually costs far less than a contested case. GOV.UK has helpful general guidance on [making child arrangements](https://www.gov.uk/looking-after-children-divorce). ## How we can help We help parents across South Wales and the South West reach arrangements that hold up in real life. We keep your children’s welfare at the centre, work towards practical solutions, and support you calmly and clearly if matters reach court. To talk things through, you can [request a callback or contact our family team](/contact). --- ## Divorce & Separation URL: https://robsols.co.uk/family-law/divorce-separation/ Published: 2026-06-09 Updated: 2026-07-15 Author: No-fault divorce is the only route to ending a marriage in England and Wales, and it has applied since April 2022 under the Divorce, Dissolution and Separation Act 2020. You no longer have to blame your spouse or prove a period of separation. The sole legal ground is that the marriage has broken down irretrievably, and your spouse cannot contest that. You can apply on your own or jointly with your spouse. The process has three stages: the application, a conditional order, and a final order. A mandatory 20-week reflection period runs from the application to the conditional order, and a further six weeks must pass before the final order ends the marriage. The minimum is around 26 weeks, though most divorces take a little longer in practice. ## Do you have to go to court? For the divorce itself, almost never. No-fault divorce is an administrative process, you can [apply for a divorce](https://www.gov.uk/divorce) online or by post through HM Courts and Tribunals Service, and a judge approves the orders without anyone attending. You would only find yourself at a hearing if you cannot agree the finances and ask a judge to decide, and even then most cases settle first. The aim is to keep the legal ending of the marriage as calm and paperwork-light as possible. ## Why finances must be settled separately This is the point most often missed, and it matters more than the divorce itself. The final order ends the marriage, but it does not end financial claims between you. Without a separate court order, your former spouse could bring a financial claim against you years later, even against money or property you build up after the divorce. The way to close that door is a financial order: a consent order if you agree the terms, or a financial remedy order if a judge decides them. We almost always advise resolving the finances alongside the divorce, even where there is little to divide. Our [financial settlements](/family-law/financial-settlements) page explains how, and [family mediation](/family-law/family-mediation) is often the calmest way to reach agreement. ## Does divorce affect your will? Yes, and it is easy to overlook at a difficult time. Once the final order is made, your will is read as if your former spouse had died, so any gift to them and their appointment as an executor usually fails. If you separate but do not yet divorce, your spouse still inherits under an existing will or under the intestacy rules. Reviewing your will is sensible as soon as you separate, see our guide to [making a will](/wills-trusts-estates/wills). ## What divorce costs The court fee to apply for a divorce is currently £628, set by the government and payable to the court; help with the fee may be available if you are on a low income. Our own fees are separate: we charge by the hour and give you a written estimate at the outset, so you know what to expect. An amicable divorce where the finances are agreed costs far less than one that becomes contested, which is why early, sensible advice usually saves money overall. ## How we can help We act for families across South Wales and the South West, taking the stress out of the process while making sure nothing important is left undone, especially the financial settlement. We explain your options in plain English and move at a pace that suits you. To talk things through in confidence, you can [request a callback or contact our family team](/contact). --- ## Civil Partnerships URL: https://robsols.co.uk/family-law/civil-partnerships/ Published: 2026-06-10 Updated: 2026-07-15 Author: A civil partnership is a legally recognised relationship that gives you almost the same rights and responsibilities as marriage, covering inheritance, tax, pensions, next-of-kin status and financial claims if you separate. It is formed by signing a register rather than exchanging vows. Same-sex couples have been able to enter civil partnerships since 2005, and opposite-sex couples since December 2019. For most couples the legal effect of a civil partnership and a marriage is the same. The differences are mainly procedural, and they matter most when a relationship ends, when you travel or move abroad, or where an older pension scheme treats partners and spouses differently. ## Civil partnership and marriage compared The practical differences are small but worth knowing. A civil partnership is registered by signing documents, while a marriage involves spoken vows; a civil partnership cannot currently take place in a religious setting in England and Wales, whereas a marriage can if the religious organisation agrees. Some overseas countries recognise marriage but not civil partnership, which can matter if you relocate. For most couples the choice is a personal one, but if international recognition or particular pension rights matter to you, it is worth taking advice first. ## Ending a civil partnership A civil partnership is ended by dissolution, which follows the same no-fault process as [divorce](/family-law/divorce-separation). Either partner, or both jointly, can [end a civil partnership](https://www.gov.uk/end-civil-partnership) on the basis that it has broken down irretrievably, and the other cannot prevent it. There is a 20-week reflection period, then a conditional order, then a final order that ends the partnership, a minimum of around 26 weeks. The court application fee is currently £628. Annulment, which declares that a partnership was never valid, is also possible but rare. ## Do you still need a financial order? Yes. Ending a civil partnership does not, by itself, end financial claims between you. The court has the same powers it has on divorce, over property, savings, pensions and maintenance, and without a financial order a former partner could make a claim against you years later. We almost always advise resolving the finances at the same time; our [financial settlements](/family-law/financial-settlements) page explains how. Arrangements for any children are dealt with separately again, on the same basis as for married parents; see [child arrangements](/family-law/child-arrangements). ## Does ending a civil partnership affect your will? It can, and it is easily overlooked. Once a dissolution is final, your will is read as if your former partner had died, so a gift to them and their role as executor usually fail. Converting a civil partnership to a marriage also affects a will. If you separate or convert, reviewing your will is sensible; see our guide to [making a will](/wills-trusts-estates/wills). ## Converting to marriage Civil partners in England and Wales can convert their partnership into a marriage without dissolving it first, both partners sign a conversion declaration before a registration officer. The marriage is treated as dating from the conversion, not the original partnership, which can have knock-on effects for wills, next-of-kin rights and some pensions. It is worth understanding those before you proceed. ## How we can help We advise couples across South Wales and the South West on every stage of a civil partnership, forming one, ending one, or converting to marriage, and on the finances and children alongside.  To talk things through, you can [request a callback or contact our family team](/contact). --- ## Court of Protection & Deputyship URL: https://robsols.co.uk/wills-trusts-estates/court-of-protection/ Published: 2026-06-12 Updated: 2026-07-15 Author: The Court of Protection is a specialist court that makes decisions for people who can no longer make them for themselves, for example after a stroke, a brain injury, or as dementia advances. It becomes necessary when someone loses mental capacity and has no [lasting power of attorney](/wills-trusts-estates/lasting-powers-of-attorney) in place. In that situation, no one, not even a spouse or adult child, automatically has the authority to manage their money or make decisions about their care. The court can appoint a deputy to act on an ongoing basis, or make a one-off decision on a specific issue. Everything it does must be in the best interests of the person concerned. ## What does a deputy do? A deputy is someone the court appoints to make decisions for a person who lacks capacity. There are two kinds. A property and financial affairs deputy, by far the most common, manages the person’s money, pays their bills, deals with their bank and looks after their property. A personal welfare deputy makes decisions about care and living arrangements, but these are granted only rarely, as the court usually prefers to decide welfare matters itself. Once appointed, a deputy is supervised by the Office of the Public Guardian and must keep accounts and report each year. It is a serious, ongoing responsibility, and one we can guide you through. ## One-off decisions and statutory wills Sometimes a full deputyship is not needed, just authority for a single decision. The court can make a one-off order to, for example, sell the person’s home, approve a significant gift, or settle a dispute about their care. One particularly important order is a statutory [will](/wills-trusts-estates/wills): where someone has lost the capacity to make or update a will themselves, the court can make one on their behalf. These applications are usually quicker and less expensive than a full deputyship, and we can advise whether a one-off order is the better route for your situation. ## Applying to become a deputy Applying to the Court of Protection involves completing the court’s forms, obtaining a medical assessment of the person’s capacity, and formally notifying them and close family of the application. The court reviews everything and, if it is satisfied, issues a deputyship order setting out exactly what the deputy can do. You can read the official guidance on [becoming a deputy](https://www.gov.uk/become-deputy) on GOV.UK. The process takes several months, and we handle it from start to finish, preparing the application, dealing with the notifications, and helping you put the necessary security bond in place and meet your reporting duties afterwards. ## What it costs We charge by the hour for preparing and running a deputyship application and give you a written estimate at the outset. There are also fees payable to the court and the Office of the Public Guardian: the court application fee is currently £432, and there is an annual OPG supervision fee, usually £320, once the deputyship is in place. A deputy must also take out a security bond, the cost of which depends on the value of the person’s assets. These costs are considerably higher than making an LPA in advance, which is why we always encourage people to put LPAs in place while they can. ## How we can help We help families across South Wales and the South West apply to the Court of Protection and carry out their duties as deputies, and we can act as professional deputy where there is no suitable family member or where matters are contested. We are calm, practical and supportive at what is often a worrying time. To talk to us, you can [request a callback or contact our team](/contact). --- ## Probate & Estate Administration URL: https://robsols.co.uk/wills-trusts-estates/probate/ Published: 2026-06-12 Updated: 2026-07-15 Author: Probate is the legal process of dealing with the estate of someone who has died, collecting in what they owned, paying any debts and tax, and passing the rest to the people entitled to it. Where there is a will, the Probate Registry issues a grant of probate to the executors named in [the will](/wills-trusts-estates/wills). Where there is no will, it issues letters of administration to the next of kin instead. Both give the legal authority that banks, the Land Registry and others require before they will release or transfer assets. Dealing with an estate is a real responsibility, and we are here to take it on for you. ## When is a grant needed? Not every estate needs a grant. Assets held in joint names usually pass automatically to the surviving owner, and some banks will release small amounts without one. A grant is almost always needed, though, where the person owned a property in their sole name, or held significant savings or investments. If you are not sure whether you need one, we can tell you quickly, it depends on what the estate contains and how the assets were held. You can read more about [applying for probate](https://www.gov.uk/applying-for-probate) on GOV.UK. ## Inheritance tax and the grant Inheritance tax and probate are closely linked. Where tax is due, it has to be reported to HMRC and at least part of it paid before the grant can be issued, which can be awkward, because the money to pay it is often locked up in the estate until the grant arrives. We deal with the inheritance tax account as part of the job, work out what is due, and advise on the reliefs and exemptions that may reduce it. Our [inheritance tax and estate planning](/wills-trusts-estates/inheritance-tax-estate-planning) page explains how the tax works. ## How we help executors Acting as an executor can be daunting, and executors can be held personally responsible for getting it wrong, for example, by distributing the estate before all the debts and tax are settled. We take that worry away. We can handle the whole estate administration for you, or simply obtain the grant and leave the rest to you, whichever you prefer. We keep you updated, protect you from personal liability, and make sure everything is done properly and in the right order. ## Our probate fees Probate is a regulated service, and we believe in being open about cost. Because of that, we set out our probate fees in full on our dedicated probate pricing page, so you can see exactly what to expect before you instruct us. Our fees depend on the size and complexity of the estate. The Probate Registry’s own application fee is currently £526 for estates over £5,000, with extra copies of the grant charged separately, these are paid in addition to our fees. ## How we can help We help executors and families across South Wales and the South West deal with estates of every kind, straightforward and complex, taxable and tax-free. We are calm, methodical and kind, and we keep things moving at a difficult time. To talk to us about probate, you can [request a callback or contact our team](/contact). --- ## Unfair Dismissal Solicitors in Cardiff URL: https://robsols.co.uk/workplace-issues/unfair-wrongful-dismissal-cardiff/ Published: 2026-06-15 Updated: 2026-07-10 Author: If you have lost your job in Cardiff and believe it was unfair, we advise employees across the city and South Wales on whether a dismissal was unfair, wrongful, or both. What makes a dismissal unfair, who qualifies to claim and what you might be awarded are set out in full on our [unfair and wrongful dismissal](/workplace-issues/unfair-wrongful-dismissal) page. Here we focus on the local picture. ## Where will a Cardiff dismissal claim be heard? A claim is brought in the employment tribunal, and for the Cardiff area that means the Wales Employment Tribunal, which sits in Cardiff, where you can also ask for your case to be heard in Welsh. Before you can claim you must first notify ACAS and go through early conciliation. The deadline is tight: you generally have only three months less one day from the date your employment ended, and tribunals rarely extend it, so do not wait for an internal appeal to finish before taking advice. Our [employment tribunal](/employment-tribunal-representation-cardiff) page explains the local process. ## Were you dismissed by a South Wales employer? We act for employees of all kinds of South Wales employers, public sector, financial services, manufacturing and small businesses alike. The first thing we do is tell you, straight, whether what happened to you was unfair in law, wrongful (a breach of your notice), or both, and what a claim might realistically be worth. Not every dismissal that feels unfair is unfair in law, and we would rather be honest with you at the outset than raise false hope. ## How our Cardiff team helps We represent employees across Cardiff and South Wales through ACAS conciliation and the tribunal, and there are no tribunal fees to bring a claim. Because these claims are a regulated service, we set out our fees in full on our employment pricing page. We will also tell you if a [settlement agreement](/settlement-agreements-cardiff) is the better route. GOV.UK explains the [rules on dismissal](https://www.gov.uk/dismissal), and ACAS sets the standards for a fair [dismissal](https://www.acas.org.uk/dismissals). --- ## Settlement Agreement Solicitors in Cardiff URL: https://robsols.co.uk/workplace-issues/settlement-agreements-cardiff/ Published: 2026-06-15 Updated: 2026-07-10 Author: If you have been offered a settlement agreement in Cardiff, we advise employees across the city and South Wales on what you are signing, every week. How a settlement agreement works, whether you should sign, and what you can negotiate are set out in full on our [settlement agreements](/workplace-issues/settlement-agreements) page. Here we focus on how we help locally. ## Need a settlement agreement signed off in Cardiff? The law requires you to take independent legal advice before a settlement agreement can validly waive your claims, and your adviser has to sign a certificate confirming it was given. We review settlement agreements for employees across Cardiff and South Wales quickly, at our Cardiff office or remotely, whichever suits, checking that the payment, the tax treatment and the reference are right before you sign. Employers almost always contribute to the cost of that advice, so in a straightforward case it often costs you nothing. ## Why use a local Cardiff solicitor? Settlement agreements usually come with a deadline, so a quick turnaround matters. Using a solicitor in Cardiff means we can see you promptly, in person if you would rather talk it through face to face, and turn the advice around in good time. Your solicitor acts for you alone, whoever pays the bill, and will tell you whether the offer reflects what your claims are really worth. ## How our Cardiff team helps We advise on and negotiate settlement agreements for employees across Cardiff, explaining what you are giving up, making sure the tax and reference are right, and pushing back where the terms fall short. Where a settlement follows a [redundancy](/redundancy-advice-cardiff) or a possible [unfair dismissal](/unfair-wrongful-dismissal-cardiff), we will tell you honestly how the offer compares with bringing a claim. ACAS explains how [settlement agreements](https://www.acas.org.uk/settlement-agreements) work, and GOV.UK covers the [tribunal claims](https://www.gov.uk/employment-tribunals) you would be giving up. --- ## Redundancy Solicitors in Cardiff URL: https://robsols.co.uk/workplace-issues/redundancy-advice-cardiff/ Published: 2026-06-15 Updated: 2026-07-10 Author: If you are facing redundancy in Cardiff, we advise employees across the city and South Wales on whether the process was handled properly and what you are owed. What makes a redundancy fair, your rights, and when you can challenge it are set out in full on our [redundancy](/workplace-issues/redundancy-advice) page. Here we focus on the local picture. ## Facing redundancy with a South Wales employer? Cardiff and South Wales see their share of restructures, across the public sector, financial services and beyond, and not every one is a genuine redundancy. We check the three things that have to be right: that the redundancy is genuine, that the selection was fair and consistent, and that your employer consulted you properly. If any of those is missing, what is labelled a redundancy may in fact be an unfair dismissal you can challenge, see [unfair dismissal in Cardiff](/unfair-wrongful-dismissal-cardiff). ## Where would you challenge a Cardiff redundancy? If you do challenge it, the claim is brought in the employment tribunal, and for the Cardiff area that is the Wales Employment Tribunal, which sits in Cardiff, where you can ask for your case to be heard in Welsh. ACAS early conciliation comes first, and the usual time limit of three months less one day applies. Our [employment tribunal](/employment-tribunal-representation-cardiff) page explains the local process. ## How our Cardiff team helps We advise employees across Cardiff and South Wales who are facing or have been through redundancy, checking the process was fair, making sure you are paid what you are owed, and challenging the dismissal where it was not genuine. We work by the hour with a written estimate at the outset, and where you are offered an exit package we can advise on the [settlement agreement](/settlement-agreements-cardiff), usually at your employer’s expense. GOV.UK sets out your [redundancy rights](https://www.gov.uk/redundancy-your-rights), and ACAS has guidance on [redundancy](https://www.acas.org.uk/redundancy). --- ## Employment Tribunal Solicitors in Cardiff URL: https://robsols.co.uk/workplace-issues/employment-tribunal-representation-cardiff/ Published: 2026-06-15 Updated: 2026-07-10 Author: If your workplace dispute is heading for the employment tribunal, we represent employees across Cardiff and South Wales through every stage. What the tribunal does, the stages of a claim and what it costs are set out in full on our [employment tribunals](/workplace-issues/employment-tribunal-representation) page. Here we focus on what is local to a claim in Cardiff. ## Where is the employment tribunal for Cardiff? Employment claims for the Cardiff area are heard by the Wales Employment Tribunal, which sits in Cardiff and covers South Wales. Before a claim can be lodged, almost every case must first go through ACAS early conciliation, a free attempt to settle that can last up to twelve weeks and pauses the time limit while it runs. Only once ACAS issues its certificate can the claim (the ET1) be submitted. We deal with that whole sequence for you, so nothing is missed and no deadline is lost. ## Can your tribunal be heard in Welsh? Yes. For a tribunal sitting in Wales you have the right to use Welsh, you, your representative and your witnesses can all speak Welsh at the hearing, and a bilingual hearing with a Welsh-speaking judge can be arranged. Asking to use Welsh does not delay your case or affect the outcome in any way. As a firm rooted in Wales, we are well placed to run your case in Welsh if that is what you would prefer. ## How our Cardiff team helps We represent employees across Cardiff and South Wales from the first ACAS notification to the final hearing, preparing your claim, gathering the evidence, drafting witness statements and putting your case. There is no fee to bring a claim to the tribunal. Because tribunal representation for dismissal claims is a regulated service, we set out our fees in full on our employment pricing page and give you a written estimate at the outset. Most claims begin as one of a few types, see [unfair dismissal](/unfair-wrongful-dismissal-cardiff) or [discrimination](/discrimination-harassment-cardiff) in Cardiff. GOV.UK has general guidance on [employment tribunals](https://www.gov.uk/employment-tribunals), and ACAS explains [early conciliation](https://www.acas.org.uk/early-conciliation). --- ## Discrimination Solicitors in Cardiff URL: https://robsols.co.uk/workplace-issues/discrimination-harassment-cardiff/ Published: 2026-06-15 Updated: 2026-07-10 Author: If you have been treated unfairly at work in Cardiff because of who you are, we advise employees across the city and South Wales on discrimination and harassment of every kind. What counts as discrimination, the nine protected characteristics, and the compensation available are set out in full on our [discrimination and harassment](/workplace-issues/discrimination-harassment) page. Here we focus on the local picture. ## Where are discrimination claims heard in Cardiff? Discrimination and harassment claims are brought in the employment tribunal, and for the Cardiff area that is the Wales Employment Tribunal, which sits in Cardiff, where you can ask for your case to be heard in Welsh. As with other claims, you must first notify ACAS and go through early conciliation, and the deadline is generally three months less one day from the discriminatory act. Unlike unfair dismissal, these rights apply from your first day, and the compensation is not capped. Our [employment tribunal](/employment-tribunal-representation-cardiff) page explains the local process. ## Discriminated against by a Cardiff employer? We act for employees facing discrimination at work and in recruitment across Cardiff and South Wales, whether the issue is your age, a disability, race, sex, religion, pregnancy or any other protected characteristic. These claims turn on evidence, so the sooner we can help you record what happened, when, and who was involved, the stronger your position. Where the conduct is bound up with a dismissal, or followed a complaint or disclosure, we deal with both together, see [whistleblowing](/whistleblowing-claims-cardiff). ## How our Cardiff team helps We advise and represent employees across Cardiff through ACAS conciliation and the tribunal, working by the hour with a written estimate at the outset. We are mindful that discrimination cuts deep, and we pursue these claims with care. GOV.UK summarises your [discrimination rights](https://www.gov.uk/discrimination-your-rights), and ACAS explains [discrimination and the law](https://www.acas.org.uk/discrimination-and-the-law). --- ## Cardiff URL: https://robsols.co.uk/workplace-issues/cardiff/ Published: 2026-06-15 Updated: 2026-07-10 Author: If you’re facing a problem at work and need an employment solicitor in Cardiff, we act for employees across the city and the wider area, on dismissal, redundancy, discrimination, harassment, whistleblowing and settlement agreements. Most problems at work can be sorted out without a tribunal, but it helps to know where you stand before you act, and we’ll give you an honest view of your options and your prospects from the start. Employment law is the same across England and Wales, so the rights you have in Cardiff are the rights you’d have anywhere. What’s local is where a claim is heard: the [Wales Employment Tribunal](https://www.find-court-tribunal.service.gov.uk/courts/wales-employment-tribunal) sits in Cardiff, at Fitzalan Place, and hears cases for the area. If your case does reach a tribunal, you can ask to give your evidence in Welsh, and bilingual hearings are available, using Welsh won’t delay your case or affect the outcome. There are no fees to bring an employment tribunal claim, and most claims must be started within three months less one day of what happened, so it’s worth taking advice early. We’ll explain how your case can be funded at the outset, and if you’re being offered a settlement agreement, the advice you need is often paid for by your employer. We act for employees across Cardiff, Penarth, Barry, Caerphilly and the wider South Wales area. For a full explanation of how each type of claim works, see our [workplace issues](/workplace-issues) page. --- ## Will Writing Solicitors in Cardiff URL: https://robsols.co.uk/wills-trusts-estates/wills-cardiff/ Published: 2026-06-13 Updated: 2026-07-10 Author: If you are looking for a will solicitor in Cardiff, our team writes clear, legally valid wills for people across the city, the Vale and the South Wales valleys. Why you need a will, what it lets you decide, and when to update it are all set out on our [wills](/wills-trusts-estates/wills) page. Here we focus on what is local: how making a will with us in Cardiff works, and the fixed fees that mean no surprises. ## How do you make a will with us in Cardiff? We keep it simple and unhurried. You can meet us at our Cardiff office in the city centre, or we can visit you at home, in hospital or in a care home anywhere across Cardiff and the Vale if that is easier, which matters when someone is unwell or finds it hard to travel. We take time to understand your wishes, draft a will that does exactly what you want, and make sure it is signed and witnessed correctly, the point at which DIY wills most often go wrong. We write straightforward wills for a fixed fee, so you know the cost before we start, and we confirm it in writing at the outset. ## Should you make an LPA at the same time? A will deals with what happens after you die; a lasting power of attorney deals with what happens if you cannot make decisions while you are alive. Many people in Cardiff sensibly put both in place together. Our [lasting powers of attorney in Cardiff](/lasting-powers-of-attorney-cardiff) page explains how, and we can prepare both at the same appointment. ## How our Cardiff team helps We write wills for people across Cardiff, from simple single wills to wills involving trusts and blended families. We are clear, approachable and jargon-free, and our fixed fees mean no surprises. GOV.UK sets out the basic [rules for making a will](https://www.gov.uk/make-will). --- ## Probate Solicitors in Cardiff URL: https://robsols.co.uk/wills-trusts-estates/probate-cardiff/ Published: 2026-06-13 Updated: 2026-07-10 Author: When someone dies, probate is the legal process of dealing with their estate, and we take it on for executors and families across Cardiff and the surrounding area. What probate is, when a grant is needed, and how inheritance tax fits in are all set out on our [probate](/wills-trusts-estates/probate) page. Here we focus on how we help locally, and what it costs. ## How do we help Cardiff executors? Acting as an executor can be daunting, and executors can be held personally responsible for getting it wrong. We take that worry away. We can handle the whole estate administration for you, or simply obtain the grant and leave the rest to you, whichever you prefer. We value the estate, deal with the inheritance tax account, apply for the grant, collect in the assets and pay what is owed, then distribute to the beneficiaries and prepare clear estate accounts. Throughout, we keep you updated and protect you from personal liability. ## What if the estate is disputed? Occasionally a death brings a disagreement, someone challenges the will, or feels they have not been reasonably provided for. Where that happens, the immediate step is often to pause the grant with a caveat at the Probate Registry while matters are looked into, and we can act for executors or for those bringing a claim. Our [inheritance and will disputes in Cardiff](/inheritance-disputes-cardiff) page explains the options. ## How our Cardiff team helps We help executors and families across Cardiff deal with estates of every kind, straightforward and complex, taxable and tax-free. Probate is a regulated service and we are open about cost: we set out our probate fees in full on our dedicated pricing page, so you can see exactly what to expect before you instruct us. You can read more about [applying for probate](https://www.gov.uk/applying-for-probate) on GOV.UK. --- ## Lasting Power of Attorney Solicitors in Cardiff URL: https://robsols.co.uk/wills-trusts-estates/lasting-powers-of-attorney-cardiff/ Published: 2026-06-13 Updated: 2026-07-10 Author: A lasting power of attorney (LPA) lets people you trust make decisions for you if you ever cannot make them yourself, and we prepare and register both types for people across Cardiff and the Vale. What an LPA does, which types you need, and why timing matters are all set out on our [lasting powers of attorney](/wills-trusts-estates/lasting-powers-of-attorney) page. Here we focus on how we help locally. ## Can we visit you to make an LPA? Yes. You can meet us at our Cardiff office, or we can come to you at home, in hospital or in a care home anywhere across Cardiff and the Vale. That matters, because LPAs are often made after a diagnosis or a change in health, when travelling is difficult. We talk through the decisions that matter, who to appoint, whether they should act together or separately, and any instructions you want to include, arrange an independent certificate provider, make sure everything is signed in the right order, and register each document with the Office of the Public Guardian. ## Should you make an LPA alongside your will? It often makes sense to put both in place together: a [will](/wills-cardiff) deals with what happens after you die, and an LPA deals with what happens if you lose capacity while you are alive. We can prepare both at the same appointment, which is simpler and usually better value than doing them separately. ## How our Cardiff team helps We prepare lasting powers of attorney for people across Cardiff, on their own or alongside a will, and we handle the paperwork so you do not have to. We are patient, clear and practical. We charge by the hour and give you a written estimate at the outset; the Office of the Public Guardian also charges a registration fee for each LPA, which may be reduced or waived if you receive certain means-tested benefits. GOV.UK has more on [making a lasting power of attorney](https://www.gov.uk/power-of-attorney). --- ## Inheritance & Will Dispute Solicitors in Cardiff URL: https://robsols.co.uk/wills-trusts-estates/inheritance-disputes-cardiff/ Published: 2026-06-13 Updated: 2026-07-10 Author: If you have been left out of a will, treated unfairly, or you are an executor facing a challenge, we can help, we advise on contested wills and inheritance claims for people across Cardiff and the surrounding area. The grounds for challenging a will, claims for reasonable provision, and the deadlines that apply are all set out on our [inheritance and will disputes](/wills-trusts-estates/inheritance-disputes) page. Here we focus on the local picture. ## Where are will disputes heard in Cardiff? Most inheritance disputes settle without a trial, through negotiation or mediation, which is often better suited to what are, at heart, family disputes. Where a case does need a court, contested probate and inheritance claims for the Cardiff area are dealt with in the Business and Property Courts in Wales, at the Cardiff Civil and Family Justice Centre on Park Street. Where a dispute is likely, the immediate step is often to enter a [caveat at the Probate Registry](https://www.gov.uk/stop-grant-probate-objection), which pauses the grant of probate while matters are looked into. ## Do you have a claim, or are you facing one? We act on both sides. We help people who have been left out or left short, including under the Inheritance (Provision for Family and Dependants) Act 1975, and we help executors and families defend an estate against a claim. Time matters: an Inheritance Act claim usually has to be brought within six months of the grant of probate, so early advice is important. Our [probate in Cardiff](/probate-cardiff) page explains how the grant fits in. ## How our Cardiff team helps We advise on contested wills and inheritance claims for people across Cardiff, whether you are making a claim or defending an estate against one. We are straight-talking about the strengths and weaknesses of a case, and mindful that these disputes are often painful as well as legal. We charge by the hour and give you a written estimate at the outset. --- ## Cardiff URL: https://robsols.co.uk/wills-trusts-estates/cardiff/ Published: 2026-06-12 Updated: 2026-07-10 Author: Whether you’re making a will, planning for the future, or dealing with the estate of someone who has died, our Cardiff team is here to help. We advise people across the city and the surrounding area on wills, probate, lasting powers of attorney, inheritance tax planning and trusts, calmly, and in plain English. Some clients come to us to put their affairs in order; others are coping with a recent loss and aren’t sure where to begin. Either way, we’ll explain things clearly and take on as much or as little as you need. And if age, illness or mobility makes it hard to get to us, we can come to you at home, anywhere in the Cardiff area. When someone dies, probate is now applied for online through HM Courts & Tribunals Service, with the [Cardiff Probate Registry of Wales](https://www.find-court-tribunal.service.gov.uk/courts/cardiff-probate-registry-of-wales) serving the Welsh districts, and if you’d prefer, you can deal with the process in Welsh. We take that on for you: valuing the estate, handling the inheritance tax and the paperwork, and dealing with the property. Most Cardiff estates include a home, and as a local firm we know the city’s property and the people who value and sell it. For wills, many of ours are offered on a fixed fee, so you know the cost from the start, and our probate costs are published openly. Where estate planning involves passing on property in Wales, Land Transaction Tax can apply rather than the English stamp duty, and we’ll explain how. We act for families across Cardiff and the wider South Wales area. For a full explanation of how each part of wills, trusts and estates works, see our [wills, trusts and estates](/wills-trusts-estates) page. --- ## Cardiff URL: https://robsols.co.uk/military/cardiff/ Published: 2026-06-17 Updated: 2026-07-10 Author: Wales has a long and proud connection to the armed forces, and we act for serving personnel, veterans, reservists and their families across Cardiff and South Wales. If your service has left you injured or unwell, there may be more than one way to claim, and we’re here to help you find it. Our work covers the [Armed Forces Compensation Scheme](https://www.gov.uk/guidance/armed-forces-compensation-scheme-afcs), civil claims where the Ministry of Defence was at fault, conditions like hearing loss, cold injuries and the lasting effects of trauma, and the family matters that service life can bring. Tell us what’s happened, and we’ll take on as much or as little as you need. The effects of service often appear long after the cause, and the rules on how and when to claim aren’t always clear, so it’s worth asking early even if you think you might be out of time. We’ll be straight with you from the first conversation, whether you have a claim, which route or combination of routes fits your case, and what each would involve, in plain language, with no jargon and no talking down. We’ll also explain how the work would be funded before anything begins; for civil claims against the MoD, that’s often on a no-win-no-fee basis. If a claim or an appeal reaches a hearing, those can be held in Wales, and you’re entitled to use Welsh if you’d prefer. We act for the forces community across Cardiff, the Vale and the wider South Wales area. For a full explanation of how military claims work, see our [military claims](/military) page. --- ## Cardiff URL: https://robsols.co.uk/hr-and-employment/cardiff/ Published: 2026-06-20 Updated: 2026-07-10 Author: If you employ people in Cardiff, the employment law that governs your workforce is largely UK-wide, but the way it lands on a Welsh employer is shaped by the Wales Employment Tribunal, the Welsh Government’s Fair Work agenda and the public-sector contracting landscape that runs through the city. Our [HR and employment solicitors](/hr-and-employment/) advise Cardiff employers on the full range of workforce issues: tribunal defence, retained HR support, contracts and handbooks, settlement agreements, redundancies and restructures, disciplinary and grievance procedures and workplace investigations. **What Wales-specific employer obligations are different in Cardiff?** Employment claims by Cardiff workers are heard at the [Wales Employment Tribunal](https://www.judiciary.uk/courts-and-tribunals/tribunals/employment-tribunal/) at 2 Fitzalan Place, where Welsh-speaking employees have a statutory right to use Welsh in proceedings. For employers bidding for Welsh public-sector contracts, Welsh Government, NHS Wales bodies, Cardiff Council and the wider local authority family, the Social Partnership and Public Procurement (Wales) Act 2023 has put Fair Work practices firmly on the procurement agenda, and contracting authorities are increasingly asking bidders to evidence them. We’ll factor that into how you draft contracts and handbooks, how you handle restructures, and the tone you take into tribunal. **Cardiff employers we act for** We act for Cardiff employers across the city’s main commercial communities, financial services and insurance around Central Square, Capital Quarter and Callaghan Square; media, tech and creative employers around Cardiff Bay; hospitality, retail and SMEs across the city centre and Bay; and professional services firms in the central business district. A meaningful share of our work is for employers who supply or partner with the Welsh public sector, where the Fair Work and bilingual-workforce expectations have to be navigated alongside the day-to-day employment work. --- ## Care Proceedings & Social Services Solicitors in Cardiff URL: https://robsols.co.uk/family-law/local-authority-children-cardiff/ Published: 2026-06-12 Updated: 2026-07-10 Author: If social services are involved with your child in Cardiff, our family team acts for parents, grandparents and other relatives across the city and the surrounding authorities. What the stages mean, the pre-proceedings letter, care and supervision orders, what the court must be satisfied of, is set out in full on our [care proceedings and social services](/family-law/local-authority-children) page. Here we focus on the Welsh framework, the local court and how legal aid helps. ## What does the Welsh framework mean for you? In Cardiff, the local authority is Cardiff Council’s Children’s Services, working under the [Social Services and Well-being (Wales) Act 2014](https://www.legislation.gov.uk/anaw/2014/4/contents) alongside the Children Act 1989. Early involvement, often after a referral from a school or GP, does not mean your child will be removed, and at every stage you have the right to be told the concerns, to take legal advice, and to take part in any assessment. If matters reach court, it is Cafcass Cymru, not Cafcass, that appoints the independent guardian who represents your child. ## Where are care cases heard in Cardiff? Care cases for Cardiff and the surrounding authorities are dealt with through the dedicated family public-law route at the Cardiff Civil and Family Justice Centre on Park Street. The court, not the local authority, makes the final decision, and the authority has to prove its case. Cases are designed to conclude within 26 weeks, and hearings can be held in Welsh on request. ## Is legal aid available in Cardiff? This is the reassurance that matters most. If the local authority starts care proceedings about your child, or applies for an emergency protection or supervision order, legal aid is available to you as a parent with parental responsibility regardless of your income or the strength of your case. We hold a legal aid franchise for this work, so we can advise and represent you under legal aid from the very start. ## How our Cardiff family team helps We act for parents, grandparents and other relatives from our Cardiff office, including those who want to care for a child as kinship carers or through a [child arrangements](/child-arrangements-cardiff) or special guardianship order. We are calm, clear and on your side, and we will tell you honestly where you stand. Most of this work is covered by legal aid; where it is not, we charge by the hour with a written estimate. --- ## Divorce Financial Settlement Solicitors in Cardiff URL: https://robsols.co.uk/family-law/financial-settlements-cardiff/ Published: 2026-06-12 Updated: 2026-07-10 Author: If you need help with a divorce financial settlement in Cardiff, our family team acts for people across the city, the Vale and the South Wales valleys. How a settlement is decided, the law, the factors the court weighs, consent orders and clean breaks, is set out in full on our [financial settlements](/family-law/financial-settlements) page. This page covers the local picture: where cases are heard, how an agreement is made binding, and how we work with you. ## Where are financial cases heard in Cardiff? Most financial settlements are agreed without a final hearing, and that is almost always the calmer, cheaper route. Where a hearing is needed, financial remedy cases for Cardiff and the surrounding authorities are dealt with at the [Cardiff Civil and Family Justice Centre](https://www.find-court-tribunal.service.gov.uk/courts/cardiff-civil-and-family-justice-centre) on Park Street, close to Cardiff Central. The process is built to encourage settlement: a first appointment and a financial dispute resolution hearing come before any final hearing, and most cases resolve along the way. Hearings can be held in Welsh on request. ## How does the agreement become binding? Reaching agreement is only half the job. A written agreement on its own is not enforceable, to give it legal force, we draft a consent order and lodge it at the court for a judge to approve. Once approved, it is binding and brings the financial chapter to a close. If your divorce is ongoing, our [divorce solicitors in Cardiff](/divorce-separation-cardiff) page explains how the two run side by side. ## How our Cardiff family team helps We advise on settlements both straightforward and complex from our Cardiff office, and we are realistic about the likely outcome rather than promising the world. We keep sight of what matters: a fair result you can move on from, and an order that protects you for the future. We charge by the hour and give you a written estimate at the outset; any court fees are set by the government and separate from our costs. --- ## Family Mediation in Cardiff URL: https://robsols.co.uk/family-law/family-mediation-cardiff/ Published: 2026-06-12 Updated: 2026-07-10 Author: Family mediation in Cardiff helps you and your former partner sort out arrangements for children, property and finances together, with the help of a neutral mediator, rather than leaving the decisions to a court. How mediation works, what a MIAM is and how an agreement is made binding are all explained on our [family mediation](/family-law/family-mediation) page. Here we focus on why it helps locally, the cost, and how we run it from our Cardiff office. ## Why mediate rather than go to court? Mediation keeps you out of the [family court](https://www.gov.uk/looking-after-children-divorce/mediation) and lets you reach your own decisions, calmly and in confidence. It is usually much quicker and far less expensive than a contested case at the Cardiff Civil and Family Justice Centre. It also matters to the court: since April 2024 the family court expects people to consider non-court options seriously, and a judge can take an unreasonable refusal to mediate into account, including when deciding who pays the costs. A genuine attempt at mediation is the sensible first step. ## Is the £500 voucher available in Cardiff? Yes. Our family mediator co-mediates with an accredited family mediator, so the government’s £500 Family Mediation Voucher Scheme is available where your case qualifies, it applies to disputes that involve children and is not means-tested. We can tell you whether your case qualifies when we first meet, and some people also qualify for publicly funded mediation through legal aid. The voucher often covers a meaningful part of the cost. ## How our Cardiff family team helps We can carry out your MIAM, run the sessions at a calm setting in Cardiff, together or in separate rooms where that is easier, and set down what you agree in writing at the end. As mediators we stay neutral: we do not take sides or tell either of you what to do. We give you a clear idea of the cost at the outset, and any financial agreement can be linked to your [financial settlement](/financial-settlements-cardiff) or arrangements for [children](/child-arrangements-cardiff). --- ## Cohabitation Dispute Solicitors in Cardiff URL: https://robsols.co.uk/family-law/cohabitation-disputes-cardiff/ Published: 2026-06-12 Updated: 2026-07-10 Author: If you are separating from a partner you were not married to in Cardiff, our family team acts for unmarried couples across the city, the Vale and the South Wales valleys. The law here is the same throughout England and Wales, there is no such thing as common-law marriage, however long you lived together, and our [cohabitation disputes](/family-law/cohabitation-disputes) page explains your rights in full. This page covers the local picture: where property disputes are resolved, and how to protect your position. ## Where are property disputes heard in Cardiff? For most cohabiting couples the home is the biggest issue, and a dispute over a jointly owned property is a civil claim. In Cardiff these are dealt with at the [Cardiff Civil and Family Justice Centre](https://www.find-court-tribunal.service.gov.uk/courts/cardiff-civil-and-family-justice-centre) on Park Street. Under the Trusts of Land and Appointment of Trustees Act 1996, the court can decide what share each of you owns and, where you cannot agree, order the property to be sold. These claims turn closely on the facts, so early advice and good records make a real difference. ## Can you protect your position? Because the law gives unmarried couples so little by default, protection is something you put in place. A cohabitation agreement records how you will deal with property and finances if you separate; a declaration of trust records exactly what share each of you owns in your home; and a will ensures your partner is provided for, as they have no automatic right to inherit. Put together at the outset with our family and [wills](/wills-trusts-estates/wills) teams, these are far cheaper and calmer than a dispute later. ## How our Cardiff family team helps We act for unmarried couples from our Cardiff office, resolving property and financial disputes when a relationship ends, and putting agreements in place to prevent them. Where children are involved, arrangements are handled in the same way as for any separating parents; see [child arrangements in Cardiff](/child-arrangements-cardiff). We charge by the hour and give you a written estimate at the outset. --- ## Child Arrangements Solicitors in Cardiff URL: https://robsols.co.uk/family-law/child-arrangements-cardiff/ Published: 2026-06-12 Updated: 2026-07-10 Author: If you are working out child arrangements in Cardiff, our family team acts for parents across the city, the Vale and the South Wales valleys. How the law approaches arrangements, the welfare checklist, what a child arrangements order covers, parental responsibility, is explained in full on our [child arrangements](/family-law/child-arrangements) page. Here we focus on what is local: the court, the role of Cafcass Cymru, and trying to agree before you ever reach a hearing. ## Which court decides children matters in Cardiff? Most separating parents never need a court order, and agreed arrangements are almost always better for the children. Where agreement is not possible, applications for Cardiff and the surrounding authorities are dealt with at the [Cardiff Civil and Family Justice Centre](https://www.find-court-tribunal.service.gov.uk/courts/cardiff-civil-and-family-justice-centre) on Park Street, near Cardiff Central. The child’s welfare is the court’s paramount concern, and hearings can be held in Welsh on request. ## What does Cafcass Cymru do? This is one of the main differences in Wales. In Cardiff it is [Cafcass Cymru](https://www.gov.wales/cafcass-cymru), not Cafcass, which covers England, that carries out the safeguarding checks, speaks to the children where appropriate, and reports to the court on what is in their best interests. Their independent view carries real weight, so it helps to understand their role early. ## Trying mediation before court Before most children applications, you normally attend a Mediation Information and Assessment Meeting to see whether matters can be settled out of court, unless an exemption such as domestic abuse applies. The £500 Family Mediation Voucher Scheme can help with the cost where children are involved. Our [family mediation in Cardiff](/family-mediation-cardiff) page explains how this works. ## How our Cardiff family team helps We help parents from our Cardiff office reach arrangements that hold up in real life, keeping your children’s welfare at the centre throughout. We work towards practical agreement first and support you calmly and clearly if matters do reach court. We charge by the hour and give you a written estimate at the outset. --- ## School Exclusion Solicitors in Cardiff URL: https://robsols.co.uk/education-law/school-exclusions-cardiff/ Published: 2026-06-12 Updated: 2026-07-10 Author: If your child has been excluded from a school in Cardiff, our education team can help, and the deadlines are short, so it is worth taking advice quickly. What suspensions and permanent exclusions are, and the grounds a school must have, are set out on our [school exclusions](/education-law/school-exclusions) page. Here we focus on the Welsh appeal route and how it works for Cardiff schools. ## How is a school exclusion appealed in Wales? The headteacher makes the decision to exclude. For a permanent exclusion, a discipline committee of the school’s governing body then reviews it and decides whether to reinstate your child. If they do not, you can appeal to an **independent appeal panel**. This is an important difference from England: the Welsh panel can direct the school to take your child back, where the English equivalent can only ask the governors to think again. The windows are short, often around ten to fifteen school days, so early preparation matters. The detailed rules are in the [Welsh Government’s exclusion guidance](https://www.gov.wales/sites/default/files/publications/2024-04/240410-exclusion-from-schools-and-pupil-referral-units.pdf). ## Was the exclusion unlawful or discriminatory? Not every exclusion follows the rules. An exclusion can be unlawful if it is not recorded properly, if a child is sent home “to cool off” without a formal decision, or if a pupil is put on a reduced timetable without good reason and consent. Schools must also not discriminate against disabled pupils under the Equality Act 2010. Where behaviour is connected to a disability or unmet additional learning needs, an exclusion may be discriminatory, and a claim can be brought to the Education Tribunal for Wales within six months. Where your child has an IDP, an exclusion is often a sign that provision is not being delivered, see our [ALN and IDPs in Cardiff](/aln-cardiff) page. ## How our Cardiff team helps We act for parents and carers across Cardiff at every stage of an exclusion, making representations to governors, preparing for a panel, and challenging unlawful exclusions and discrimination. We work quickly because the deadlines are tight, and we tell you honestly where you stand. We charge by the hour and give you a written estimate at the outset. --- ## School Admission Appeal Solicitors in Cardiff URL: https://robsols.co.uk/education-law/school-admissions-appeals-cardiff/ Published: 2026-06-12 Updated: 2026-07-10 Author: If your child has been refused a place at your preferred school in Cardiff, you can appeal to an independent panel, and our education team can help you prepare and present your case. How admission appeals work, what makes a strong case, and infant class size appeals are covered on our [school admission appeals](/education-law/school-admissions-appeals) page. Here we focus on the local picture in Cardiff. ## Who hears your appeal in Cardiff? For community schools in Cardiff, **Cardiff Council** is the admission authority, and many appeals relate to council-run schools; for voluntary-aided and foundation schools, the governing body is the admission authority. Either way, the appeal is heard by an independent panel, separate from the school and the council, which can direct that your child be admitted. Wales has its own [School Admission Appeals Code](https://www.gov.wales/sites/default/files/publications/2023-11/school-admission-appeals-code.pdf), and the panel applies a two-stage test: whether admitting another child would harm the education of others, and, if so, whether your reasons for the school outweigh that. If your child has an IDP, the school is named in the plan itself, and a placement dispute is dealt with by the Tribunal rather than an admission panel, see our [ALN and IDPs in Cardiff](/aln-cardiff) page. ## What about Welsh-medium schools? Cardiff has a strong and growing Welsh-medium sector, and demand for places is high. The Welsh appeals code allows a panel to weigh Welsh-language and Welsh-medium needs as part of your case, for example, a wish to continue a child’s Welsh-medium education, or a sibling already at the school. Putting that case clearly, with the right evidence, can make a real difference at a Cardiff appeal. ## How our Cardiff team helps We act for parents and carers across Cardiff preparing for an admission appeal, choosing the strongest grounds, gathering evidence, drafting your written case, and supporting you at the hearing. We explain what the panel can and cannot do, so you go in with realistic expectations. We charge by the hour and give you a written estimate at the outset. --- ## University & Student Dispute Solicitors in Cardiff URL: https://robsols.co.uk/education-law/higher-education-disputes-cardiff/ Published: 2026-06-12 Updated: 2026-07-10 Author: If you are a student at a Cardiff university facing an academic appeal, a misconduct allegation or fitness-to-practise proceedings, early advice can protect your studies and your future. The grounds, the procedures and how the OIA works are set out in full on our [university and student disputes](/education-law/higher-education-disputes) page. Here we focus on the local picture for students in Cardiff. ## Which Cardiff students do we help? We act for students across Cardiff’s institutions, including Cardiff University, Cardiff Metropolitan University, the University of South Wales and the Royal Welsh College of Music and Drama. We advise on academic appeals about marks or progression, allegations of academic misconduct (including plagiarism, collusion and the misuse of AI tools), fitness-to-practise and fitness-to-study proceedings, disciplinary hearings, and complaints. These processes move quickly and carry tight internal deadlines, so it pays to get advice as soon as you can. ## Where do Cardiff students take a complaint? Each university runs its own internal appeals and complaints procedures first. At the end of them you receive a Completion of Procedures letter, which opens the door to the [Office of the Independent Adjudicator](https://www.oiahe.org.uk/) (OIA), the independent ombuds for students in England and Wales, which you have twelve months to approach. The regulator for Welsh universities is Medr, and Welsh institutions also have duties under the Welsh Language Measure. Where a university or the OIA has acted unlawfully, judicial review may be available, our [tribunal appeals and judicial review](/education-law/tribunal-appeals) page explains when. Getting the internal stages right matters, because they shape what the OIA can later consider. ## How our Cardiff team helps We act for students at every stage, from a first response to an allegation, through internal hearings and appeals, to a complaint to the OIA. We give straight advice about your prospects and the options open to you, in confidence. We charge by the hour and give you a written estimate at the outset. --- ## Cardiff URL: https://robsols.co.uk/education-law/cardiff/ Published: 2026-06-12 Updated: 2026-07-10 Author: If you need an education law solicitor in Cardiff, we help students, parents and families challenge unfair decisions made by schools, colleges, universities and the local council. Cardiff is a university city, so a lot of our work is for students, academic appeals, allegations of academic misconduct, disciplinary and fitness-to-practise cases, and complaints that reach the Office of the Independent Adjudicator. Whatever you’re facing, we’ll explain where you stand and take on as much or as little as you need. For families with school-age children, we act on exclusions, admission appeals, bullying and disputes with private schools. Admission and exclusion appeals in the city are run through Cardiff Council, and we know how those panels work and how to put your case to them. Because Cardiff is in Wales, children with additional needs come under the Welsh system, not the English one, an Individual Development Plan (IDP) rather than an EHCP, with appeals to the [Education Tribunal for Wales](https://educationtribunal.gov.wales/). We work across both the Welsh and English systems, so we can help whether your child is at school in Cardiff or just over the border. We act for students and families across Cardiff and the wider South Wales area. For a full explanation of how each part of education law works, see our [education law](/education-law) page. --- ## Personal Injury & Medical Negligence Solicitors in Cardiff URL: https://robsols.co.uk/disputes/personal-injury-claims-cardiff/ Published: 2026-06-16 Updated: 2026-07-10 Author: If you have been injured in an accident, at work, or by negligent medical treatment in Cardiff, we can help you claim, for injured people across the city and South Wales. The kinds of claim we handle, how injury and clinical negligence claims work, and the time limits are set out in full on our [personal injury and medical negligence](/disputes/personal-injury-claims) page. Here we focus on what is local. ## Injured by NHS treatment in Cardiff? A clinical negligence claim against the NHS in Wales follows a different route from England. Under the “Putting Things Right” process, part of the NHS Redress (Wales) arrangements, the health board itself, which for most of Cardiff is the Cardiff and Vale University Health Board, investigates the concern and can put things right, including a financial settlement for qualifying lower-value claims, without the need for court proceedings. In England, claims are handled by NHS Resolution under a separate process. Which route applies depends on where you were treated, not where you live, and we guide you through whichever fits. ## Where are Cardiff injury claims dealt with? Most personal injury and clinical negligence claims are funded on a no win, no fee basis, so there is nothing to pay your own solicitor up front. Lower-value road traffic and workplace claims go through the official online portals, while more serious or contested claims are litigated, for the Cardiff area, in the County Court or the higher courts sitting in Cardiff. There are strict time limits, usually three years, so it is best to take advice early. We will tell you honestly whether your claim falls under the fixed-cost rules and what that means for you. ## How our Cardiff team helps We act for injured people across Cardiff and South Wales, from straightforward accident claims to serious, life-changing injuries and complex clinical negligence, and we are realistic from the start about prospects, evidence and value. For the wider picture on how claims work, see our [civil litigation in Cardiff](/civil-litigation-cardiff) page, and where your claim is really about a non-medical professional, our [professional negligence in Cardiff](/professional-negligence-claims-cardiff) page. You can find out more about low-value road traffic claims at the [Official Injury Claim](https://www.officialinjuryclaim.org.uk) portal, and the [Public Services Ombudsman for Wales](https://www.ombudsman.wales) can look at unresolved NHS complaints. --- ## Mediation & ADR Solicitors in Cardiff URL: https://robsols.co.uk/disputes/mediation-adr-cardiff/ Published: 2026-06-16 Updated: 2026-07-10 Author: If you want to resolve a dispute in Cardiff without going to court, we can help, for individuals and smaller businesses across the city and South Wales. What alternative dispute resolution covers, how mediation works and when it is binding are set out in full on our [mediation and ADR](/disputes/mediation-adr) page. Here we focus on how we help locally. ## Can you use a Cardiff mediator? Yes, we have an accredited civil and commercial mediator in the firm, which means we can help in two ways for a dispute in Cardiff or South Wales. We can act as the independent, neutral mediator for parties who want to resolve a dispute between them, bringing a structured, impartial process to the table. Or, where you are a party to a dispute, we can prepare your case and represent you at a mediation run by someone else, so you go in with a clear strategy and a realistic sense of a good outcome. ## Which disputes can mediation resolve? Mediation suits almost any civil or commercial dispute, a contract fall-out, a property or construction dispute, a professional negligence claim, or a [boundary or neighbour](/boundary-neighbour-disputes-cardiff) disagreement. (Mediation for divorce, separation and arrangements for children is a different service, see our family mediation page.) It is not right for everything: where you need an urgent injunction or a binding ruling on a point of law, court is the better tool, and we will say so rather than send you into a process that cannot deliver what you need. ## How our Cardiff team helps We advise on whether ADR is right for your dispute, act as mediator, or represent you at a mediation, for clients across Cardiff and South Wales. The courts now actively expect parties to try mediation, a judge can order it, and an unreasonable refusal can mean costs penalties even if you win, so it is rarely something to dismiss out of hand. For the litigation alternative and its costs, see our [civil litigation in Cardiff](/civil-litigation-cardiff) page. You can find out more from the [Civil Mediation Council](https://www.civilmediation.org), and GOV.UK explains [making a court claim](https://www.gov.uk/make-court-claim-for-money) if mediation does not resolve things. --- ## Landlord & Tenant Dispute Solicitors in Cardiff URL: https://robsols.co.uk/disputes/landlord-tenant-disputes-cardiff/ Published: 2026-06-16 Updated: 2026-07-10 Author: If you have a renting dispute in Cardiff, we act for both tenants and landlords across the city and South Wales, over possession, repairs, deposits, rent and unlawful eviction. How the Welsh and English regimes work, and the routes to resolving each kind of dispute, are set out in full on our [landlord and tenant disputes](/disputes/landlord-tenant-disputes) page. Here we focus on what is local to Cardiff. ## Is your Cardiff landlord registered with Rent Smart Wales? This is a distinctly Welsh point that often matters in a dispute. In Wales, landlords must register with Rent Smart Wales, and anyone managing a rental, a landlord who self-manages, or a letting agent, must be licensed. A landlord who is not properly licensed can be unable to serve a valid notice seeking possession, which can stop an eviction in its tracks. For a Cardiff rental, checking the landlord’s Rent Smart Wales position is often one of the first things worth doing, and we can advise on what it means for your case. ## Where are Cardiff possession claims heard? Possession claims for a Cardiff property are heard at the County Court at the Cardiff Civil and Family Justice Centre, and a challenge to a rent increase goes to the Residential Property Tribunal Wales rather than a court. The notice rules are Welsh too: under the Renting Homes (Wales) Act 2016, a landlord using the no-fault route must give six months’ notice and cannot serve it in the first six months of an occupation contract, so getting the procedure exactly right matters on both sides. We make sure it is followed properly. ## How our Cardiff team helps Renting disputes are stressful and often urgent, so we give you a straight, practical view of where you stand under the Welsh rules and the most effective way forward, whether you are trying to stay in your home, recover possession, get repairs done, or resolve a deposit dispute. Many disputes settle without a contested hearing, through negotiation or [mediation](/mediation-adr-cardiff); for the wider picture on how a claim works, see our [civil litigation in Cardiff](/civil-litigation-cardiff) page. We charge by the hour and give you a written estimate. GOV.UK has general guidance on [private renting](https://www.gov.uk/private-renting), and [Rent Smart Wales](https://www.rentsmart.gov.wales) sets out the registration and licensing rules. --- ## Cardiff URL: https://robsols.co.uk/disputes/cardiff/ Published: 2026-06-16 Updated: 2026-07-10 Author: If you’re in a dispute and looking for a solicitor in Cardiff, we help people across the city resolve things sensibly, boundary and neighbour disputes, problems with a property or building work, disagreements with a landlord or tenant, professional negligence, personal injury claims, and arguments over contracts or money owed. Most disputes settle without a courtroom, and our first job is to give you a straight answer on whether you have a case worth pursuing, what it might cost, and the realistic ways to end it. When a dispute can’t be settled, civil claims in Cardiff are dealt with at the [Cardiff Civil and Family Justice Centre](https://www.find-court-tribunal.service.gov.uk/courts/cardiff-civil-and-family-justice-centre) on Park Street, in the city centre. We’ll prepare your case for the local court and represent you through it, and if you’d prefer, you can use Welsh in court, with bilingual hearings available. How we’re paid depends on the dispute. For most matters we charge by the hour and give you a written estimate at the outset; for many personal injury claims, no-win-no-fee funding is available, so there’s nothing to pay up front. We’ll always tell you honestly when a claim isn’t worth the cost and stress of pursuing. We act for people across Cardiff, Penarth, Barry, Caerphilly and the wider South Wales area. For a full explanation of how each type of dispute and claim works, see our [dispute resolution](/disputes) page. --- ## Boundary & Neighbour Dispute Solicitors in Cardiff URL: https://robsols.co.uk/disputes/boundary-neighbour-disputes-cardiff/ Published: 2026-06-16 Updated: 2026-07-10 Author: If you are in dispute with a neighbour in Cardiff, we help homeowners across the city and South Wales resolve it sensibly, whether it is about where the boundary lies or about a neighbour’s behaviour. The law on boundaries, rights of way, trees, nuisance and party walls is set out in full on our [boundary and neighbour disputes](/disputes/boundary-neighbour-disputes) page. Here we focus on the local picture. ## Falling out with a neighbour in Cardiff? Neighbour disputes are unusually personal, and they escalate easily, which is exactly why they need handling carefully. The hard truth is that the cost of fighting one to a full hearing can run to far more than the matter is worth, and you still have to live next door afterwards. For both reasons, [mediation](/mediation-adr-cardiff) is usually the right starting point: it has a good success rate in neighbour cases, and the Cardiff courts expect parties to have tried it. We keep your dispute proportionate and the temperature down. ## Can Cardiff Council deal with a high hedge? Some neighbour problems have a route that avoids court altogether. A genuinely problematic high hedge can be reported to Cardiff Council, which has powers to order it cut back; an overhanging tree’s branches or roots can be cut back to the boundary; and persistent noise or other interference may amount to a nuisance you can act on. The right response depends on the conduct, and a measured first step usually works better than confrontation, we advise on which route fits your situation. ## How our Cardiff team helps We act for homeowners across Cardiff and South Wales in disputes over boundaries, rights of way, covenants, party walls, trees, nuisance and harassment, and we look for the most proportionate route, very often mediation rather than court. We charge by the hour and give you a written estimate. Bear in mind that a neighbour dispute usually has to be disclosed when you sell, so resolving it properly matters. If your problem is with a tenant rather than a neighbouring owner, see our [landlord and tenant disputes](/landlord-tenant-disputes-cardiff) page. GOV.UK explains how to [report a high hedge](https://www.gov.uk/report-high-hedge) and how to check your [property boundaries](https://www.gov.uk/your-property-boundaries). --- ## Transfer of Equity Solicitors in Cardiff URL: https://robsols.co.uk/conveyancing/transfer-of-equity-cardiff/ Published: 2026-06-14 Updated: 2026-07-10 Author: If you need a transfer of equity in Cardiff, adding or removing someone from the ownership of a property without a full sale, our conveyancing solicitors handle it for people across the city and the Vale. What a transfer of equity involves, and when your lender’s consent is needed, is set out in full on our [transfer of equity](/conveyancing/transfer-of-equity) page. Here we focus on the local picture. ## Buying out an ex after a separation? One of the most common reasons for a transfer of equity in Cardiff is a separation, where one person buys the other out of the family home. This is usually part of a wider financial settlement and should be backed by a consent order approved by the court. We deal with the transfer itself, removing the outgoing person from the title and the mortgage, and work alongside your family solicitor; see our [financial settlements in Cardiff](/financial-settlements-cardiff) page. ## Does Welsh property tax apply? It can. In Wales a transfer of equity can attract [Land Transaction Tax](https://www.gov.wales/land-transaction-tax-guide) rather than Stamp Duty Land Tax, but only where there is chargeable consideration, most commonly where the person joining the title takes on a share of the mortgage debt. A genuine gift of a share, with no money changing hands and no mortgage, is usually tax-free. We work out exactly what, if anything, is due as part of the transaction. ## How our Cardiff team helps We handle transfers of equity for people across Cardiff and the Vale, new relationships and marriages, separations, and family estate planning. We deal with the lender, the transfer deed, the registration and the tax, and explain anything you are unsure about. Because a transfer of equity is a regulated service, we set out our fees in full on our conveyancing pricing page, with a written estimate at the outset. --- ## Remortgage Solicitors in Cardiff URL: https://robsols.co.uk/conveyancing/remortgaging-cardiff/ Published: 2026-06-14 Updated: 2026-07-10 Author: If you are remortgaging a property in Cardiff, our conveyancing solicitors handle the legal side for homeowners across the city and the Vale. What happens when you remortgage, checking the title, meeting your new lender’s conditions, redeeming the old mortgage and registering the new charge, is set out in full on our [remortgaging](/conveyancing/remortgaging) page. Here we focus on how we help locally. ## Do you need a Cardiff solicitor to remortgage? Not always. Many lenders offer a free legal service using a solicitor from their own panel, but that solicitor acts for the lender, to protect its security, not to advise you. For a straightforward switch that is often enough. Where things are more involved, you are releasing equity, adding or removing someone from the ownership, or your title has a complication, having your own solicitor is worth considering. We tell you at the outset whether we are on your lender’s panel. ## Changing who owns the property too? People often use a remortgage as the moment to change who is on the title, adding a partner, or removing an ex after a separation. That is a [transfer of equity](/transfer-of-equity-cardiff), a separate piece of legal work that runs alongside the remortgage, and we can deal with both together so it completes in one go. Your existing lender has to consent to the change, and the new lender will assess affordability on the proposed ownership. ## How our Cardiff team helps We handle remortgages for homeowners across Cardiff and the Vale, straightforward switches, equity release, and remortgages bundled with a transfer of equity. We work to your lender’s deadlines so you can lock in your new deal. Because conveyancing is a regulated service, we set out our fees in full on our conveyancing pricing page, with a written estimate up front. MoneyHelper has a useful guide to [remortgaging](https://www.moneyhelper.org.uk/en/homes/buying-a-home/remortgaging-explained). --- ## Cardiff URL: https://robsols.co.uk/conveyancing/cardiff/ Published: 2026-06-13 Updated: 2026-07-10 Author: If you’re buying or selling a home in Cardiff, our conveyancing team handles the legal side from instruction to completion, across the city and the surrounding area. Whether it’s your first flat in the Bay, a family house in Whitchurch or Llanishen, or a sale in Lisvane or Radyr, we keep things moving and keep you informed at every stage. Buying in Wales isn’t quite the same as buying in England. Property here is subject to [Land Transaction Tax](https://www.gov.wales/land-transaction-tax-rates-and-bands), collected by the Welsh Revenue Authority rather than HMRC, with its own rates and a nil-rate threshold of £225,000, the highest in the UK, so many first-time buyers pay no tax at all. We work out what you’ll owe and file the return with the WRA for you within the 30-day deadline. We also know the local searches that matter here. As well as the standard Cardiff Council search, parts of Cardiff and the South Wales valleys sit on former coalfields, so a coal mining search is often needed, and we’ll tell you early if your property is affected and what it means. Because conveyancing is a regulated service, our fees are published openly: you can see what you’ll pay, including the likely disbursements and VAT, before you instruct us, with nothing added quietly along the way. We act for buyers and sellers across Cardiff and the wider South Wales area. For a full explanation of how the process works, see our [conveyancing](/conveyancing) page. --- ## Property Development Solicitors in Cardiff URL: https://robsols.co.uk/commercial-property/property-development-cardiff/ Published: 2026-06-20 Updated: 2026-07-10 Author: Property development brings together land, planning, construction and finance, and the legal issues run across the whole life of a scheme. We act for developers, landowners and investors across Cardiff and South Wales, securing sites, dealing with construction arrangements, and selling or letting the finished scheme. The mechanisms for securing a site and the construction documents are set out on our [property development and construction](/commercial-property/property-development/) page. Here we focus on the Welsh divergences that shape a Cardiff scheme. ## How does planning work for a Cardiff development? Planning is devolved, so a Cardiff scheme runs through the Welsh planning system and Cardiff Council under Welsh policy, separate from England’s. One practical difference is developer contributions: the Community Infrastructure Levy has not been adopted by Welsh authorities, so in Wales contributions are generally secured through [section 106 agreements](https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1990/8/section/106) instead. These obligations run with the land and can materially affect whether a scheme stacks up, so they need to be understood early. We work alongside your planning consultants on the strategy, and check for the conservation areas, listed buildings and covenants that can constrain what is achievable. ## What do the new Welsh building-safety rules mean? The Building Safety Act 2022 created a stricter regime for higher-risk buildings, and in Wales the new building-safety regime commences on 1 July 2026, later than England’s. Under it, the local authority is the building control authority, and the Welsh definition is wider than England’s, capable of catching a building with even a single residential unit. For mixed-use and residential-led schemes in Cardiff, this changes how a project is designed, approved and recorded, and it needs building in from the start. We help developers understand and plan around the implications. ## How our Cardiff team helps From the first site appraisal to the sale of the last unit, we manage the legal risk for schemes across Cardiff and South Wales, site acquisition by option, conditional contract or promotion agreement, the property and security side of construction, and disposals, including [commercial property sales and purchases in Cardiff](/commercial-sales-purchases-cardiff/). We charge by the hour and give you a written estimate, updated as a scheme develops; VAT and disbursements (LTT, Land Registry and search fees) are payable in addition. The funded side is covered on the [commercial property finance](/commercial-property/commercial-property-finance/) page, and a construction or development dispute is run by our [business disputes](/business-disputes/) team. The Welsh Government publishes its [building-safety guidance](https://www.gov.wales/welsh-building-safety-fund-fire-safety-remediation-guidance) online. --- ## Commercial Property Solicitors in Cardiff URL: https://robsols.co.uk/commercial-property/commercial-sales-purchases-cardiff/ Published: 2026-06-20 Updated: 2026-07-10 Author: Buying or selling commercial property in Cardiff, offices, retail, industrial units or land, is a more involved process than a residential deal, with heavier due diligence and significant tax to weigh up. We act for businesses, investors and owner-occupiers across Cardiff and South Wales, on both purchases and sales. The full process, from heads of terms to registration, is set out on our [commercial property sales and purchases](/commercial-property/commercial-sales-purchases/) page. Here we focus on what is local. ## Buying or selling commercial property in Cardiff? We act across the Cardiff and South Wales market, city-centre offices, retail, and the industrial units and estates around the city and the valleys. Due diligence is the heart of any purchase: investigating title, raising the Commercial Property Standard Enquiries, and commissioning searches. One that matters particularly here is the coal-mining search, much of South Wales sits over former coal workings, so a mining search is a standard and important check that can affect a property’s value and even its insurability. Environmental risk deserves close attention on the region’s many former-industrial and brownfield sites. ## How is the tax different in Wales? Tax is one of the biggest differences from a residential deal, and in Wales it works differently from England. A purchase attracts [Land Transaction Tax](https://www.gov.wales/land-transaction-tax-rates-and-bands), administered by the Welsh Revenue Authority, with its own rates, thresholds and a different filing deadline from England’s Stamp Duty Land Tax. VAT can also apply where the seller has opted to tax, which affects both cash flow and the tax calculation. We work out what is due, deal with the LTT return, and settle the position on fixtures and capital allowances in the contract rather than leaving it to chance. ## How our Cardiff team helps We guide you from heads of terms through to completion and registration, keeping the deal moving and flagging the risks at each stage, including on tenanted property, where you are buying an income stream and the leases as well as the building. We charge by the hour and give you a written estimate at the outset; VAT and disbursements (LTT, Land Registry and search fees) are payable in addition. For taking or granting a lease, see [commercial leases in Cardiff](/commercial-leases-cardiff/), and for buying for income, [property investment in Cardiff](/property-investment-cardiff/). The [Coal Authority](https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/coal-authority) provides the mining reports used in a South Wales search. --- ## Commercial Landlord & Tenant Solicitors in Cardiff URL: https://robsols.co.uk/commercial-property/commercial-landlord-tenant-cardiff/ Published: 2026-06-20 Updated: 2026-07-10 Author: Commercial landlord and tenant law governs the day-to-day life of a lease once it is up and running, rent and rent deposits, consents, dilapidations, and what happens when something goes wrong. We advise both landlords and business tenants across Cardiff and South Wales on managing a lease well and heading off problems before they escalate. The remedies for arrears, the consent regime and dilapidations are set out on our [commercial landlord and tenant](/commercial-property/commercial-landlord-tenant/) page. Here we focus on what is local. ## Letting mixed-use property in Cardiff? Plenty of Cardiff and South Wales property is mixed-use, a flat above a shop or office, and that creates a Welsh complication a purely English portfolio does not have. In Wales, letting the residential part is governed by the [Renting Homes (Wales) Act 2016](https://www.gov.wales/housing-law-changed-renting-homes), which uses occupation contracts and works very differently from both England and the commercial lease downstairs. A mixed-use landlord here has to run each part under the right regime, and we flag exactly where the line falls. A dispute over the residential side is covered on our [residential landlord and tenant disputes in Cardiff](/landlord-tenant-disputes-cardiff/) page. ## Where are Cardiff lease disputes dealt with? This is about advising on and managing the relationship; once positions harden into a contested claim, a forfeiture, a disputed dilapidations schedule, or arrears that have to be recovered through proceedings, that is litigation. For the Cardiff area that runs through the Business and Property Courts in Wales or the County Court in Cardiff, where you can ask to use Welsh, and we handle it with our [business disputes](/business-disputes/) team. Acting early, while a problem is still a management issue rather than a dispute, is almost always cheaper. ## How our Cardiff team helps We act for landlords and tenants across Cardiff and South Wales on the things that arise during a lease, recovering arrears by the right route, granting and reviewing consents to assign, sublet or alter, and dealing with dilapidations at the end of the term. We charge by the hour and give you a written estimate; VAT and any disbursements are payable in addition. Granting the lease in the first place is covered on our [commercial leases in Cardiff](/commercial-leases-cardiff/) page. The [Landlord and Tenant Act 1988](https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1988/26/contents) governs consent to assignment and subletting. --- ## Cardiff URL: https://robsols.co.uk/commercial-property/cardiff/ Published: 2026-06-20 Updated: 2026-07-10 Author: If you’re buying, leasing or letting [commercial property](/commercial-property/) in Cardiff, the Welsh tax, planning and lease rules that shape your deal are different from those across the Severn, and the points that make or break it are usually agreed at heads of terms, before solicitors get involved. Our commercial property solicitors act for Cardiff businesses, landlords and investors on transactions across the city’s offices, retail, industrial and mixed-use estates, and across the wider Cardiff Capital Region. **What’s different in Wales?** [Land Transaction Tax](https://www.gov.wales/land-transaction-tax-guide) has replaced SDLT for property in Wales, with the Welsh Revenue Authority setting its own rates and rules for non-residential transactions, including for mixed transactions where part of the land sits in Wales. Welsh planning is devolved too: Cardiff Council is your planning authority, planning obligations come through Section 106 rather than the Community Infrastructure Levy (which doesn’t apply in Wales), and the Building Safety regime commences here on 1 July 2026, a step change for high-rise commercial and mixed-use schemes. We bring those Welsh rules into your decision from day one, not after the documents are out. **Where in Cardiff do we work?** From offices in the city centre, Central Square, Capital Quarter, Callaghan Square, to mixed-use schemes around Atlantic Wharf and Cardiff Bay; industrial and logistics units at Cardiff Gate, Wentloog and the Newport Road corridor; and retail premises across Queen Street, St David’s and the wider high street. We act on transactions across the full breadth of Cardiff’s commercial property market, and lease renewals. --- ## Cardiff URL: https://robsols.co.uk/business/cardiff/ Published: 2026-06-20 Updated: 2026-07-10 Author: Cardiff is one of the UK’s most active places to be in business, and the home of [Companies House](https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/companies-house), where every UK company files its statutory returns. If you’re starting, scaling, restructuring or selling a business in Cardiff, our [business law solicitors](/business/) advise on the work that sits behind those filings: company formation, shareholder and partnership agreements, commercial contracts, joint ventures and corporate governance. We act for owner-managed businesses across South Wales, and on the cross-border issues that come with trading either side of the Severn. **Cardiff in the Welsh business ecosystem** Cardiff businesses sit inside a Welsh support and procurement framework that England’s doesn’t quite mirror. Business Wales is the Welsh Government’s main business advisory service; the Development Bank of Wales lends to Welsh SMEs on terms and warranties that need careful review; and contracts with the Welsh public sector, the Welsh Government, NHS Wales, the local authorities, sit under the Well-being of Future Generations (Wales) Act 2015, which adds sustainable-development duties to how those contracts run. We know the territory, and build it into the underlying agreements before the funding or procurement work begins. **Where we act across Cardiff** Our clients sit across the city’s main commercial communities, financial services and insurance around Central Square, Capital Quarter and Callaghan Square; the media, tech and creative cluster around Cardiff Bay; the professional services running through the city centre; and the SMEs and family businesses across the wider Cardiff Capital Region. Cross-Severn trade is the rule rather than the exception, and the contracts we draft are written with that in mind. --- ## Commercial Litigation Solicitors in Cardiff URL: https://robsols.co.uk/business-disputes/commercial-litigation-cardiff/ Published: 2026-06-20 Updated: 2026-07-10 Author: Commercial litigation is the resolution of business disputes through the courts, but going to trial is rarely the goal. We act for companies, directors, shareholders and partners across Cardiff and South Wales, claimant or defendant, with the aim of the best commercial outcome as efficiently as possible. How litigation works, the costs and the alternatives are set out on our [commercial litigation](/business-disputes/commercial-litigation/) page. Here we focus on what is local. ## Where are business disputes heard in Cardiff? For the Cardiff area, lower-value claims are dealt with in the County Court at Cardiff, while higher-value or complex commercial, company and insolvency claims are heard in the Business and Property Courts in Wales, which sit at the Cardiff Civil and Family Justice Centre on Park Street. That means a South Wales business with a substantial or complex claim no longer has to litigate in London, specialist commercial justice, with judges who have the relevant expertise, is available here. The court that hears a case affects the procedure, cost and timetable, and we advise on the right venue at the outset. ## Can your case be heard in Welsh? Yes. For a court sitting in Wales you have the right to use Welsh, you, your witnesses and your representatives can all use Welsh, and a bilingual hearing can be arranged, with no delay or disadvantage to your case. ## How our Cardiff team helps We handle the full range of business disputes for clients across Cardiff and South Wales, [shareholder](/business-disputes/shareholder-disputes/) and partnership fall-outs, boardroom disputes, [contract](/business-disputes/commercial-contract-disputes/) claims, professional negligence, and [debt recovery in Cardiff](/commercial-debt-recovery-cardiff/). The courts now expect parties to try to settle, and can order mediation, with an unreasonable refusal able to cost you even if you win, so we often press for a negotiated outcome while protecting your position in proceedings. We charge by the hour and give you a written estimate; in larger cases the court caps recoverable costs through budgets, and the general rule is that the loser pays. The [Business and Property Courts](https://www.judiciary.uk/courts-and-tribunals/business-and-property-courts/) handle the more substantial work, and the [Civil Mediation Council](https://civilmediation.org/) can help you find a mediator. --- ## Commercial Debt Recovery Solicitors in Cardiff URL: https://robsols.co.uk/business-disputes/commercial-debt-recovery-cardiff/ Published: 2026-06-20 Updated: 2026-07-10 Author: Commercial debt recovery is the process of getting in money owed to your business by another business or an individual. We act for creditors across Cardiff and South Wales, and the approach escalates as needed. The full process, letters before action, statutory demands, court claims and enforcement, is set out on our [commercial debt recovery](/business-disputes/commercial-debt-recovery/) page. Here we focus on what is local. ## Chasing a business debt in Cardiff? The approach escalates only as far as it needs to. We start with a formal letter before action, a solicitor’s letter setting out the debt and a deadline often prompts payment on its own. If that fails, an undisputed debt can be met with a statutory demand and the threat of insolvency proceedings, or pursued as a court claim, which for the Cardiff area is dealt with through the County Court at Cardiff. Many debts are recovered well before that point, once the debtor realises you are serious and ready to act. ## Disputed, or just unpaid? This is the question that decides the route. If the debt is not genuinely disputed and simply has not been paid, the faster, more powerful insolvency-based routes are available, and for undisputed commercial debts up to £100,000, our charges and the typical stages are set out on our [debt recovery pricing page](/business-disputes/commercial-debt-recovery/pricing/). If the debt is genuinely disputed, it cannot be forced through a statutory demand, that is an abuse of process, and has to be resolved as [commercial litigation in Cardiff](/commercial-litigation-cardiff/), charged by the hour. Telling the two apart at the outset saves time and cost. ## How our Cardiff team helps We recover money for businesses across Cardiff and South Wales, acting quickly and firmly, and we give you an honest view of recovery prospects before you spend money chasing, there is little point pursuing a debtor with no assets. Where a business pays late, you can usually add statutory interest and fixed compensation on top of the debt, recoverable from the debtor. If a judgment is not paid, we enforce it. You can find the current late-payment rates in the [gov.uk guidance](https://www.gov.uk/late-commercial-payments-interest-debt-recovery), and how to start a court claim on [GOV.UK](https://www.gov.uk/make-court-claim-for-money). --- ## Cardiff URL: https://robsols.co.uk/business-disputes/cardiff/ Published: 2026-06-20 Updated: 2026-07-10 Author: If you’re facing a business dispute in Cardiff, a fall-out between shareholders, a supplier refusing to pay, a contract that’s gone wrong, or an unpaid invoice, most of it can usually be sorted without ever setting foot in court. Our [commercial dispute solicitors](/business-disputes/) act for Cardiff businesses across the Cardiff Capital Region on the full range of commercial matters: shareholder, partner and director fall-outs; contract and supplier disagreements; debt recovery; and professional negligence claims against advisers who’ve let you down. **Cardiff venue and Welsh procedure** Commercial litigation in Cardiff is generally heard at the Cardiff Civil and Family Justice Centre on Park Street, which houses the [Business and Property Courts in Wales](https://www.judiciary.uk/courts-and-tribunals/business-and-property-courts/business-and-property-courts-in-wales/). For higher-value or complex claims that’s where your case, or your defence, will be heard. Welsh-speaking parties have a statutory right under the Welsh Language (Wales) Measure 2011 to use Welsh in those proceedings, and we’ll factor that into how the case is prepared and presented. Most Cardiff disputes are settled earlier than that, though, through pre-action correspondence, mediation in Cardiff or one of the ADR routes available locally. **Who we act for across Cardiff** We act for businesses across the city, financial services and insurance in the Cardiff Capital Region; media and tech in Cardiff Bay; manufacturing and logistics around Wentloog, Cardiff Gate and the Newport Road corridor; and the retail and hospitality SMEs that line the city centre and the Bay. Matters involving Cardiff Council, the Welsh Government or the Development Bank of Wales are part of that mix. --- ## HR & Employment URL: https://robsols.co.uk/hr-and-employment/ Published: 2026-06-03 Updated: 2026-07-02 Author: Good employment practice prevents most disputes, and when a problem does arise, getting advice early is what limits the cost, time and disruption to your business. Our employment law solicitors for employers advise businesses across South Wales and the South West, both day to day and when something goes wrong. That ranges from contracts, handbooks and ongoing HR support to handling redundancies, disciplinary and grievance issues, workplace investigations, and defending claims at an employment tribunal. Whether you need a one-off answer or support throughout the year, we’ll give you practical advice you can act on. Employment law is detailed and it changes often, and the cost of getting it wrong, in tribunal awards, management time and reputation, can be significant. Most employers we work with want the same things: to treat their people fairly, to stay on the right side of the law, and to deal with problems before they escalate. So our advice is practical as well as legally sound, and pitched at the realities of running an organisation. We’ll tell you not just what the law requires, but what it means day to day for your business and your staff. We’ve been advising businesses in Wales since 1903. When a dispute does arise, we’ll be straight with you about your position and your options, and we’ll set out the likely costs clearly before any work begins. We can act as your outsourced employment and HR team on an ongoing basis, or step in for a single issue, whichever suits how you run things. Time limits in employment matters are tight, particularly once a claim is threatened or received, so it pays to involve us early. Getting the groundwork right heads off most problems. For the ones that slip through, early advice keeps them small. Knowing your options ## Facing a workplace dispute — what are your options? A tribunal is the last resort, not the first. Here’s how the main ways of resolving a dispute compare for your business. Handle it internallyACAS early conciliationSettlement agreementDefend at tribunal How it worksManage it through a fair disciplinary, grievance or capability processACAS helps you and the employee try to settle before a claim proceedsYou agree terms with the employee, usually a payment, for a clean breakYou respond to the claim and a judge decides Typical timescaleDays–weeksUp to several weeksDays–weeks9–18 months+ Cost to the businessLowestLowModerate (the agreed sum, plus a contribution to their advice)Highest — legal costs are rarely recovered, even if you win Is it binding?Resolves the matter if handled properlyOnly if you reach an agreementYes — binding once signed with independent adviceYes, and enforceable Reputational exposureKept in-housePrivateConfidentialPublic hearing and judgment Best forMost issues, handled early and fairlyA required step once a claim is threatenedRemoving risk and drawing a line by agreementDefensible claims where settlement isn’t commercially right ### Handle it internally How it worksManage it through a fair disciplinary, grievance or capability process TimescaleDays–weeks CostLowest Binding?Resolves the matter if handled properly ReputationKept in-house Best forMost issues, handled early and fairly ### ACAS early conciliation How it worksACAS helps you and the employee try to settle before a claim proceeds TimescaleUp to several weeks CostLow Binding?Only if you reach an agreement ReputationPrivate Best forA required step once a claim is threatened ### Settlement agreement How it worksYou agree terms with the employee, usually a payment, for a clean break TimescaleDays–weeks CostModerate — the agreed sum, plus a contribution to their advice Binding?Yes — binding once signed with independent advice ReputationConfidential Best forRemoving risk and drawing a line by agreement ### Defend at tribunal How it worksYou respond to the claim and a judge decides Timescale9–18 months+ CostHighest — legal costs are rarely recovered, even if you win Binding?Yes, and enforceable ReputationPublic hearing and judgment Best forDefensible claims where settlement isn’t commercially right Once a claim is brought you must respond within strict deadlines or risk a judgment against you, and before a claim proceeds the employee must first notify ACAS. Even a successful defence is rarely cost-free, which is why early advice usually pays for itself. We’ll set out the costs and the realistic options at our first meeting. --- ## Business Disputes URL: https://robsols.co.uk/business-disputes/ Published: 2026-06-05 Updated: 2026-07-02 Author: Most commercial disputes are resolved without ever reaching a courtroom, and for a business, that’s usually the right outcome, because litigation is slow, costly and a drain on management time. Our commercial dispute solicitors help businesses across South Wales and the South West resolve disputes of all kinds: disagreements between shareholders, partners or directors, problems with contracts and suppliers, unpaid invoices, and claims involving professional advisers. Whatever the dispute, our aim is the same, to protect your position and resolve it as quickly and commercially as we can. A dispute is rarely just a legal question for a business; it’s a commercial one. The cost of pursuing a claim, the disruption to the business, and the value of an ongoing relationship all matter as much as who is technically right. So we start by understanding what a good outcome looks like for you, then advise on the most effective way to get there, whether that’s a robust letter, a negotiated settlement, mediation, arbitration, or court proceedings. We’ll also tell you honestly when a fight simply isn’t worth having. We’ve been advising businesses in Wales since 1903. From the outset we’ll give you a straight assessment of the strengths and risks of your position and the likely cost, so you can make a commercial decision about whether and how to proceed. We charge on a time basis and set out a clear estimate before any work begins, and we’ll keep you updated on cost and prospects as the matter develops, so nothing comes as a surprise. A dispute pulls focus from running your business, and the longer it drags on, the more it costs. The disputes we handle most for businesses are unpaid debts, contract fall-outs and disputes between owners. In each case, the sooner it’s resolved, the less it takes out of the business. Knowing your options ## Which route is right for your dispute? Court is rarely the first or best option for a business. Here’s how the main ways of resolving a commercial dispute compare. NegotiationMediationArbitrationLitigation (court) How it worksSolicitor-led negotiation, often starting with a letter of claimA neutral mediator helps both sides reach a settlementA private arbitrator hears the case and makes a binding decisionA judge hears the case in open court and decides Typical timescaleWeeks–months1–3 months6–18 months12–24 months+ Relative costLowestLow–moderateModerate–highHighest Is it binding?Only if both sides agree termsOnly once a settlement is signedYes — a binding, enforceable awardYes, and enforceable Private or public?PrivatePrivatePrivate and confidentialPublic Best forMost disputes, as a first stepPreserving a commercial relationship and avoiding courtTechnical or cross-border disputes, or where the contract requires itHigh-value or unresolved disputes, or where a binding public ruling is needed ### Negotiation How it worksSolicitor-led negotiation, often starting with a letter of claim TimescaleWeeks–months CostLowest Binding?Only if both sides agree terms Private/publicPrivate Best forMost disputes, as a first step ### Mediation How it worksA neutral mediator helps both sides reach a settlement Timescale1–3 months CostLow–moderate Binding?Only once a settlement is signed Private/publicPrivate Best forPreserving a commercial relationship and avoiding court ### Arbitration How it worksA private arbitrator hears the case and makes a binding decision Timescale6–18 months CostModerate–high Binding?Yes — a binding, enforceable award Private/publicPrivate and confidential Best forTechnical or cross-border disputes, or where the contract requires it ### Litigation (court) How it worksA judge hears the case in open court and decides Timescale12–24 months+ CostHighest Binding?Yes, and enforceable Private/publicPublic Best forHigh-value or unresolved disputes, or where a binding public ruling is needed Most commercial disputes settle before reaching a final hearing. Many contracts also set out how disputes must be handled — sometimes requiring mediation or arbitration before court — so it’s worth checking yours early. The courts can penalise a party in costs for unreasonably refusing to consider mediation. We’ll advise on the most effective route, and the likely cost, before any work begins. --- ## Commercial Property URL: https://robsols.co.uk/commercial-property/ Published: 2026-06-03 Updated: 2026-07-02 Author: Taking on premises, buying, selling or letting commercial property is one of the biggest commitments most businesses make, and the terms you agree at the start shape your costs and your flexibility for years. Our commercial property solicitors advise businesses, landlords and investors across South Wales and the South West on every kind of property matter: acquiring and disposing of premises, leases and renewals, development, funding and investment, and the landlord-and-tenant issues that arise along the way. Whatever the transaction, we’ll protect your position and keep things moving. Commercial property works differently from residential. There are far fewer automatic protections, and much more turns on what’s actually negotiated, which means the detail of the documents really matters. A point conceded casually at heads of terms can bind your business for a decade. So the time to involve us is before anything is signed, ideally before heads of terms are agreed, while your position can still be shaped. We’ll flag the risks that matter, negotiate the points worth winning, and tell you plainly which ones aren’t worth the fight. We’ve been advising businesses in Wales since 1903, and we act for both sides of the market, landlords and tenants, buyers and sellers, so we know how the other side approaches a deal and what they’re likely to accept. Our advice is commercial as well as legal: we’re there to get your transaction done on good terms, not to slow it down. We charge on a time basis, and we’ll give you a clear written estimate, scoped to your transaction, before any work begins. Property decisions ripple through a business, rent, rates, repair obligations, the room to grow or the freedom to leave. Before you commit to a lease or a purchase, we’ll make sure you know exactly what you’re taking on. --- ## Education Law URL: https://robsols.co.uk/education-law/ Published: 2026-06-02 Updated: 2026-07-01 Author: Education law covers far more than special educational needs, it’s about challenging unfair decisions made by schools, colleges, universities and local authorities, at any stage of education. Our education law solicitors help students, parents and families across South Wales and the South West to understand their rights and put things right when an institution gets it wrong. That ranges from university academic appeals and disciplinary cases to school exclusions, admissions appeals, and support for children with additional needs. Whatever you’re facing, we’ll explain where you stand and take on as much or as little as you need. For university students, what’s at stake can be a degree, a career or a professional future. We advise on academic appeals, allegations of academic misconduct, disciplinary and fitness-to-practise proceedings, and complaints involving discrimination, harassment or the Office of the Independent Adjudicator. Higher education runs by its own rules and tight internal deadlines, and many students don’t realise that help is available, so the sooner you take advice, the more can usually be done. In schools, we act for parents challenging exclusions, appealing admissions decisions, raising concerns about bullying, and resolving disputes with private schools. And for children with additional learning or special educational needs, we help families secure the right support and challenge decisions about it. Because we work across both Wales and England, we understand both additional learning needs systems and the differences between them, which the guide below sets out. From the first conversation we’ll give you a clear, honest view of your position and the best way forward, and we’ll set out how the work would be funded before anything begins. These cases are rarely just about paperwork, they affect a child’s schooling or a young person’s future, and the deadlines are often tight. If a school, college or authority has made a decision you believe is wrong, the sooner you take advice, the more can usually be done about it. Understanding the system ## Wales or England — which system applies to your child? The rules are different on each side of the border. Here’s how the two systems compare, so you know which one applies and what the terms mean. EnglandWales What additional support is calledSpecial Educational Needs (SEN)Additional Learning Needs (ALN) The support planEducation, Health and Care Plan (EHCP)Individual Development Plan (IDP) The law behind itChildren and Families Act 2014Additional Learning Needs and Education Tribunal (Wales) Act 2018 Where you appealFirst-tier Tribunal (SEND)Education Tribunal for Wales Which applies to youIf your child attends school in EnglandIf your child attends school in Wales ### England CalledSpecial Educational Needs (SEN) The planEducation, Health and Care Plan (EHCP) The lawChildren and Families Act 2014 Appeal toFirst-tier Tribunal (SEND) Applies ifYour child attends school in England ### Wales CalledAdditional Learning Needs (ALN) The planIndividual Development Plan (IDP) The lawAdditional Learning Needs and Education Tribunal (Wales) Act 2018 Appeal toEducation Tribunal for Wales Applies ifYour child attends school in Wales If your child has recently moved between Wales and England, or you’re not sure which system applies, we can help you work it out. The systems use different names and processes, but in both you have the right to challenge decisions about your child’s support. --- ## Workplace Issues URL: https://robsols.co.uk/workplace-issues/ Published: 2026-06-02 Updated: 2026-07-01 Author: Most problems at work can be resolved without going to a tribunal, but it helps to know your options before you act. Our employment solicitors for employees advise people across South Wales and the South West who are facing difficulties at work, from dismissal and redundancy to discrimination, whistleblowing and being asked to sign a settlement agreement. Whatever you’re dealing with, we’ll explain where you stand, set out the routes open to you, and handle as much or as little as you need. Problems at work can feel overwhelming, partly because the rules are complicated and the stakes, your income, your career, your confidence, are high. People often aren’t sure whether what’s happened to them is actually unlawful, or what they can realistically do about it. So our first job is to give you a clear, honest assessment: whether you have a strong position, what your options are, and what each one is likely to involve. Sometimes the answer is to raise the matter internally; sometimes it’s to negotiate an exit on good terms; and sometimes it’s to bring a claim. We’ve been advising people in Wales since 1903. We’ll be straight with you about the strengths and weaknesses of your situation, and we won’t push you towards a tribunal when a quicker, less stressful route would serve you better. Many workplace disputes are settled long before a hearing. Where you’ve been offered a settlement agreement, your employer will usually pay towards the cost of the advice you’re required to take, and we’ll tell you clearly how any other work would be funded before it begins. There are strict time limits on workplace claims, so it’s worth taking advice early, even if you’re not sure you want to take things further. The sooner you understand your position, the more options you tend to have. Knowing your options ## What are your options when there’s a problem at work? A tribunal is rarely the first step. Here’s how the main ways of dealing with a workplace problem compare. Raise it internallyACAS early conciliationSettlement agreementEmployment tribunal How it worksA grievance or informal discussion with your employerACAS helps you and your employer try to settle, before any claimYou agree terms to leave or resolve matters, usually for a paymentA judge hears your claim and decides Typical timescaleDays–weeksUp to several weeksDays–weeks9–18 months+ Relative costLowestLowLow–moderate (often met by employer)Highest Is it binding?No, unless agreedOnly if you reach an agreementYes — once signed, with legal adviceYes, and enforceable Best forMost issues, as a first stepA required step before most tribunal claimsA clean break on agreed termsSerious or unresolved disputes ### Raise it internally How it worksA grievance or informal discussion with your employer TimescaleDays–weeks CostLowest Binding?No, unless agreed Best forMost issues, as a first step ### ACAS early conciliation How it worksACAS helps you and your employer try to settle, before any claim TimescaleUp to several weeks CostLow Binding?Only if you reach an agreement Best forA required step before most tribunal claims ### Settlement agreement How it worksYou agree terms to leave or resolve matters, usually for a payment TimescaleDays–weeks CostLow–moderate (often met by employer) Binding?Yes — once signed, with legal advice Best forA clean break on agreed terms ### Employment tribunal How it worksA judge hears your claim and decides Timescale9–18 months+ CostHighest Binding?Yes, and enforceable Best forSerious or unresolved disputes Before most tribunal claims you must first notify ACAS, and there are strict time limits — usually three months less one day from the event. We’ll explain the deadlines that apply to your situation at our first meeting. A settlement agreement is only binding once you’ve taken independent legal advice on it, which your employer will usually pay towards. --- ## Conveyancing URL: https://robsols.co.uk/conveyancing/ Published: 2026-05-30 Updated: 2026-07-01 Author: Conveyancing is the legal process of transferring ownership of a property from one person to another, whether you’re buying, selling or remortgaging your home. Our conveyancing solicitors handle that process for people across South Wales and the South West, from the more straightforward sale right through to leasehold properties, new builds and auction purchases. Whether you’re a first-time buyer finding your feet or you’ve moved several times before, we’ll keep things moving and keep you informed at every stage. Moving home is one of the biggest financial steps most people take, and it’s often a stressful one. Chains stall, deadlines loom, and the legal process can feel opaque from the outside. Our job is to take that weight off you, to chase the searches, deal with the other side’s solicitors and your lender, and explain in plain English what each stage means and what happens next. You’ll have a named contact who knows your file, rather than a different voice each time you call. We’ve been helping people move home in Wales since 1903, and we know that surprises are the last thing anyone wants when they’re buying or selling. So we set out a clear quote at the outset, and because conveyancing is a regulated service, our fees are published openly, you can see what you’ll pay, including the likely disbursements and VAT, before you instruct us. There are no hidden costs added quietly along the way. Every move is different. A straightforward sale is one thing; a leasehold flat with a short lease, a new build with a developer’s deadline, or a property bought at auction each bring their own complications, and we’ll tell you early what to expect. No two moves are quite the same, but the job is always to handle the legal detail carefully and get you to completion with as little stress as possible. --- ## Wills, Trusts & Estates URL: https://robsols.co.uk/wills-trusts-estates/ Published: 2026-05-30 Updated: 2026-07-01 Author: Estate planning means arranging your affairs so that your wishes are carried out and your family is provided for, both during your lifetime and after your death. Our Wills, Trusts & Estates solicitors handle every part of that for people across South Wales and the South West, making or updating a will, planning for inheritance tax, setting up a lasting power of attorney or a trust, and dealing with probate after someone has died. Some clients come to us to plan calmly for the years ahead; others are coping with a recent bereavement and aren’t sure where to begin. Whichever it is, we’ll explain your options clearly and take on as much or as little as you need. This is careful, personal work, and we treat it that way. We’ve been advising families in Wales since 1903, and over those generations we’ve learned that what people want most is to understand what’s happening and to feel looked after. So we draft and explain everything in plain English. You’ll know exactly what each document does, why it matters, and what it means for the people you care about, without the jargon that so often surrounds this area of law. We also believe you should know the cost from the outset. Many of our wills are offered on a fixed fee, and our probate costs are published openly, so there are no surprises once you’ve instructed us. If your situation is more involved, a business to pass on, assets abroad, a blended family, or an estate that may face an inheritance tax bill, we’ll talk it through and set out a clear estimate before any work begins. Getting these things right brings real peace of mind, both for you and for the people you love. A valid, up-to-date will, a power of attorney in place, and a plan for the future mean your wishes are followed and your family is spared difficulty at an already hard time. Most people put this off for longer than they mean to. When you’re ready, we’ll make it straightforward. --- ## Industrial Disease & Workplace Illness Solicitors URL: https://robsols.co.uk/workplace-illness/ Published: 2026-06-02 Updated: 2026-07-01 Author: If you’ve developed an illness because of the work you did, you may be able to claim compensation, even if you left the job years ago, and even if the employer no longer exists. Our industrial disease solicitors help people across South Wales and the South West to claim for illnesses caused by work, on a no win, no fee basis. Workplace illness covers a wide range of conditions, from those caused by asbestos, dust and fumes to hearing loss, vibration injuries and skin and lung disease. Whatever you’re dealing with, we’ll tell you honestly whether you have a claim and handle as much or as little as you need. Industrial illness is different from most injury claims, because the cause and the symptoms are often separated by many years. You might have been exposed to something harmful decades ago and only become unwell long after retiring. That gap can make people assume it’s too late, or that nothing can be done because the company they worked for has closed. Often, neither is true. The law allows time from the point you knew your illness was linked to your work, and where a former employer has gone, we can usually trace the insurer that covered them at the time. We’ve been advising people in Wales since 1903, in a part of the country with a long industrial history, and we understand the kinds of work that can make people ill. From the first conversation we’ll be straight with you about whether you have a claim and what it’s likely to involve. Because we work on a no win, no fee basis, you won’t pay us anything up front, and the compensation itself is met by the employer’s insurer rather than by anyone personally. A successful claim won’t change what’s happened, but it can help with treatment, with care, and with providing for the people who depend on you. Most people put this off for longer than they mean to. When you’re ready, we’ll make it straightforward. --- ## Client Terms of Business URL: https://robsols.co.uk/terms-of-business/ Published: 2026-06-15 Updated: 2026-07-01 Author: ## Our contract with you These terms of business (as updated from time to time) apply to all work we do for you. This page includes important information, and you should ensure that you fully read this information. Each time you instruct us on a new matter we will send you a letter confirming your instructions and setting out: - the details of the work we will carry out for you; - our fees; and - any specific terms that will apply to the work. This letter is called the **letter of engagement**. You should read these terms of business together with the letter of engagement. Together, they form the contract between you and us. If there is any inconsistency between these terms of business and the letter of engagement, the letter of engagement will take priority. By you instructing us to carry out work for you, you are accepting the terms of the letter of engagement and these terms of business, and this is the same as you signing your acceptance of the terms set out in both these documents. Unless you and us agree otherwise, these terms of business will apply to all future instructions you give us on this or any other matter. We may change these terms of business from time to time, and the most up-to-date version will always be available. The contract between you and us, and any dispute or claim arising out of or in connection with it (including non-contractual disputes or claims), will be governed by, and interpreted in line with, the laws of England and Wales. The letter of engagement and these terms of business constitute the entire agreement between you and us and supersedes all prior agreements and understandings, both written and oral. Except as otherwise provided in the letter of engagement and these terms of business, neither you nor us may assign any of its rights or obligations under this contract without the prior written consent of either of us. ## About us We, Robertsons Legal Ltd (trading as Robertsons Solicitors, Robertsons Family Law & Education Legal Advice), are a company incorporated in England and Wales. Our registered office is at 6 Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3RS, and our company registration number is 9645024. A list of directors is available upon request or by visiting our registered office. You can find details of the addresses, phone numbers and email addresses of our offices on our website at [www.robsols.co.uk](https://robsols.co.uk). We are authorised and regulated by the Solicitors Regulation Authority (SRA). The SRA is the independent regulator of all solicitors, and most law firms, in England and Wales. We and our solicitors, registered European lawyers and registered foreign lawyers are governed by codes of conduct and other professional rules. You can see these on the SRA’s website ([www.sra.org.uk](https://www.sra.org.uk)) or get copies by calling 0370 606 2555. Our SRA authorisation number for our registered office is 625915. All the legal services we provide are regulated by the SRA. We are registered for VAT. Our VAT registration number is GB359409132. ## About you References to ‘you’ in these terms of business mean the client (or clients) named in the letter of engagement, and anyone authorised to give instructions on their behalf. ## Receiving instructions from you If two or more people are named as clients in the letter of engagement, we can act on instructions given by any or all of you, any of you have authority to provide instructions unless we are told otherwise. If the client named in the letter of engagement is a company, unless we are told otherwise we will accept instructions given by any or all of your employees, directors and officers. We can act on instructions that are not given in writing. ## Our responsibilities and your responsibilities ### What you can expect of us We will: - Treat you fairly and with respect; - Communicate with you in plain language; - Review your matter regularly; - Tell you about any changes in the law that affect your matter; - Tell you about any reasonably foreseeable circumstances and risks that could affect the outcome of the work we are carrying out for you. ### What we expect of you You must: - Provide documents when we ask for them, and respond promptly when we ask for instructions or information; - Tell us if your contact details change; - Tell us immediately if your expectations change or if you are not sure you understand what we have discussed; - Tell us any time limits or objectives that might not be obvious to us; - Tell us immediately if you receive any email or other communication that appears to be from us and stating that we have changed our bank details or payment arrangements; - Let us know about any other changes that may affect the way we carry out our work for you; - Conduct all interactions and communications in a professional and respectful manner. This includes refraining from any rude, aggressive, or disrespectful behaviour towards our staff. As a client, where appropriate, it is crucial to maintain all documents pertinent to your case, as these materials may play a pivotal role in supporting your legal position. It is your responsibility to disclose all relevant information and documents to us, when requested, including those that may not align with your interests. Notably, a court order may impose a duty of disclosure, necessitating full transparency and cooperation. Therefore, it is imperative to uphold transparency and diligently preserve all relevant documents throughout your case, ensuring compliance with legal obligations. ## Our legal services Details of the services we will provide are set out in the letter of engagement. We will provide our services to you with reasonable care and skill. However, it is not possible to guarantee a particular outcome. Unless we agree otherwise in writing, we will advise you only on or in connection with English law. We will not advise on surveying, valuation, commercial viability, trading, or marketability issues. We only advise on tax if we have agreed in writing to do so. We do not provide financial services or advice, except as described at the ‘Financial services’ section of these terms of business. If you ask us to get advice from another law firm or other professional company, that firm or company will be responsible for the advice they provide. Unless we agree otherwise in writing, our advice and any documents we prepare: - are for use only in connection with the specific matter you have instructed us to deal with; - can only be relied on by you; and - reflect the law in force at the time. We may use legal advice, including barrister’s opinions, obtained for specific cases, for the purpose of informing and strategising in other cases, while ensuring strict confidentiality is maintained in relation to your details. All documents provided by us are protected by copyright law and are our property unless otherwise stated. By accessing or using these documents, you agree to use them solely for their intended purpose and not to reproduce, distribute, or modify them without authorisation. The license granted is non-transferable, and all rights, title, and interest in the documents remain with us so far as applicable. ## Service standards We are normally open between 9am to 5pm from Monday to Friday. We will regularly update you by phone or in writing (including by email) on our progress on your matter and explain the legal work we are carrying out. Email is our preferred choice of communication, and you should inform us if you would prefer an alternative method. We will keep you updated on the likely timescale for each stage of your matter. Whenever there is a significant change in circumstances associated with your matter, we will update you on whether the potential outcomes still justify the estimated costs and risks. We will update you on the cost of your matter at the intervals set out in the letter of engagement. If appropriate, we will continue to review whether there are alternative ways of funding your matter. We are committed to acting in a way that encourages equality, diversity and inclusion in all our dealings with people. Please contact us if you would like a copy of our equality and diversity policy. ## Our liability to you Your contract is solely with us, and we alone are legally liable for the work we do for you. No individual representative, director, officer, employee, agent or consultant of ours will have any personal legal liability for any loss or claim. Unless we agree otherwise in writing, the following apply. - We do not have any obligation to any person other than you. - We do not accept any liability or responsibility for consequences arising from any person other than you relying on our advice. - We are not responsible for any failure to advise on or comment on any matters falling outside the scope of your instructions, as set out in these terms of business and the letter of engagement. - Our maximum liability to you (or any other party we have agreed can rely on our services) in connection with any single matter or group of related matters will be £5 million in total, including interest and costs, unless we state a different amount in the letter of engagement. We will not be liable for: - losses that you or we could not have foreseen when the contract was formed; - losses not caused by any failure or negligence of ours; and - business losses, including losses suffered by any person not acting for the purposes of their trade, business or profession. Nothing in these terms of business restricts or removes our liability for: - death or personal injury caused by our negligence; - fraud or fraudulent statements or assurances; - any losses caused by misconduct or dishonesty; or - any losses which, by law, we cannot limit. Please ask if you would like us to explain any of the terms relating to liability. ## Our charges and billing You are liable to pay legal costs (which attract VAT at the standard rate of 20%) as set out in the letter of engagement, which also explains the arrangements for billing. We will usually discuss this with you before we start the work for you. Unless your matter is covered by a legal aid certificate, it is not usual for us to use external companies to draft your bill, but we reserve the right to be able to do so. You may also need to pay disbursements, which refer to the various expenses incurred during the provision of legal services that are passed on to you. These expenses are separate from the fees charged by us for our professional services and may include costs such as court filing fees, barristers’ fees, expert witness fees, travel expenses, photocopying, postage, courier charges, and other miscellaneous costs directly related to the handling of your matter. On occasions, we may not be able to incur disbursements, unless we have a payment on account. This is defined as a prepayment or advance payment made by you to us for the external services required. If we do not ask for payment on account, these disbursements shall either be itemised separately on the next bill after they have been incurred, or (if applicable) we shall ask you or pay them once we have received the necessary invoice from the provider of the service and provide you a copy of that invoice. There may be occasions where we pay an introducer commission payments or referral fees for introducing you as a client. Any such fees are incurred solely by us and will not be passed on to you. It’s essential to note that if we are acting for you in a litigation case and we obtain a costs order in your favour, it may not cover all the costs incurred throughout the legal proceedings. In such cases, you would remain liable for any shortfall in our bills not covered by the costs order. Conversely, if there is a costs order against you to the opposing party, those costs are payable in addition to our own legal fees. While costs orders can alleviate financial burdens, it’s important to understand that they may not always fully offset expenses. Therefore, we advise maintaining awareness of potential costs implications and budgeting accordingly to manage any financial responsibilities effectively. We may send you bills electronically. Please let us know if you have any particular needs for receiving our bill. You must pay our bills within 14 days. You are deemed to accept the bill if it is not disputed within 14 days of receipt. We may charge interest on overdue bills, at a rate of 4% above the Barclays Bank base rate at the time. Should payment not be received in accordance with these terms, we may apply to the court to recover outstanding monies. In the event of non-payment of any bill, (or for other reasons as set out in the ‘Ending the contract’ section below) we reserve the right to stop acting for you with immediate effect. This includes, but is not limited to, us ceasing to provide ongoing legal work, advice, representation in legal matters, attending court hearings and access to any documents or materials prepared or obtained in the course of providing our services. If we are acting for you in a matter that is within the court process, we may apply to the court to come off the record as acting for you and you will thereafter be representing yourself. We will charge a fee of £35 + VAT if a cheque is returned unpaid (that is, if it ‘bounces’). If we need to undertake work in relation to recovering outstanding bills, in addition to the monies due under the bill (and any interest that is payable due to late payment) we shall also charge you the following: - any disbursement costs we incur in tracing or verifying your address; and - £75 + VAT if we send you a Letter Before Action; and - £75 + VAT if we issue a money claim at court. Letters and any documents may be served at your home address and deemed good service in accordance with the postal rules. Please tell us if you would like a third party to be responsible for paying our bills or any part of them. We must approve this in advance, and we will need the third party’s name, contact details and any other information or ID we ask for. You will always be responsible for our bills, even if someone else has agreed to pay some or all of them, and our bills will still be addressed to you. If someone else pays only some of our bills, you are responsible for paying the rest. You have the right to complain about our bill. Please see the ‘Complaints’ section for details of how to complain. You have the right to challenge our bill by asking the court to assess it under the Solicitors Act 1974. The usual time limit for applying to the court for an assessment is one month from the date the bill is delivered. ## Confidentiality We will keep your information confidential, unless: - you give us permission (consent) to share the information; - we have to provide the information by law; or - these terms of business state otherwise. Unless you instruct us otherwise, we will communicate with you by email. We use a range of information-security measures, but we cannot guarantee the security of information or documents sent by email. If you do not want us to communicate with you by email, please let us know. Sometimes we ask other companies or people to carry out typing, photocopying, billing and other administration activities to help us provide efficient, cost-effective legal services. We make sure those companies or people keep to service agreements that are consistent with our legal and professional obligations, including in relation to confidentiality. For more information, see our privacy policy at [www.robsols.co.uk/client-privacy-policy](/client-privacy-policy). External organisations such as the Information Commissioner’s Office, the Law Society, qualification boards and the SRA may from time-to-time conduct audits or quality checks on our work. They may want to check your case file and related papers for this purpose. We will make sure that these external organisations keep any information involved in an audit or quality check confidential. ## Conflicts of interest A conflict of interest is a situation where the concerns or aims of two different parties are incompatible. Before we accept any instructions from you, we will consider relevant legal or professional regulations to determine whether following your instructions would create a conflict of interest. Similarly, we will not act for another client in connection with the subject matter of your instruction, or a related matter, if this would create a conflict of interests, unless legal or professional regulations allow us to also act for that other client. If a conflict of interest arises while we are carrying out work for you, we may have to end the contract with you. However, we could continue to provide advice as long as that was allowed under legal or professional regulations. We will not be liable to you for any losses arising from us ending the contract if we have to do so as a result of a conflict of interest. If we have arrangements in place to protect your documents or information which are or may be relevant to any instructions for another client, we can act for that other client. We are under a professional duty to keep your documents and information confidential and will not reveal them to any third party outside our firm without your permission. You agree that we may share your information with other parties within our firm if we have a legal or professional obligation to do so. ## Privacy and data protection We use your personal information mainly to provide legal advice and services to you, but also for related purposes such as administration, billing, record keeping, and to tell you about our services and events that we think you may be interested in. How we can use your personal information is controlled by: - your instructions; - the UK General Data Protection Regulation (UK GDPR) and the Data Protection Act 2018, as amended (including by the Data (Use and Access) Act 2025); - other relevant UK laws; and - our professional duty of confidentiality. We take your privacy very seriously. Please read our privacy policy carefully as it contains important information on how and why we collect, process and store your personal information. It also explains your rights relating to your personal information and how long we will keep your personal information. We may record phone calls and monitor emails for training and monitoring purposes. We use third-party service providers (including ‘cloud’ service providers) to help us provide efficient, cost-effective legal services. We make sure all third-party service providers keep to service agreements that are consistent with our legal and professional obligations, including in relation to confidentiality, privacy and data protection. If you instruct us to use an alternative provider for storing, sharing or exchanging documents or information, we are not responsible for the security of the documents or information, or the provider’s security standards. We may use your personal information to send you updates (by email, text message, phone or post) about legal developments that might be of interest to you or information about our services, promotions or new services. You can opt out of receiving such communications by: - emailing law@robsols.co.uk; or - using the ‘unsubscribe’ link in our emails. A copy of our privacy policy can be found at [www.robsols.co.uk/client-privacy-policy](/client-privacy-policy). ## Banking and related matters ### Our client account Unless we agree otherwise, we hold clients’ money in various accounts with UK banks regulated by the Financial Conduct Authority (FCA). A client account is a type of bank account that holds funds on behalf of you. These funds are kept separate from our own money, ensuring that client monies are protected and managed according to regulatory standards. ### Changes to our bank details We will never tell you about changes to important business information, such as bank account details, by email. If you receive any email or other communication claiming to be from us and stating that we have changed our bank details or payment arrangements, please tell us immediately and you must not send monies to the bank account. ### Paying interest on client money We aim to account to you for interest at a reasonable rate of interest. As the holding of your funds is incidental to the carrying out of your legal instructions, the rate we obtain on money we hold on your behalf is unlikely to be as high as the rate you may be able to obtain when depositing money elsewhere. In most cases we must ensure that money held on client account is immediately available and so the need for instant access is taken into account when setting the rate of interest we can pay to you. We are not obliged or required to pay interest at a rate that exceeds the sum we have obtained. Where interest is to be paid on money held in our general client account, this will be paid at the same rate of interest available, at the time of payment of interest, from our bank, Barclays Bank plc, on their standard Instant Access Current Account. We will account to you for interest on sums in excess of £10,000 held by us for at least seven days. We may also account to you for interest on smaller amounts if held for longer periods and if we have agreed in writing to do so. We apply a *de minimis* amount, which means that no interest will be payable if the amount involved is less than £350. Please also note the following: - Interest will be calculated from the time the funds become cleared for interest purposes. - For amounts received by debit or credit card, interest will start to accrue from the date of actual receipt, usually three working days after the transaction has been authorised. - For direct transfers or same day payments the funds will become cleared on the day after receipt. - For amounts paid by cheque, interest will start to accrue three days after the date of the deposit. - Interest will be calculated on a daily basis and calculated on amounts held overnight from the day the funds become cleared for interest purposes. Where interest is payable, it will be paid at the end of the matter. Signing the letter of engagement and/or providing instructions to us to act for you, will confirm your agreement to our retaining of interest as above. ### Financial Services Compensation Scheme We are not liable for any losses you suffer as a result of any bank that client money is held with being unable to pay back the money in full. However, you may be protected by the Financial Services Compensation Scheme (FSCS). The FSCS can pay compensation of up to £120,000 if a banking institution cannot pay, or will likely be unable to pay, money it owes. The compensation limit is £120,000 per banking institution. If you have an account of your own in the same banking institution as our client accounts, the compensation limit is still £120,000 in total. Some banking institutions have several brands. The compensation limit is £120,000 per institution, not per brand. The FSCS also provides up to £1.4 million of short-term protection for certain high balances (for example, the proceeds from selling a home, inheritances, divorce settlements, redundancy payments, and personal-injury compensation). This is called the temporary high balance scheme and, if it applies, protection lasts for up to six months. The FSCS (including the temporary high balance scheme) will apply to eligible balances held in our client account. If a banking institution which holds client money is unable to repay it, we will (unless you tell us otherwise in writing) give your details to the FSCS. More information about the FSCS can be found at [www.fscs.org.uk](https://www.fscs.org.uk). ### Receiving payments from you Our policy is to only accept cash payments of up to £500 per matter we are instructed upon. If you try to avoid this policy by paying cash directly to our bank, we may charge you for any checks we decide are necessary to prove the source of the funds. Those checks could also delay our work for you. This also applies if we receive money relating to your matter from an unexpected source. ### Making payments to you If we have to pay money to you, we will pay it to you by cheque or bank transfer. We will not make any payment in cash or to a third party. ## Preventing money laundering and terrorist financing To keep to anti-money laundering and counterterrorism financing requirements, we are likely to ask you for proof of your identity and may make enquiries for this purpose. We may also need to verify the identity of other people associated with you. If you or they do not provide the required information promptly, your matter may be delayed. We may carry out checks using online systems or other databases, as we see fit. You must not send us any money until we have told you that we have completed any necessary checks. We may ask you to confirm the source of any money you have sent us or will send us. If you do not provide that information promptly, your matter may be delayed or we may not be able to continue to act for you. Any personal information we receive from you for the purpose of preventing money laundering or terrorist financing will be used only for that purpose, or will only be used: - with your permission; or - as allowed by law. Except where the ‘Our liability to you’ section says otherwise, we will not be liable for any loss arising from or connected with us keeping to any legal obligation we have (or have good reason to believe we have) to report matters to the relevant authorities under anti-money laundering or terrorist financing laws. ## Financial services We are not authorised by the Financial Conduct Authority, but we are included on their register (under reference LS625915) so that we can carry on ‘insurance distribution activity’, which broadly means advising on, selling and managing insurance contracts. This part of our business, including arrangements for settling complaints if something goes wrong, is regulated by the Solicitors Regulation Authority. Our Insurance Distribution Officer is Mr Christopher Barber who can be contacted at our registered office. You can check the FCA register at [https://register.fca.org.uk/](https://register.fca.org.uk/) We are not authorised by the Financial Conduct Authority (FCA) in relation to credit arrangements. However, because we are regulated by the SRA, we may be able to provide limited consumer credit services that are closely linked to the legal work we are doing for you. We are also not authorised by the FCA to provide investment advice. If you need advice on investments, we may refer you to someone who is authorised by the FCA to provide the necessary advice. And because we are regulated by the SRA, we may be able to provide limited investment advice that is closely linked to the legal work we are doing for you. If you are unhappy with any financial service you receive from us, you should raise your concerns with the SRA or the Legal Ombudsman. See the ‘Complaints’ section below for more information. ## Professional indemnity insurance We have professional indemnity insurance to cover claims against us up to the level of £5 million. We can give you details of this insurance, including contact details of our insurer upon request. Individual staff members are not liable to you directly for any advice or work undertaken and are covered by our professional indemnity insurance. It is a condition of our professional indemnity insurance that we tell our insurer, or the broker who arranged the cover, about any circumstances which may give rise to a claim being made against us. In this situation we may provide documents and information to our insurer, broker and insurance advisers. They are contractually obliged to keep all information we pass to them strictly confidential. ## Complaints ### If you are unhappy with our service We want to give you the best possible service. However, if you become unhappy with or concerned about the service we have provided, you should tell us immediately so we can do our best to solve the problem. If you wish to make a complaint, our process can be found at: [www.robsols.co.uk/client-care-complaints/](/client-care-complaints). ### If you are unhappy with our behaviour The Solicitors Regulation Authority (SRA) can help if you are concerned about our behaviour. This could be for things like dishonesty, taking or losing your money or treating you unfairly because of your age, a disability or other characteristic. The SRA’s website ([www.sra.org.uk/consumers/problems/report-solicitor](https://www.sra.org.uk/consumers/problems/report-solicitor)) contains information about raising concerns about solicitors and law firms. ## Ending the contract You may end the contract at any time by giving us notice in writing. We can keep all your papers and documents while you still owe us money. See the ‘Storing and releasing files’ section below for more information. We will only end the contract and stop acting for you if we have good reason, for example: - if we feel that the relationship between you and us has broken down; - you do not pay a bill within a reasonable time; - if you fail to maintain effective communication; - if you give us misleading information; - if you repeatedly disregard legal advice or engage in conduct that undermines the representation; - if you act in an abusive or offensive way; - if we determine, in our professional judgment, that continuing representation would be ineffective or contrary to your best interest; - if you become incapacitated or unable to provide instructions, making it impractical for us to continue representation; - if continuing representation would result in a violation of legal or regulatory obligations, such as conflict with professional rules or court orders. We will give you reasonable notice before we stop acting for you. If you or we decide to end the contract, we will charge you for the work we have done so far and, if appropriate, for transferring the matter to another adviser you specify. We will calculate the amount you owe as set out in the letter of engagement. We are not responsible for reminding you about important dates or any deadlines after the contract has ended. ## Right to cancel If you entered into the contract: - during a visit we made to meet with you outside our office, or after an offer you made during that visit; - on your business premises; or - by phone, email or other communication that is not face-to-face; the Consumer Contracts (Information, Cancellation and Additional Charges) Regulations 2013 and the Consumer Rights Act 2015 may apply to the contract. If so, you will have the right to cancel the contract, without giving any reason, within 14 days of the day the contract started. This 14-day period is referred to as the cooling-off period. To cancel within the cooling-off period, you must tell us this by: - writing to Robertsons Solicitors, 6 Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3RS; - phoning 029 2023 7777; - sending an email to law@robsols.co.uk; or - filling in the cancellation form on our website at www.robsols.co.uk/cancellation-form. ### Effects of cancellation If you cancel this contract during the cooling-off period, we will refund all payments we have received from you, unless you asked us to do any work before the end of the cooling-off period (see ‘Work carried out during the cooling-off period’ below). We will pay the refund: - no later than 14 days after the day you tell us that you want to cancel the contract; and - by the method you used to make the payment to us, unless you and we agree otherwise. You will not have to pay any fees to receive a refund. ### Work carried out during the cooling-off period We will not start work during the cooling-off period unless you ask us to, or sign a waiver to confirm that we can commence work and that the ‘cooling off period’ will not apply. In most cases, if you ask us to do any work during the cooling-off period, you will not lose your right to cancel. If you go on to cancel the contract during the cooling-off period, we can charge you for the work we have done. This charge will be a proportion of the full cost of the work, as set out in the letter of engagement. You will have to pay the full cost set out in the letter of engagement, and lose the right to cancel, once we have completed all the work, even if this happens within the cooling-off period. ## Storing and releasing files We may create and hold client files as paper copies, electronically (stored on a computer or database), or a combination of both. In the event of any outstanding or unpaid bills for legal services we shall have the right to retain a lien on all documents, papers, files, evidence, property, or other materials that have been provided, produced, or procured by us during the course of our contract with you, until such time as all outstanding fees, costs, and disbursements are fully paid. We normally store your file (except any of your papers you ask us to return) for six years after we send you our final bill, after which time we may destroy it. Unless you tell us otherwise, we may scan paper documents onto our system to be stored electronically and then destroy the paper copies. However, we will not destroy original documents such as Wills, deeds and other securities which we have agreed to hold in safe custody, but we may return them to you, after giving you reasonable notice. We will not charge you anything for storing your file, or for the safe-keeping of original documents such as wills and title deeds, unless the letter of engagement says otherwise. If you need to view your file in connection with specific work we are carrying out for you, we will not normally charge for this. If you ask to view your file for another reason (including once the matter has been concluded), we may charge you for: - time spent retrieving the file and providing it to you; - any tasks we need to carry out to meet your request, including reading and producing correspondence; - copying of any documents; and - copying of the file so that one can be retained on our system. We will provide an electronic copy of the file unless it is not appropriate to do so. --- ## Client Privacy Policy URL: https://robsols.co.uk/client-privacy-policy/ Published: 2026-06-17 Updated: 2026-07-01 Author: ## Introduction This document sets out the obligations of **Robertsons Legal Ltd** (our ‘**Firm**’) regarding data protection and your rights as our client (data subjects) in respect of your personal data under the UK General Data Protection Regulation (‘**UK GDPR’**) which sits alongside the Data Protection Act 2018 (‘DPA 2018’), and Privacy and Electronic Communications Regulations 2003 (‘PECR’). The Firm is also subject to the Data (Use and Access) Act 2025 (‘DUAA’), which reforms data protection and promotes the secure and effective use of data, including both personal and non-personal information. We take your privacy very seriously. Please read this privacy notice carefully as it contains important information on who we are and how and why we collect, store, use and share your personal data. It also explains your rights in relation to your personal data and how to contact us or supervisory authorities in the event you have a complaint. The UK GDPR defines “personal data” as any information relating to an identified or identifiable natural person (data subject); an identifiable natural person is one who can be identified, directly or indirectly, in particular by reference to an identifier such as a name, an identification number, location data, an online identifier, or to one or more factors specific to the physical, physiological, genetic, mental, economic, cultural, or social identity of that natural person. This document sets our Firm’s obligations regarding the collection, processing, transfer, storage, and disposal of your personal data. Our Firm has implemented procedures and policies for our employees, agents, contractors, or other parties working on behalf of our Firm to follow at all times. Our Firm is committed not only to the letter of the law, but also to the spirit of the law and places high importance on the correct, lawful, and fair handling of all personal data, respecting the legal rights, privacy, and trust of all individuals with whom it deals. ## Lawful, Fair, and Transparent Data Processing The UK GDPR seeks to ensure that personal data is processed lawfully, fairly, and transparently, without adversely affecting your rights as the data subject. As you are a client of our Firm and have contracted with us to provide you with the necessary legal assistance, under the UK GDPR we are allowed to process your personal data as a necessity for the performance of the contract. We collect and use your personal data to provide legal services. If you do not provide personal data we ask for, it may delay or prevent us from providing those services. ## The Data Protection Principles The UK GDPR sets out the following principles with which any party handling personal data must comply. All personal data must be: - Processed lawfully, fairly, and in a transparent manner in relation to the data subject. - Collected for specified, explicit, and legitimate purposes and not further processed in a manner that is incompatible with those purposes. Further processing for archiving purposes in the public interest, scientific or historical research purposes or statistical purposes shall not be considered to be incompatible with the initial purposes. - Adequate, relevant, and limited to what is necessary in relation to the purposes for which it is processed. - Accurate and, where necessary, kept up to date. Every reasonable step must be taken to ensure that personal data that is inaccurate, having regard to the purposes for which it is processed, is erased, or rectified without delay. - Kept in a form that permits identification of data subjects for no longer than is necessary for the purposes for which the personal data is processed. Personal data may be stored for longer periods insofar as the personal data will be processed solely for archiving purposes in the public interest, scientific or historical research purposes, or statistical purposes, subject to the implementation of the appropriate technical and organisational measures required by the UK GDPR in order to safeguard the rights and freedoms of the data subject. - Processed in a manner that ensures appropriate security of the personal data, including protection against unauthorised or unlawful processing and against accidental loss, destruction, or damage, using appropriate technical or organisational measures. ## Keeping You Informed The Firm shall provide the information set out below to every client: – - Where your personal data is collected directly from you, you will be informed of its purpose at the time of collection; and - Where your personal data is obtained from a third party, you will be informed of its purpose: - If the personal data is used to communicate with you, when the first communication is made; or - If the personal data is to be transferred to another party, before that transfer is made; or - As soon as reasonably possible and in any event, not more than one month after the personal data is obtained. ## How Your Personal Data Is Collected We collect most of this information from you direct. However, we may also collect information: - From publicly accessible sources, e.g. Companies House or HM Land Registry; - Directly from a third party, e.g.: - Sanctions screening providers; - Credit reference agencies; - Client due diligence providers; - From a third party with your consent, e.g.: - Your bank or building society, another financial institution or advisor; - Consultants and other professionals we may engage in relation to your matter; - Your employer and/or trade union, professional body or pension administrators; - Your doctors, medical and occupational health professionals; - Via our website, we use cookies on our website (for more information on cookies, please see our Cookie Policy on our website). - Via our information technology (IT) systems. ## How and Why, We Use Personal Data Under data protection law, we can only use your personal data if we have a proper reason, e.g.: - Where you have given consent; - To comply with our legal and regulatory obligations; - For the performance of a contract with you or to take steps at your request before entering into a contract; or - For our legitimate interests or those of a third party. A legitimate interest is when we have a business or commercial reason to use your personal data, so long as this is not overridden by your own rights and interests. We will carry out an assessment when relying on legitimate interests, to balance our interests against your own. The table below explains what we use your personal data for and why. **What we use your personal data for** **Our reasons** Providing services to you To perform our contract with you or to take steps at your request before entering into a contract Preventing and detecting fraud against you or us For our legitimate interest, ie to minimise fraud that could be damaging for you and/or us Conducting checks to identify our clients and verify their identity Screening for financial and other sanctions or embargoes Other activities necessary to comply with professional, legal and regulatory obligations that apply to our business, eg under health and safety law or rules issued by our professional regulator To comply with our legal and regulatory obligations To enforce legal rights or defend or undertake legal proceedings Depending on the circumstances: , to comply with our legal and regulatory obligations; , in other cases, for our legitimate interests, ie to protect our business, interests and rights Gathering and providing information required by or relating to audits, enquiries or investigations by regulatory bodies To comply with our legal and regulatory obligations Ensuring policies are adhered to, eg policies covering security and internet use For our legitimate interests, ie to make sure we are following our own internal procedures so we can deliver the best service to you Operational reasons, such as improving efficiency, training and quality control For our legitimate interests, ie to be as efficient as we can so we can deliver the best service to you at the best price Ensuring the confidentiality of commercially sensitive information Depending on the circumstances: , for our legitimate interests, ie to protect trade secrets and other commercially valuable information; , to comply with our legal and regulatory obligations Statistical analysis to help us manage our business. For our legitimate interests, ie to be as efficient as we can so we can deliver the best service to you at the best price Preventing unauthorised access and modifications to systems Depending on the circumstances: , for our legitimate interests, ie to prevent and detect criminal activity that could be damaging for you and/or us; , to comply with our legal and regulatory obligations Protecting the security of systems and data used to provide services To comply with our legal and regulatory obligations We may also use your personal data to ensure the security of systems and data to a standard that goes beyond our legal obligations, and in those cases our reasons are for our legitimate interests, ie to protect systems and data and to prevent and detect criminal activity that could be damaging for you and/or us Updating client records Depending on the circumstances: , to perform our contract with you or to take steps at your request before entering into a contract; , to comply with our legal and regulatory obligations; , for our legitimate interests, eg making sure we can keep in touch with our clients about existing and new services Statutory returns To comply with our legal and regulatory obligations Ensuring safe working practices, staff administration and assessments Depending on the circumstances: , to comply with our legal and regulatory obligations; , for our legitimate interests, eg to make sure we are following our own internal procedures and working efficiently so we can deliver the best service to you Marketing our services to: , existing and former clients; , third parties who have previously expressed an interest in our services; , third parties with whom we have had no previous dealings For our legitimate interests, ie to promote our business to existing and former clients Credit reference checks via external credit reference agencies where applicable For our legitimate interests, ie to ensure our clients are likely to be able to pay for our services External audits and quality checks. Depending on the circumstances: , for our legitimate interests, ie to maintain our accreditations so we can demonstrate we operate at the highest standards; , to comply with our legal and regulatory obligations To share your personal data with members of our group and third parties that will or may take control or ownership of some or all of our business (and professional advisors acting on our or their behalf) in connection with a significant corporate transaction or restructuring, including a merger, acquisition, asset sale or in the event of our insolvency. In such cases information will be anonymised where possible and only shared where necessary Depending on the circumstances: , to comply with our legal and regulatory obligations; , in other cases, for our legitimate interests, ie to protect, realise or grow the value in our business and assets ## How and Why We Use Your Personal Data, Special Certain personal data we collect is treated as a special category to which additional protections apply under data protection law: - Personal data revealing racial or ethnic origin, political opinions, religious beliefs, philosophical beliefs or trade union membership; - Genetic data; - Biometric data (when used to uniquely identify an individual); - Data concerning health, sex life or sexual orientation. Where we process special category personal data, we will also ensure we are permitted to do so under data protection laws, e.g.: - We have your explicit consent; - The processing is necessary to protect your (or someone else’s) vital interests where you are physically or legally incapable of giving consent; or - The processing is necessary to establish, exercise or defend legal claims. ## Sharing of Personal Data During our retainer with you we may share your information with the following entities: – - Courts and Tribunals; - Experts required to advise or provide reports; - Barristers & Barristers Chambers; - Accountants; - Our Professional Advisors; - Opposing Lawyers and representatives; - Solicitors Regulation Authority; - Legal Ombudsman; - Banks and Lenders; - Mediation and Arbitration Service providers; - Government Bodies; - Auditors; - IT support, infrastructure and system providers; - Employees of the Firm; - Contractors to the Firm working on your matter; - Postal service providers, including couriers; - Insurers and Brokers; - HM Land Registry; - Other third parties we use to help us run our business, e.g. marketing agencies or website hosts; - Third parties approved by you, e.g. social media sites you choose to link your account to or third-party payment providers; - Credit reference agencies and card payment providers - Our external auditors, e.g. in relation to the audit of our accounts or files, or systems and processes; Other parties that have or may acquire control or ownership of our business (and our or their professional advisers) in connection with a significant corporate transaction or restructuring, including a merger, acquisition or asset sale or in the event of our insolvency, usually, information will be anonymised, but this may not always be possible. The recipient of any of your personal data will be bound by confidentiality obligations. Where we outsource to third party providers, we only allow those organisations to handle your personal data if we are satisfied, they take appropriate measures to protect your personal data. We also impose contractual obligations on them to ensure they can only use your personal data to provide services to us and to you. ## Marketing We will use your personal data to send you updates (by email, text message, telephone, or post) about our services, including exclusive offers, promotions, or new services. We have a legitimate interest in using your personal data for marketing purposes. This means we do not usually need your consent to send you marketing information. If we change our marketing approach in the future so that consent is needed, we will ask for this separately and clearly. You have the right to opt out of receiving marketing communications at any time by contacting us. We may ask you to confirm or update your marketing preferences if you ask us to provide further services in the future, or if there are changes in the law, regulation, or the structure of our business. We will always treat your personal data with the utmost respect and never sell or share it with other organisations for marketing purposes. ## Personal Data Collected, Held, and Processed The following personal data is collected, held, and processed by our Firm: **Data Ref.** **Type of Data** **Purpose of Data** Client Name Your Name To identify you Address Your Address To send letters to you Email address Your email address To send communication via email Mobile telephone Your mobile telephone number. To communicate with you by phone and/or by text. Date of Birth Your date of birth To identify you Passport Number Your passport details To identify you and comply with Money Laundering and Sanctions Regulations, where applicable. Driving licence number Your driving licence details To identify you and comply with Money Laundering and Sanctions Regulations, where applicable. Utility Bill Your utility bill (s) To identify you and comply with Money Laundering and Sanctions Regulations, where applicable. Matter Information Matter history and associated information. Information relating to the matter in which you are seeking our advice or representation Credit Check Your finance/credit information. Information to enable us to undertake a credit or other financial checks on you Financial Data Your financial information. Your financial details so far as relevant to your instructions, eg the source of your funds if you are instructing on a purchase transaction. Client Service Data Your access to our communication systems. Information about your use of our IT, communication and other systems, and other monitoring information. ## Personal Data Collected for Compliance with the Firm’s Regulatory Responsibilities Pursuant to Regulation 41 of *The Money Laundering, Terrorist Financing and Transfer of Funds (Information on the Payer) Regulations 2017 and The Money Laundering and Terrorist Financing (Amendment) Regulations 2019 and 2022*, the Firm will only use any personal data provided for the purpose of complying with the regulations and for the prevention of money laundering or terrorist financing. ## Where Your Personal Data Is Held Personal data may be held at our offices and those of our third-party agencies, service providers, representatives and agents as described above (see ‘**Sharing of Personal Data’**). ## How Long Your Personal Data Will Be Kept For We will not keep your personal data for longer than we need it for the purpose for which it is used or as agreed with you. As a general rule, if we are no longer providing services to you, we will delete or anonymise your account data after seven years. However, different retention periods apply for different types of personal data and for different services as set out in our Letter of Engagement and Terms of Business. Following the end of the relevant retention period, we will delete or anonymise your personal data. ## Transferring Your Personal Data Out of the UK The EEA and other countries outside the UK and the UK have differing data protection laws, some of which may provide lower levels of protection of privacy. It is sometimes necessary for us to transfer your personal data to countries outside the UK. In those cases, we will comply with applicable UK laws designed to ensure the privacy of your personal data. Under data protection laws, we can only transfer your personal data to a country outside the UK where: - In the case of transfers subject to UK data protection law, the UK government has decided the particular country ensures an adequate level of protection of personal data (known as an ‘adequacy regulation’) further to Article 45 of the UK GDPR. A list of countries the UK currently has adequacy regulations in relation to is available here. - In the case of transfers subject to EEA data protection laws, the European Commission has decided that the particular country ensures an adequate level of protection of personal data (known as an ‘adequacy decision’) further to Article 45 of the EU GDPR. A list of countries the European Commission has currently made adequacy decisions in relation to is available here. - There are appropriate safeguards in place, together with enforceable rights and effective legal remedies for you; or - A specific exception applies under relevant data protection law. Where we transfer your personal data outside the UK, we do so on the basis of an adequacy decision. In the event we cannot or choose not to continue to rely on either of those mechanisms at any time, we will not transfer your personal data outside the UK unless we can do so on the basis of an alternative mechanism or exception provided by UK data protection law and reflected in an update to this notice. Any changes to the destinations to which we send personal data or in the transfer mechanisms we rely on to transfer personal data internationally will be notified to you in accordance with the section on ‘**Changes to this Privacy Notice**’ below. ## Transferring Your Personal Data Out of the UK – Further Information If you would like further information about data transferred outside the UK, please contact us. ## Your Rights (As a Data Subject) The UK GDPR sets out the following rights applicable to data subjects (please refer to the parts of this notice indicated for further details): - The right to be informed; - The right of access; - The right to rectification; - The right to erasure (also known as the ‘right to be forgotten’); - The right to restrict processing; - The right to data portability; - The right to object; - Not to be subject to automated individual decision making; - The right to withdraw consent. ## Data Subject Access Requests You may make **Subject Access Requests** **(“SARs”)** at any time to find out more about the personal data that our Firm holds about you, what it is doing with that personal data, and why. If you wish to make a SAR, you may do so in writing. SARs should be addressed to the Firm’s **Data Privacy Manager**, who is **Thomas Sidford. You should send your request by email to [dataprotection@robsols.co.uk](mailto:dataprotection@robsols.co.uk) or by post to 6 Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3RS.** Responses to SARs shall normally be made within one month of receipt, however, we may extend by up to two months if the SAR is complex and/or numerous requests are made. If such additional time is required, you shall be informed. All SARs received shall be handled by the Firm’s **Data Privacy Manager.** Our Firm does not charge a fee for the handling of normal SARs. However, we reserve the right to charge reasonable fees for additional copies of information that has already been supplied to you, and for requests that are manifestly unfounded or excessive, particularly where such requests are repetitive. ## Rectification of Personal Data You have the right to require us to rectify any of your personal data that is inaccurate or incomplete. Our Firm shall rectify the personal data in question, and inform you of that rectification, within one month of you informing our Firm of the issue. The period can be extended by up to two months in the case of complex requests. If such additional time is required, you shall be informed. In the event that any affected personal data has been disclosed to third parties, those parties shall be informed of any rectification that must be made to that personal data. ## Erasure of Personal Data You have the right to request that our Firm erases the personal data it holds about you in the following circumstances: - It is no longer necessary for our Firm to hold your personal data with respect to the purpose(s) for which it was originally collected or processed; - You wish to withdraw your consent to our Firm holding and processing your personal data; - You object to our Firm holding and processing your personal data (and there is no overriding legitimate interest to allow our Firm to continue doing so). - The personal data has been processed unlawfully; - The personal data needs to be erased in order for our Firm to comply with a particular legal obligation. Unless our Firm has reasonable grounds to refuse to erase personal data, all requests for erasure shall be complied with, and you will be informed of the erasure, within one month of receipt of your request. The period can be extended by up to two months in the case of complex requests. If such additional time is required, you shall be informed. In the event that any personal data that is to be erased in response to your request has been disclosed to third parties, those parties shall be informed of the erasure (unless it is impossible or would require disproportionate effort to do so). ## Restriction of Personal Data Processing You may request that our Firm ceases processing the personal data it holds about you. If you make such a request, our Firm shall retain only the amount of personal data concerning you (if any) that is necessary to ensure that the personal data in question is not processed further. In the event that any affected personal data has been disclosed to third parties, those parties shall be informed of the applicable restrictions on processing it (unless it is impossible or would require disproportionate effort to do so). ## Objections to Personal Data Processing You have the right to object to our Firm processing your personal data based on legitimate interests and direct marketing (including profiling). Where you object to our Firm processing your personal data based on its legitimate interests, our Firm shall cease such processing immediately, unless it can be demonstrated that the Firm’s legitimate grounds for such processing override your interests, rights, and freedoms, or that the processing is necessary for the conduct of legal claims. Where you object to our Firm processing your personal data for direct marketing purposes, our Firm shall cease such processing immediately. ## Withdrawing Consent If you have provided us with a consent to use your personal data, you have a right to withdraw that consent easily at any time. You may withdraw consents by contacting our **Data Privacy Manager** via email **[dataprotection@robsols.co.uk](mailto:dataprotection@robsols.co.uk)** or by post 6 Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3RS. Withdrawing a consent will not affect the lawfulness of our use of your personal data in reliance on that consent before it was withdrawn. ## More Information on How to Exercise Your Rights To find more information on how you may exercise your rights as a Data Subject, please see the [Guidance from the UK Information Commissioner’s Office (ICO) on individuals’ rights under the General Data Protection Regulation](https://ico.org.uk/for-organisations/guide-to-the-general-data-protection-regulation-gdpr/individual-rights/). ## Keeping Your Personal Data Secure We have appropriate security measures to prevent personal data from being accidentally lost or used or accessed unlawfully. We limit access to your personal data to those who have a genuine business need to access it. Those processing your personal data will do so only in an authorised manner and are subject to a duty of confidentiality. We also have procedures to deal with any suspected data security breach. We will notify you and any applicable regulator of a suspected data security breach where we are legally required to do so. ## How to Complain Please contact us if you have any queries or concerns about our use of your personal data (see below ‘**How to Contact Us’**). We hope we will be able to resolve any issues you may have. You also have the right to lodge a complaint with the Information Commissioner’s Office in the UK; The UK’s Information Commissioner’s Office may be contacted using the details at [https://ico.org.uk/make-a-complaint/](https://ico.org.uk/make-a-complaint/) or by telephone: 0303 123 1113. ## Changes to this Notice We may change this notice from time to time, if we do, we will inform you. ## How to Contact Us You can contact us and/or our Data Privacy Manager by post, email, or telephone if you have any questions about this notice or the information, we hold about you, to exercise a right under data protection law or to make a complaint. Details of how to contact us can be found on our website, **[www.robsols.co.uk](http://www.robsols.co.uk)** . --- ## Vibration White Finger (HAVS) Solicitors in Cardiff URL: https://robsols.co.uk/workplace-illness/vibration-white-finger-havs-cardiff/ Published: 2026-06-18 Updated: 2026-07-01 Author: If years of using vibrating power tools have left your hands numb, painful, weak or losing their grip, you may be able to claim, and we act for people across Cardiff and South Wales. What HAVS does to the hands, your employer’s duty, and how these claims work are set out in full on our [hand-arm vibration](/workplace-illness/vibration-white-finger-havs) page. Here we focus on what is local. ## Used vibrating tools in South Wales industry? Grinders, road breakers, drills, chainsaws and sanders were everyday tools across the region’s collieries, foundries, construction sites and engineering works, often used for years before exposure was limited or health was monitored. Many former miners and tradesmen across South Wales now live with the result: hand-arm vibration syndrome, including the better-known vibration white finger, which turns the fingers white, numb and painful in the cold and weakens the grip. We act for people across the coalfield communities and the wider region. ## Where is a Cardiff claim dealt with? Most HAVS claims are settled with the former employers’ insurers rather than at a hearing; where a case is litigated, for the Cardiff area that is the County Court in Cardiff, and you can ask to use Welsh. Like hearing loss, the condition builds up over a career, often across several employers, and we trace those former employers and their insurers, including where a business closed years ago, so each bears its share of a cumulative injury. ## How our Cardiff team helps We act for people across Cardiff and South Wales, arranging the specialist medical assessment that grades the condition and a clear account of the tools you used and for how long. The claims are funded no win, no fee. Many from the same trades also have [noise-induced hearing loss](/occupational-hearing-loss-cardiff) or a [dust-related lung condition](/occupational-lung-diseases-cardiff), which we can deal with alongside. Guidance on hand-arm vibration is available from the [Health and Safety Executive](https://www.hse.gov.uk/vibration/), and you can check [Industrial Injuries Disablement Benefit](https://www.gov.uk/industrial-injuries-disablement-benefit) on GOV.UK. --- ## Wills URL: https://robsols.co.uk/wills-trusts-estates/wills/ Published: 2026-06-12 Updated: 2026-07-01 Author: A will is the only way to make sure your money, property and possessions pass to the people you choose. Without one, the intestacy rules decide who inherits, and the result is often nothing like what you would have wanted. Unmarried partners and stepchildren can be left with nothing, however close they were to you. A will lets you name who inherits, appoint the executors who will carry out your wishes, and, if you have young children, say who should look after them. It is one of the most important documents you will ever sign, and one of the most straightforward to put right. ## What a will lets you decide A will puts you in control of what happens after you are gone. In it, you can decide who inherits your home, savings and belongings, and in what shares; appoint guardians for children under 18; choose your executors; leave specific gifts to people or charities; and set out your funeral wishes. You can also use a will to provide for someone who might otherwise be overlooked, or to plan around a blended family. The clearer your will, the less room there is for confusion or disagreement later. ## Our fixed fees for wills We write wills for a fixed fee, so you know exactly what it costs before we start. A single will is £250 and mirror wills for a couple are £350. More complicated wills, for example involving trusts, business interests or overseas property, are handled on a bespoke basis, and we will always give you a clear written quote first. Whatever your situation, the cost of a properly drafted will is modest next to the cost and upset of an invalid or ambiguous one. ## When should you update your will? A will is not a one-off task. Certain life events should always prompt a review. Getting married automatically cancels an existing will, so a new one is essential. Divorce does not cancel your will but treats your former spouse as having died, which can leave gaps. Having a child or grandchild, buying a home, or moving abroad are all good reasons to revisit your will, see our pages on [divorce and separation](/family-law/divorce-separation) and [inheritance tax and estate planning](/wills-trusts-estates/inheritance-tax-estate-planning). As a rule of thumb, review your will every five years and after any major change. ## Making your will with us Making a will with us is simple and unhurried. We take the time to understand your wishes and your circumstances, explain anything you are unsure about in plain English, and prepare a will that does exactly what you want. We make sure it is signed and witnessed correctly, the point at which DIY wills most often go wrong, so it cannot be challenged on a technicality. GOV.UK explains the basic [rules for making a will](https://www.gov.uk/make-will). We can also store the original safely for you, and tell you how to make sure your executors can find it. ## How we can help We write wills for people across South Wales and the South West, from simple single wills to wills dealing with trusts and complex family arrangements. We are clear, approachable and jargon-free, and our fixed fees mean no surprises. To make or update your will, you can [request a callback or contact our team](/contact). You may also want to make a [lasting power of attorney](/wills-trusts-estates/lasting-powers-of-attorney) at the same time. --- ## Selling a Property URL: https://robsols.co.uk/conveyancing/selling-a-property/ Published: 2026-06-13 Updated: 2026-07-01 Author: When you sell, we handle the legal work of transferring your property to the buyer. We obtain your title from HM Land Registry, prepare the contract pack, and answer the enquiries the buyer’s solicitor raises, about the property, the title, and anything their searches or survey throw up. When both sides are ready we exchange contracts, fixing the completion date, and on completion we receive the money, pay off any mortgage, settle the estate agent, and send you the balance. Our job is to keep your sale on track and protect your interests from instruction to completion. ## Getting your paperwork ready A sale goes more smoothly when the paperwork is ready early. You will complete a property information form and a fittings and contents form, setting out what you know about the property and what is included in the sale. It also helps to gather any planning permissions, building regulations certificates, window (FENSA) certificates, guarantees and your Energy Performance Certificate, and, for a leasehold property, a copy of your lease. The more you can pull together at the start, the fewer hold-ups later. We will tell you exactly what is needed. ## Selling a leasehold property Selling a leasehold flat or house involves an extra step: we obtain a management pack from the freeholder or managing agent, containing the service charge accounts, insurance details and information on any planned works. This pack can take a few weeks to arrive, which is one reason leasehold sales take longer than freehold ones, so we request it early. Our [leasehold conveyancing](/conveyancing/leasehold-conveyancing) page explains what is involved, and if your lease is getting short, it can be worth looking at a [lease extension](/conveyancing/lease-extensions) before you sell. ## What can hold up a sale? The honest answer is that a sale is only as quick as its slowest link. The most common causes of delay are long chains, where several transactions have to complete together; slow replies to enquiries; and waiting on searches, mortgage offers or a leasehold management pack. We cannot remove every delay, but we can reduce it, by getting your pack out promptly, answering enquiries quickly, and chasing the other side when things stall. Keeping us supplied with paperwork early makes a real difference. ## What it costs Selling costs come in two parts: our legal fees, and disbursements such as the HM Land Registry office copies and, for leasehold, the management pack fee. Because conveyancing is a regulated service, we set out our fees in full on our conveyancing pricing page and give you a written estimate before you instruct us. There are usually no taxes for you to pay on a sale, though capital gains tax can apply if the property is not your main home, see GOV.UK on [tax when you sell your home](https://www.gov.uk/tax-sell-home). ## How we help you sell We act for sellers across South Wales and the South West, on freehold and leasehold properties alike, and we are used to keeping chains moving. We are clear, responsive and on your side. To get started, or for a quote, you can [request a callback or contact our team](/contact). If you are buying at the same time, we can handle both, see [buying a property](/conveyancing/buying-a-property). --- ## Secured Lending URL: https://robsols.co.uk/secured-lending/ Published: 2026-06-05 Updated: 2026-07-01 Author: # Secured lending. Lender-side. We act for lenders and finance providers on the legal work that underpins secured loans, from title investigation and due diligence through to completion, registration and release of security. We work closely with finance brokers and deliver same-day turnaround on most elements of the process. Looking for a specific answer? Jump to FAQs → Lender-side only Dedicated specialist team Fast turnaround on instructions Rated ★★★★★ Excellent on Trustpilot ### Speak to our Secured Lending team Lender-side specialists in security documentation, charge registration, intercreditor agreements and security reviews. You deal with the same dedicated team throughout, and we turn most work around the same day. Request a callback Call us What we cover ## What does our Secured Lending team handle? We act for specialist lenders, bridging finance providers, asset-based lenders and private lending institutions on a full range of security work. ### Title investigation & due diligence We investigate title, review existing charges, check for restrictions and raise requisitions. Clear, lender-focused reports delivered to your timescales. ### Security completion We process and check the security documentation provided by the lender, coordinate execution, and complete the transaction. ### Charge registration We register charges at HM Land Registry and confirm the security is properly in place. Same-day turnaround on most registrations. ### Priority arrangements Where multiple security interests exist over the same property, we sort out priority arrangements between lenders to protect your position. ### Security releases On loan repayment, we handle the discharge and release of security including Land Registry applications. ### Possession proceedings If a borrower defaults on their mortgage, we can handle the possession work on your behalf, from initial notice through to obtaining a possession order. Our approach ## Lender-focused. Fast. Reliable. Lenders need solicitors who understand their commercial pressures. Transactions move quickly. Documentation needs to be right first time. And you need a team that picks up the phone. Our Secured Lending team operates as a specialist unit within the firm, distinct from our Commercial Property team, with its own processes and service standards: - Dedicated secured lending team, not commercial property solicitors doing lending on the side - Same-day turnaround on most elements of the process - Lender-side only, no borrower work, so no conflicts of interest - Close working relationships with finance brokers - Clear, lender-focused reporting at every stage How an instruction works ## How does a typical instruction work? From instruction to completion, we keep you informed at every stage. STEP 01 ### Instruction & due diligence You send us your instructions about the client and property. We investigate title, review existing charges, check for restrictions, and raise any requisitions. We report to you with a clear summary of the security position. STEP 02 ### Enquiries & execution We deal with your enquiries, process and check the security documentation, and coordinate execution. STEP 03 ### Completion & registration We complete the security and register charges at HM Land Registry, confirming the security is properly in place. STEP 04 ### Release & discharge When the loan is repaid, we handle the release and discharge of security including Land Registry applications. If the borrower defaults, we can also handle possession proceedings on your behalf. Our secured lending team ## Who would be handling your instructions? Your secured lending specialists, a dedicated lender-side team, supported by the wider Robertsons firm. [Michelle CollinsHead of Secured LendingView profile](https://robsols.co.uk/our-team/michelle-collins/) [Meet the full Robertsons team](/our-team) Why Robertsons for secured lending ## What makes us different? #### Dedicated specialist team Our Secured Lending team operates separately from Commercial Property. Lending work is all they do, not a sideline. £ #### Lender-side only We act exclusively for lenders, not borrowers. No conflicts of interest, and documentation always drafted from your perspective. #### Speed and reliability Completions don’t wait. We understand commercial timescales and deliver to them consistently. Common questions ## What do clients ask us most often? Browse the answers below. What does your Secured Lending team do?+We act for lenders and finance providers on the legal work that underpins secured loans. This includes title investigation and due diligence, processing security documentation, coordinating execution, registering charges at Land Registry, sorting out priority arrangements, and handling security releases and possession proceedings. Do you act for borrowers?+No. Our Secured Lending team acts exclusively for lenders and finance providers, not borrowers. This avoids conflicts of interest and means our work is always approached from the lender’s perspective. How quickly do you turn work around?+We deliver same-day turnaround on most elements of the process. We understand that completions don’t wait and our team is set up to work at the pace your transactions demand. Do you work with finance brokers?+Yes. We work closely with finance brokers, although we act for the lender rather than the broker. Brokers find that having a responsive legal team on the lender side helps transactions complete smoothly and on time. What types of lender do you act for?+We act for specialist lenders, bridging finance providers, asset-based lenders and private lending institutions. We are happy to discuss panel arrangements. What happens if the borrower defaults?+If a borrower fails to keep up mortgage repayments, we can handle possession proceedings on your behalf, from issuing initial notices through to obtaining a possession order from the court. **Didn’t find what you were looking for?** Speak to our Secured Lending team directly. Request a callback Related services ## Related practice areas Our Secured Lending team works closely with other departments across the firm. [### Commercial Property View →](/commercial-property) [### Commercial Property Finance View →](/commercial-property/commercial-property-finance) [### Business Law View →](/business) Where to find us ## Five locations, one team You can visit us in Cardiff, Swansea, Barry, Bristol and Newport. We meet clients in Bristol and Newport by appointment. [### Cardiff 6 Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3RS 029 2023 7777 View office](/offices/cardiff) [### Swansea Princess Quarter, Princess Way, Swansea SA1 3LW 01792 720 721 View office](/offices/swansea) [### Barry 6 St Nicholas Road, Barry CF62 6QW 01446 745 660 View office](/offices/barry) [### Bristol Trym Lodge, 1 Henbury Road, Westbury-on-Trym, Bristol BS9 3HQ 0117 325 9545 View office](/offices/bristol) [### Newport Gold Tops House, 8A Pentonville, Newport NP20 5HB 01633 742 741 View office](/offices/newport) ## Ready to talk it through? We’re here. Call us, or leave your details and we’ll come to you. Request a callback Call us Lender-side only to instruct Fast turnaround Five locations across the UK --- ## Transfer of Equity URL: https://robsols.co.uk/conveyancing/transfer-of-equity/ Published: 2026-06-13 Updated: 2026-07-01 Author: A transfer of equity changes who legally owns a property, adding someone to the title or removing someone, without a full sale. People do it for all sorts of reasons: adding a partner or spouse after marriage, removing an ex after a separation, or transferring a share to a family member. It is a proper legal transaction, not just an administrative tweak: we prepare a transfer deed, deal with your mortgage lender, and register the change at HM Land Registry. Where the property is mortgaged, your lender has to agree to the change before it can go ahead. ## Do you need your lender’s consent? If there is a mortgage on the property, yes. Adding someone makes them jointly responsible for the mortgage, and removing someone leaves the remaining owner to carry it alone, so the lender will want to be satisfied before agreeing. If your current lender will not consent, the usual answer is to [remortgage](/conveyancing/remortgaging) to a new lender at the same time, which we can arrange alongside the transfer. Where there is no mortgage, the process is simpler, as there is no lender to involve. ## Tax on a transfer of equity A transfer of equity can attract Land Transaction Tax (in Wales) or Stamp Duty Land Tax (in England), but only where there is chargeable consideration, most commonly where the person joining the title takes on a share of the mortgage debt. A genuine gift of a share, with no money changing hands and no mortgage, is usually tax-free. The figures depend on the consideration involved and whether the incoming owner already owns other property. We work out exactly what, if anything, is due as part of the transaction. ## Transfers on divorce or separation A very common reason for a transfer of equity is a divorce or separation, where one person buys the other out of the family home. This is usually part of a wider [financial settlement](/family-law/financial-settlements), and should be backed by a consent order approved by the court so the arrangement is binding. We deal with the transfer itself, removing the outgoing person from the title and the mortgage, and work alongside your family solicitor where you have one. Getting the timing right matters, so we move promptly once the order is in place. ## What it costs Because a transfer of equity is a regulated service, we set out our fees in full on our conveyancing pricing page and give you a written estimate before you instruct us. Disbursements include the HM Land Registry fee and any Land Transaction Tax or Stamp Duty. Where each person needs their own independent advice, common on a separation, each will have their own costs. GOV.UK explains the tax position on [transferring ownership of property](https://www.gov.uk/guidance/stamp-duty-land-tax-transfer-ownership-of-land-or-property). ## How we help We handle transfers of equity for people across South Wales and the South West, marriages and new relationships, separations, and family estate planning. We deal with the lender, the deed, the tax and the registration, and explain anything you are unsure about. To get started, you can [request a callback or contact our team](/contact). Where a transfer is part of your future planning, it is worth looking at it alongside your [inheritance tax and estate planning](/wills-trusts-estates/inheritance-tax-estate-planning). --- ## Whistleblowing Solicitors in Cardiff URL: https://robsols.co.uk/workplace-issues/whistleblowing-claims-cardiff/ Published: 2026-06-15 Updated: 2026-07-01 Author: If you have blown the whistle on wrongdoing at work in Cardiff, or you are thinking about it, we advise workers across the city and South Wales on doing it safely and on protecting yourself if you face retaliation. What counts as whistleblowing, who is protected, and the remedies available are set out in full on our [whistleblowing](/workplace-issues/whistleblowing-claims) page. Here we focus on the local picture. ## Dismissed for whistleblowing in Cardiff? If you have been dismissed for blowing the whistle, you need advice immediately. There is a remedy called interim relief that can require your employer to keep paying you until the case is heard, but the application has to be made within just seven days of dismissal, which catches people out. We move quickly from our Cardiff office to protect your position. Dismissal for whistleblowing is automatically unfair, with no qualifying period and no cap on the compensation. ## Where will your case be heard? Whistleblowing claims are brought in the employment tribunal, and for the Cardiff area that is the Wales Employment Tribunal, which sits in Cardiff, where you can ask for your case to be heard in Welsh. As with other claims, ACAS early conciliation comes first, and the general time limit is three months less one day. Our [employment tribunal](/employment-tribunal-representation-cardiff) page explains the local process, including the urgent interim relief route. ## How our Cardiff team helps We advise workers across Cardiff and South Wales who are thinking about making a disclosure, or who are already facing the consequences of one, on whether a disclosure qualifies, the safest way to make it, and how to protect yourself. Where the treatment also amounts to [discrimination](/discrimination-harassment-cardiff), we deal with that too. We work by the hour with a written estimate at the outset. GOV.UK sets out the basics of [whistleblowing](https://www.gov.uk/whistleblowing), and ACAS has detailed [whistleblowing guidance](https://www.acas.org.uk/whistleblowing-at-work). --- ## Trusts URL: https://robsols.co.uk/wills-trusts-estates/trusts/ Published: 2026-06-12 Updated: 2026-07-01 Author: A trust is a legal arrangement that lets you put assets, money, property or investments, into the care of people you choose (the trustees) to look after for the benefit of others (the beneficiaries). You decide who benefits, how and when, and those terms are set out in a trust deed. The trustees become the legal owners of the assets but must manage them according to the deed and in the beneficiaries’ interests. Trusts can be set up during your lifetime, or created by your [will](/wills-trusts-estates/wills) to take effect when you die. Used well, a trust gives you a level of control that an outright gift cannot. ## What are trusts used for? People set up trusts for all sorts of practical reasons. A trust can hold money for children until they are old enough to manage it; provide for a disabled relative without affecting their means-tested benefits; protect a share of your home for your children while letting a partner live there; or keep assets separate in a second marriage. Trusts also play a part in estate and [inheritance tax planning](/wills-trusts-estates/inheritance-tax-estate-planning), though the tax rules are complex and a trust is not always the right answer. We start with what you are trying to achieve, then advise whether a trust is the best way to do it. ## Choosing the right trust There are several kinds of trust, and the right one depends on your aim. A discretionary trust lets the trustees decide how much each beneficiary receives and when, which is useful where needs may change. A bare trust gives the beneficiary an absolute right to the assets, often used to hold money for a child until 18. A life interest trust lets someone benefit during their lifetime, for example, by living in a property, while preserving the capital for others afterwards. Trusts for disabled beneficiaries have their own, more favourable tax treatment. We explain the options in plain English and recommend the structure that fits your circumstances. ## Trusts and care home fees This is one of the most common questions we are asked, and it deserves an honest answer: a trust cannot reliably protect your assets from care home fees. Putting assets into a trust to avoid future fees is treated by local authorities as deliberate deprivation, and they can assess you as if you still owned them, with no time limit on how far back they look. Schemes marketed as a way to shelter your home from care costs are rarely what they seem. Trusts have many legitimate uses, but care-fee avoidance is not a safe one, our [care home fees](/wills-trusts-estates/care-home-fees) page explains how the rules actually work. ## How do you set up a trust? We can set up the trust for you, prepare the trust deed, and either act as your professional trustees or support the family members you appoint. It is worth understanding that being a trustee is a real responsibility: trustees must manage the assets prudently, keep proper accounts, deal with the trust’s tax, and act fairly between beneficiaries, and they can be held personally liable if they get it wrong. Most trusts also have to be registered with HMRC’s Trust Registration Service, which we can handle for you. GOV.UK has more on [trusts and tax](https://www.gov.uk/trusts-taxes). ## How we can help We advise on and set up trusts for people across South Wales and the South West, and we act as trustees where families want professional support. We are clear about what a trust can and cannot do, and we never recommend one you do not need. To talk through whether a trust is right for you, you can [request a callback or contact our team](/contact). --- ## Vibration White Finger & HAVS URL: https://robsols.co.uk/workplace-illness/vibration-white-finger-havs/ Published: 2026-06-17 Updated: 2026-07-01 Author: If you used vibrating power tools for years, grinders, drills, road breakers, chainsaws, sanders, and your hands are now numb, painful, weak or losing their grip, you may be able to claim. Hand-arm vibration syndrome (HAVS), which includes the better-known vibration white finger, is a recognised industrial disease caused by tool vibration, and employers have long been required to limit exposure, monitor workers’ health and warn of the risk. Where they did not, and you were harmed, a claim may follow. These claims are funded on a no win, no fee basis. ## What does HAVS do to your hands? HAVS has three effects, and you may have one or all of them. It damages the small blood vessels, causing the fingers to turn white, numb and painful, classically brought on by cold, this is vibration white finger. It damages the nerves, causing tingling, numbness and loss of fine dexterity. And it affects the muscles and joints, weakening grip. The severity is graded by doctors on a recognised scale, and both the blood-vessel and nerve effects are taken into account when a claim is valued. ## Could you still be in time? Often, yes. The time limit runs from when you knew, or should have known, that your condition was significant and caused by your work, which is frequently the point of diagnosis, not the years you spent on the tools. Symptoms build slowly, so many people, including former miners and construction workers whose exposure was decades ago, are not out of time even though they assume they are. The court can also allow some later claims. If your hands were affected by vibrating tools at work, it is worth getting advice. ## No win, no fee HAVS and vibration white finger claims are funded by a conditional fee agreement, no win, no fee. There is nothing to pay us up front, and nothing for our work if the claim does not succeed. If it succeeds, your legal costs are largely recovered from the other side, and any success fee is capped and explained before you start. We set out the funding clearly at the first meeting. ## How we help We act for people across South Wales and the South West, including the former coalfields, foundries and construction trades where vibrating tools were used heavily and protection often came late. A HAVS claim depends on a specialist medical assessment that grades the condition, and a clear account of the tools you used and for how long, and we arrange that evidence and trace former employers and their insurers, including across several employers where your exposure built up over a career. Where workplace noise also affected your hearing, see our [occupational hearing loss page](/workplace-illness/occupational-hearing-loss), and for other conditions our [other work-related illness page](/workplace-illness/other-industrial-disease). To talk it through, you can [request a callback or contact our team](/contact). Guidance on hand-arm vibration is available from the [Health and Safety Executive](https://www.hse.gov.uk/vibration/). --- ## SEN & EHC Plans (England) URL: https://robsols.co.uk/education-law/sen-ehcp-england/ Published: 2026-06-08 Updated: 2026-07-01 Author: An Education, Health and Care (EHC) plan is a legal document for a child or young person in England with special educational needs (SEN) that cannot be met by the usual support a school provides. It describes their needs, the outcomes they are working towards, and the provision they must receive. EHC plans are made under Part 3 of the Children and Families Act 2014 and can run from birth to age 25. Most children with SEN are supported through “SEN Support” in school, without a plan. An EHC plan is for situations where more help is needed than that. The statutory rules are set out in the [SEND Code of Practice](https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/send-code-of-practice-0-to-25). ## Requesting an EHC needs assessment The first step towards a plan is an EHC needs assessment. A parent, a young person aged 16 or over, or a school or college can ask the local authority to carry one out. The authority must decide whether to assess, and then whether to issue a plan. The whole process is governed by a strict 20-week timetable. The authority has six weeks to decide whether to assess, and professional advice must be provided within six weeks. If the authority decides to issue a plan, the final plan must be ready within 20 weeks of the original request. Delays are common, but they are not lawful, and there are ways to hold an authority to the timetable. ## What a strong EHC plan looks like An EHC plan is divided into sections from A to K. The most important are: - Section B, the child or young person’s special educational needs - Section F, the special educational provision to meet those needs - Section I, the name of the school or setting. Sections B, F and I are legally binding, and they are the parts you can appeal. Section F should be specific and quantified, so the provision can be delivered and enforced. Vague wording is one of the most common problems we help families put right. ## Naming a school in Section I You can express a preference for a particular school, and the authority must name it unless one of three narrow exceptions applies, for example, that the placement would be unsuitable or an inefficient use of resources. Getting Section I right matters, because it decides where your child is educated and what the plan must fund. ## How often is an EHC plan reviewed? An EHC plan must be reviewed at least every 12 months, and every six months for children under five. The annual review checks whether the plan should stay as it is, be amended, or cease. It is the right moment to update outcomes and make sure the provision still fits your child’s needs. ## Can you appeal an EHC plan decision? Yes. You can appeal a refusal to assess, a refusal to issue a plan, the contents of Sections B, F or I, and a decision to stop a plan. Before most appeals, you must contact a mediation adviser and get a mediation certificate. Appeals go to the First-tier Tribunal (SEND). The deadline is two months from the authority’s decision, or one month from the mediation certificate, whichever is later. You can read more on our [tribunal appeals and judicial review](/education-law/tribunal-appeals) page, or [appeal an EHC plan decision](https://www.gov.uk/appeal-ehc-plan-decision) through HM Courts & Tribunals Service. ## EHC plans (England) vs IDPs (Wales) Wales runs a separate system. The equivalent plan there is an Individual Development Plan (IDP) under different legislation, and appeals go to the Education Tribunal for Wales. If your family moves between the two nations, the system that applies changes. Our guide to [ALN and Individual Development Plans](/education-law/aln-wales) explains the Welsh framework. ## How we can help We act for parents, carers and young people at every stage, requesting an assessment, sharpening the wording of a plan, securing the right school, and appealing to the Tribunal where needed. We give clear advice and set out your options. We charge by the hour and provide a written estimate at the outset. To talk things through, you can [request a callback or contact our education team](/contact). --- ## Unfair & Wrongful Dismissal URL: https://robsols.co.uk/workplace-issues/unfair-wrongful-dismissal/ Published: 2026-06-14 Updated: 2026-07-01 Author: A dismissal is unfair if your employer did not have a fair reason for it, or did not follow a fair process, or both. The law recognises five potentially fair reasons: conduct, capability or performance, redundancy, a legal reason that prevents you doing the job, and “some other substantial reason”. Even with a fair reason, your employer has to act reasonably and follow a proper procedure, including investigating, hearing your side, and allowing an appeal. ACAS explains the standards expected in a fair [dismissal](https://www.acas.org.uk/dismissals). Some dismissals are “automatically unfair”, for example, for whistleblowing, pregnancy, or asserting a legal right, and these need no minimum service at all. ## Do you qualify to claim? For most unfair dismissal claims, the law as it stands in 2026 requires two years’ continuous service with your employer. The automatically unfair reasons above are the exception, they apply from day one. This is changing: from 1 January 2027, the qualifying period falls from two years to six months, so many more employees will be able to claim. Which rules apply to you depends on when your employment started and when you were dismissed, so it is worth checking your position with us rather than assuming. ## What is wrongful dismissal? Wrongful dismissal is a different claim, and it is about your contract rather than fairness. It arises when your employer ends your employment without giving the notice your contract requires, or pay in lieu of that notice, and without a lawful reason to dismiss you on the spot. Unlike unfair dismissal, it has no qualifying period: it is available from your first day, which makes it an important route if you have not yet built up two years’ service. Your notice is whatever your contract says, or the statutory minimum if longer, one week after a month’s service, rising to one week per complete year up to twelve weeks. The same dismissal can be both unfair and wrongful, or one without the other. ## What you could be awarded For unfair dismissal, compensation has two parts: a basic award based on your age, length of service and weekly pay; and a compensatory award for your actual financial losses, capped, as the law stands in 2026, at £123,543, or a year’s gross pay if lower, a cap being abolished from 1 January 2027. Wrongful dismissal instead pays what your contract promised: your notice pay and the value of benefits during that period. A wrongful dismissal claim can be brought in the employment [tribunal](/workplace-issues/employment-tribunal-representation), which can award up to £25,000, or in the civil courts, which have no limit. We work out a realistic value before you decide what to do. ## Act quickly Time is short. For an unfair dismissal claim you generally have only three months less one day from the date your employment ended, and tribunals rarely extend it. Before you can claim you must first notify ACAS and go through early conciliation. Do not wait for an internal appeal to finish before taking advice, the clock keeps running regardless. The sooner you speak to us, the more options you are likely to have. ## How we help We advise employees across South Wales and the South West on whether a dismissal was unfair, wrongful, or both, and we represent you through ACAS conciliation and the employment tribunal if it comes to that. Because bringing these claims is a regulated service, we set out our fees in full on our employment pricing page, and there are no tribunal fees to bring a claim. We will also tell you if a [settlement agreement](/workplace-issues/settlement-agreements) is the better route, or if your situation is really a [constructive dismissal](/workplace-issues/constructive-dismissal) or [redundancy](/workplace-issues/redundancy-advice) matter. To talk things through, you can [request a callback or contact our team](/contact). --- ## Tribunal Appeals & Judicial Review URL: https://robsols.co.uk/education-law/tribunal-appeals/ Published: 2026-06-08 Updated: 2026-07-01 Author: Many education decisions carry a right of appeal to a specialist tribunal. In England, appeals about special educational needs go to the First-tier Tribunal (Special Educational Needs and Disability), known as the SEND Tribunal. In Wales, appeals about additional learning needs go to the Education Tribunal for Wales. You can usually appeal a refusal to carry out an assessment, a refusal to issue a plan, the contents of the plan, the school named in it, and a decision to stop a plan. The tribunals are independent of the local authority, and they can order the authority to change its decision. ## What is the deadline to appeal? Deadlines are short and strict, so it is worth taking advice early. In England, you have two months from the local authority’s decision letter, or one month from a mediation certificate, whichever is later. In Wales, you have eight weeks from the decision, extended to sixteen weeks if you use the disagreement resolution service first. If you are appealing an EHC plan, our [SEN and EHC plans](/education-law/sen-ehcp-england) page explains the underlying decisions. For Welsh plans, see [ALN and Individual Development Plans](/education-law/aln-wales). You can also [appeal to the SEND Tribunal](https://www.gov.uk/appeal-ehc-plan-decision) directly through HM Courts & Tribunals Service, or read about the [Education Tribunal for Wales](https://educationtribunal.gov.wales/). ## Can you bring a disability discrimination claim? Yes. Schools must not discriminate against disabled pupils under the Equality Act 2010, and they must make reasonable adjustments. Where a school treats a disabled child unfavourably, including through exclusion, a claim can be brought to the SEND Tribunal in England or the Education Tribunal for Wales. The deadline is six months from the act complained of. These claims often run alongside an exclusion challenge, which we cover on our [school exclusions](/education-law/school-exclusions) page. ## What is judicial review, and when is it used? Judicial review is a challenge to the lawfulness of a decision by a public body, such as a local authority, school or university. It is not an appeal about the merits. Instead, it asks whether the decision was lawful, rational and fair. Judicial review is used where there is no statutory appeal. Common examples include a failure to deliver the provision in an EHC plan or IDP, an unlawful or informal exclusion, an error by an admission appeal panel, or a refusal to provide suitable education. It is a remedy of last resort, so other routes usually have to be tried first. Strict time limits apply: a claim must be brought promptly, and in any event within three months. The procedure is governed by [Part 54 of the Civil Procedure Rules](https://www.justice.gov.uk/courts/procedure-rules/civil/rules/part54). ## What happens at a hearing, and what can a tribunal order? A tribunal appeal is less formal than a court hearing, but preparation still matters. Cases turn on evidence, reports from educational psychologists, therapists and other professionals, and a clear working document showing the provision in dispute. We help you build the case and, where appropriate, instruct the right experts. If your appeal succeeds, the tribunal can order the authority to assess, to issue or amend a plan, or to name a different school. In Wales, an authority must usually comply within seven weeks. The aim throughout is a plan that delivers in practice, not just on paper. ## How we can help We advise families and students across the full range of education challenges, from SEND and ALN appeals to disability discrimination claims and judicial review. We are honest about your prospects and clear about the steps involved. We charge by the hour and give you a written estimate at the outset. Related pages include [school admissions appeals](/education-law/school-admissions-appeals) and [university and student disputes](/education-law/higher-education-disputes). To discuss your case, you can [request a callback or contact our education team](/contact). --- ## Settlement Agreements URL: https://robsols.co.uk/workplace-issues/settlement-agreements/ Published: 2026-06-14 Updated: 2026-07-01 Author: A settlement agreement is a legally binding contract that ends a dispute, or your employment, on agreed terms. In return for a payment, and often an agreed reference, you give up the right to bring specified legal claims against your employer, such as unfair dismissal or discrimination. They are used in all sorts of situations: redundancy, a disciplinary or performance process, a restructure, or simply where the working relationship has broken down. For the agreement to be valid, you must take independent legal advice on it before you sign, and once signed the claims it covers cannot be pursued. ACAS explains how [settlement agreements](https://www.acas.org.uk/settlement-agreements) work. ## Should you sign? Signing is always voluntary, your employer cannot force you, and refusing is not, in itself, a reason to dismiss you. But a settlement agreement is often offered as part of a process that could otherwise end in dismissal, and it asks you to give up potentially valuable claims, so it deserves careful thought rather than a quick signature. The right question is not just whether the money looks reasonable, but whether it reflects the real strength of the claims you would be waiving. That is exactly what we are there to tell you. ## Getting advice, usually at your employer’s expense Independent legal advice is not optional, it is a legal requirement for a settlement agreement to validly waive your claims, and your adviser has to sign a certificate confirming it was given. The good news is that employers almost always contribute to the cost of that advice as part of the deal, so in a straightforward case it often costs you nothing. Your solicitor acts for you alone, whoever pays the bill, and will check the drafting actually does what it should before advising you to sign. ## What can you negotiate? A settlement agreement is a negotiation, even when it is presented as final. The payment, the tax treatment, the wording of your reference, the confidentiality terms and any post-termination restrictions can all be discussed, and employers generally expect some back-and-forth. Your leverage comes from the strength of the claims you would be giving up, the better your position, the more there is to negotiate. We will tell you which terms are standard, which are unusual, and where there is room to push, and we can handle the negotiation for you. New rules are also coming that will stop agreements being used to silence someone about harassment or discrimination. ## How we help We advise employees across South Wales and the South West on settlement agreements every week, explaining what you are signing, making sure the tax and the reference are right, and negotiating where the terms fall short. Most of the time the advice is covered by your employer’s contribution. Where a settlement follows a [redundancy](/workplace-issues/redundancy-advice) or a possible [unfair or wrongful dismissal](/workplace-issues/unfair-wrongful-dismissal), we will tell you honestly how the offer compares with bringing a claim. To get your agreement reviewed, you can [request a callback or contact our team](/contact). --- ## University & Student Disputes URL: https://robsols.co.uk/education-law/higher-education-disputes/ Published: 2026-06-08 Updated: 2026-07-01 Author: University and student disputes cover the formal procedures a university uses when something goes wrong with your studies. We advise students on academic appeals, allegations of academic misconduct, fitness-to-practise and fitness-to-study proceedings, disciplinary hearings, and complaints. These processes move quickly and often carry tight internal deadlines, so it pays to get advice as soon as you can. The framework is broadly the same across England and Wales. Each university runs its own internal procedures, and at the end of them you receive a Completion of Procedures letter that opens the door to the independent ombuds. ## What are the grounds for an academic appeal? An academic appeal challenges a decision about your marks, progression or award. Universities usually limit the grounds to a short list, most often a procedural irregularity, new evidence that you could not have presented earlier, or evidence of bias or a conflict of interest. What you generally cannot challenge is “academic judgment”, the examiners’ view of the quality of your work. That limit also applies at the ombuds stage. We help you frame your appeal within the permitted grounds and present the strongest version of your case. ## Academic misconduct allegations Allegations of academic misconduct include plagiarism, collusion, contract cheating, fabricating data, and the misuse of generative AI tools. The consequences can be serious, from a capped mark to expulsion, and a finding can follow you into professional life. These cases turn on detail and process. We help you respond to the allegation, test the evidence, and put forward mitigation where appropriate, so that any outcome is fair and proportionate. ## Fitness to practise and fitness to study If you are training for a regulated profession, medicine, nursing, dentistry, pharmacy, social work, teaching or veterinary science, among others, your university will have a fitness-to-practise procedure. A finding can affect not only your degree but your registration with a professional regulator. Fitness-to-study procedures are different again. They focus on your ability to engage with your course, often where health or wellbeing is involved. We advise on both, with care for what is at stake. ## Complaining to the OIA The Office of the Independent Adjudicator for Higher Education (OIA) is the independent ombuds for student complaints in England and Wales. Once your university’s internal procedures are complete, you can complain to the OIA within 12 months of your Completion of Procedures letter. The OIA looks at whether the university acted reasonably and followed its own procedures. It can recommend remedies such as compensation, a fresh hearing or a remark, though its decisions are recommendations rather than orders. You can find out more from the [OIA](https://www.oiahe.org.uk/). Getting the internal stages right matters, because they shape what the OIA can later consider. ## Can you challenge a university decision in court? Sometimes. Where a university or the OIA has acted unlawfully or unfairly, judicial review may be available. It is a public law challenge to the lawfulness of a decision, not a rehearing of the merits, and strict time limits apply. Our [tribunal appeals and judicial review](/education-law/tribunal-appeals) page explains when this route is appropriate. Where a dispute is really about a contract or consumer rights, a civil claim may fit better, which we cover under [civil litigation](/disputes/civil-litigation). ## How we can help We act for students at every stage, from a first response to an allegation, through internal hearings and appeals, to a complaint to the OIA. We give straight advice about your prospects and the options open to you. We charge by the hour and provide a written estimate at the outset. To talk through your situation in confidence, you can [request a callback or contact our education team](/contact). --- ## Workplace Stress Claims URL: https://robsols.co.uk/workplace-illness/workplace-stress-claims/ Published: 2026-06-17 Updated: 2026-07-01 Author: If your work has caused a diagnosed psychiatric illness, such as clinical depression, an anxiety disorder or post-traumatic stress disorder, and your employer was at fault for failing to prevent it, you may be able to bring a personal injury claim for compensation. These are among the harder claims to win, and we think it is only fair to tell you that clearly at the outset rather than raise false hope. Where the circumstances are right, though, a claim can succeed. They are funded on a no win, no fee basis. ## Is this the same as constructive dismissal or discrimination? No, and the difference is important. This is a personal injury claim for a diagnosed psychiatric illness caused by your employer’s negligence. If your real complaint is that you were forced out of your job, treated unfairly, discriminated against, bullied or penalised for speaking up, those are employment law matters rather than personal injury claims, and our [workplace issues pages](/workplace-issues) are the place to start. Sometimes both a personal injury claim and an employment claim are possible from the same situation, and we will help you work out which route, or both, fits. ## Why are these claims hard to win? Because the law expects people to cope with the ordinary pressures of work. To claim, two things in particular must be shown. First, that you have a recognised, diagnosed psychiatric illness, not stress or unhappiness alone. Second, and usually the real hurdle, that your employer knew, or ought to have known, that you were at risk of psychiatric injury, and failed to act reasonably, what the law calls foreseeability. The strongest claims are those where you, or your doctor, warned the employer that work was making you ill and nothing changed. ## Can you claim while you are still employed? Yes, there is no need to have left your job first. In practice, many people bring these claims after their employment has ended, but you are entitled to claim while still employed, and bringing a genuine claim is not, in itself, a lawful reason to dismiss you. Because the position can be delicate, especially alongside any grievance or sickness-absence process, it is wise to take confidential advice about timing before you take any step. ## How we help We act for people across South Wales and the South West, and we approach these claims with care for your wellbeing and an honest view of the prospects. They depend on expert psychiatric evidence and on showing what your employer knew and when, so we look hard at that evidence early and tell you frankly whether a claim is realistic before you commit. Where your difficulties are physical as well, or relate to another [work-related illness](/workplace-illness/other-industrial-disease), we can advise on that too. To talk things through in confidence, you can [request a callback or contact our team](/contact). Guidance on work-related stress is available from the [Health and Safety Executive](https://www.hse.gov.uk/stress/). --- ## School Exclusions URL: https://robsols.co.uk/education-law/school-exclusions/ Published: 2026-06-08 Updated: 2026-07-01 Author: A suspension, sometimes called a fixed-term exclusion, removes a pupil from school for a set number of days. A permanent exclusion removes them for good. Both are serious, and both carry a right to make representations and, in many cases, to appeal. In England, a pupil cannot be suspended for more than 45 school days in a single school year, and a suspension cannot simply be turned into a permanent exclusion. In Wales, similar limits apply and trigger a review by the school’s governors once exclusions reach certain thresholds. The detailed rules are in the Department for Education’s [exclusion guidance](https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/school-exclusion) for England and the [Welsh Government’s exclusion guidance](https://www.gov.wales/sites/default/files/publications/2024-04/240410-exclusion-from-schools-and-pupil-referral-units.pdf) for Wales. ## How do you challenge a school exclusion? The process differs between the two nations, but the shape is similar. The headteacher makes the decision. A committee of school governors then reviews it and decides whether to reinstate the pupil. In England, if the governors do not reinstate after a permanent exclusion, you can ask for an Independent Review Panel. You must request it within 15 school days of the governors’ decision, and you can ask for a special educational needs expert to attend. In Wales, you can appeal to an Independent Appeal Panel, which can direct the school to take the pupil back. The deadlines are short, so early advice helps. ## Unlawful and informal exclusions Not every exclusion follows the rules. An exclusion is unlawful if it is not recorded properly, if a child is sent home “to cool off” without a formal decision, or if a pupil is placed on a reduced timetable without good reason and consent. Practices like these are sometimes called off-rolling. Informal exclusions deny your child both their education and their right to challenge the decision. If you think your child has been excluded in this way, we can help you put it right. ## Can a school exclude a child because of their disability? Schools must not discriminate against disabled pupils, and they must make reasonable adjustments under the Equality Act 2010. Where behaviour is connected to a disability or unmet additional needs, an exclusion may be discriminatory. A disability discrimination claim can be brought to the SEND Tribunal in England or the Education Tribunal for Wales, with a six-month deadline. Our [tribunal appeals and judicial review](/education-law/tribunal-appeals) page explains how. Where a child has an EHC plan or IDP, exclusion is often a sign that provision is not being delivered, see our pages on [SEN and EHC plans](/education-law/sen-ehcp-england) and [ALN and Individual Development Plans](/education-law/aln-wales). ## What education should a child receive while excluded? A child who is permanently excluded, or who cannot attend school, is still entitled to a suitable education. Local authorities have a duty to arrange this, usually through alternative provision. If your child is out of school and looking for a new place, our [school admissions appeals](/education-law/school-admissions-appeals) page may help. ## How we can help We act for parents and carers at every stage of an exclusion, making representations to governors, preparing for a review panel or appeal, and challenging unlawful exclusions and discrimination. We work quickly, because the deadlines are tight, and we explain your options clearly. We charge by the hour and give you a written estimate at the outset. To talk through what has happened, you can [request a callback or contact our education team](/contact). --- ## Whistleblowing URL: https://robsols.co.uk/workplace-issues/whistleblowing-claims/ Published: 2026-06-14 Updated: 2026-07-01 Author: Whistleblowing means reporting wrongdoing at work that you reasonably believe is in the public interest, not a private complaint about your own treatment. The law protects disclosures that tend to show a criminal offence, a breach of a legal obligation, a danger to health or safety, damage to the environment, a miscarriage of justice, or a deliberate cover-up of any of these. You do not have to be certain the wrongdoing has happened; a genuine, reasonable belief is enough. The key line is the public interest one: a dispute purely about your own contract is a grievance, not whistleblowing. GOV.UK sets out the basics of [whistleblowing](https://www.gov.uk/whistleblowing). ## Are you protected? If your disclosure qualifies, the protection is strong, and it is wider than unfair dismissal. It covers workers, not just employees, which can include agency workers and many contractors, and it applies from your first day, with no qualifying period. You are protected whether you raise the matter with your employer or, in the right circumstances, with a regulator. Because the route you choose affects how far the protection goes, it is worth taking advice before reporting outside your organisation. ## Strong protection if you’re dismissed or victimised Being dismissed for whistleblowing is automatically unfair, with no qualifying period and, unlike ordinary unfair dismissal, no cap on the compensation. You are also protected from being subjected to a “detriment” short of dismissal, such as being demoted, sidelined, denied promotion or pushed out. The catch is usually causation: you have to show the disclosure was the reason, or a real part of the reason, for how you were treated, which is why timing and a clear record of events matter so much. ## Act fast If you are dismissed for whistleblowing there is one deadline that catches people out: an application for interim relief, which can require your employer to keep paying you until the case is heard, must be made within just seven days of dismissal. The general time limit for a claim is three months less one day, with ACAS early conciliation first, and it is due to extend to six months around October 2026. Either way, whistleblowing dismissals move fast, so take advice immediately. ## How we help We advise workers across South Wales and the South West who are thinking about blowing the whistle, or who are facing retaliation for having done so, on whether a disclosure qualifies, the safest way to make it, and how to protect yourself. We represent you through ACAS conciliation and the employment [tribunal](/workplace-issues/employment-tribunal-representation), including urgent interim relief applications. Where the treatment also amounts to [discrimination](/workplace-issues/discrimination-harassment) or forced you to resign, we deal with that too. To talk in confidence, you can [request a callback or contact our team](/contact). --- ## Service Hearing Loss & Illness URL: https://robsols.co.uk/military/service-hearing-loss-illness/ Published: 2026-06-17 Updated: 2026-07-01 Author: Service often means years of exposure to damaging noise, gunfire, artillery, aircraft, armoured vehicles and machinery, and the result, for many veterans, is permanent noise-induced hearing loss, tinnitus, or both. It is one of the most common military claims. The Ministry of Defence has long accepted that it owes a duty to protect personnel’s hearing, and where it failed to provide or enforce proper protection, you may be entitled to compensation. Time limits run from when you realised the problem was significant and linked to service, so many veterans who think they are too late are not, it is always worth checking. ## Which route recovers more, AFCS or a civil claim? There are two routes, and they are not mutually exclusive. The [Armed Forces Compensation Scheme](/military/afcs-claims) is a no-fault scheme that pays a set tariff amount for hearing loss. A [civil negligence claim against the MoD](/military/mod-negligence-claims) requires proving fault but compensates your actual losses, including hearing aids, lost earnings and the impact on your life, without a cap, and for significant hearing loss it usually recovers considerably more. Any AFCS sum you receive is taken into account in the civil claim, so the two work together. We will advise which route, or combination, is right for you. ## What about other service illnesses? Hearing loss rarely travels alone, tinnitus is a separate, compensable condition that is usually claimed alongside it. Other service-related conditions can also found a claim, such as certain respiratory problems or hand-arm vibration syndrome from using vibrating equipment. There is one important boundary: asbestos-related disease, such as mesothelioma, and other general industrial diseases are handled by our [workplace illness team](/workplace-illness) rather than here, so do tell us what you were exposed to and we will make sure your claim is in the right hands. ## No win, no fee Military hearing loss and illness claims are usually funded by a conditional fee agreement, “no win, no fee”, with nothing to pay us up front. If the claim does not succeed you generally pay us nothing, and Qualified One-Way Costs Shifting usually protects you from paying the MoD’s costs. If you win, a capped success fee comes out of your compensation, and we explain it clearly before you commit. We will set out the options that fit your case when we first speak. ## How we help We act for veterans and serving personnel across South Wales and the South West, and we know hearing-loss claims turn on good audiology and a clear account of your service noise exposure. We will arrange the right medical evidence, deal with the MoD, and pursue an [AFCS claim](/military/afcs-claims) and a [civil claim](/military/mod-negligence-claims) together where that serves you best. Because hearing loss is gradual and the time limits can be tricky, the most important thing is not to put it off. To talk it through, you can [request a callback or contact our team](/contact). The time limits for claims like these come from the [Limitation Act 1980](https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1980/58). --- ## Reasonable Adjustments URL: https://robsols.co.uk/reasonable-adjustments/ Published: 2026-06-16 Updated: 2026-07-01 Author: We want to make sure nothing gets in the way of giving you a good service. If there is anything we can do differently, in how we communicate with you, or when and how we meet, please tell us using the form below. Tell us your access needs and we will do what we can to accommodate you. ## Why we ask Everyone is different, and small changes can make a real difference: larger print, communicating in writing rather than by phone, more time to read things over, or meeting in a way that suits you better. This form lets you tell us what would help, so we can put it in place from the start rather than after the event. ## A few things to know - You only need to complete the parts that are relevant to you. The form adjusts as you go, so you will not be asked about anything that does not apply. - Telling us is voluntary, and we will only use what you share to make adjustments for you. It is held securely and treated confidentially in line with our privacy policy. - You can tell us about an adjustment at any time, not only when you first instruct us. If your needs change, just let us know. - If you would like this form in another format, larger print, Easy Read, or to go through it with us over the phone, please ask and we will help. ## Tell us what would help Please complete the form below. Choose the areas you would like us to know about, and you will only be asked about those. Reasonable Adjustments Updates First NameLast NameOur Case Number (if known)Your Contact Number or Email**What would you like us to know about?** To help us get this right, tick the areas you'd like us to know about.  You'll only be asked about the ones you choose. Checkbox Field Reading or seeing information Hearing, speech or talking on the phone Coming to our offices, or getting around Understanding information, or how it's presented Mental health or wellbeing Help from a family member, carer, or advocate6 Something else I'd like to explain ### Reading on Seeing Information Some description about this sectionWhat size would you like? 14pt 16pt 18pt LargerWould you like us to use a larger font (our standard is 11pt) Yes NoSubmit Form ## What happens next Once you have sent the form, we will make a note of the adjustments on your file and put them in place. If we need to check anything with you, we will be in touch. You can update us at any time. --- ## Property Investment Solicitors in Cardiff URL: https://robsols.co.uk/commercial-property/property-investment-cardiff/ Published: 2026-06-20 Updated: 2026-07-01 Author: Investing in commercial property is as much about the income and the structure as the building itself. We act for investors and portfolio owners across Cardiff and South Wales, on buying and selling tenanted property, on how the investment is held, and on managing a portfolio over time, working alongside your accountant where the tax and structuring decisions are made. How investments are structured, valued and taxed is set out on our [property investment and portfolio work](/commercial-property/property-investment/) page. Here we focus on what is local. ## Investing in Cardiff commercial property? When you buy a tenanted property in Cardiff or South Wales, you are acquiring an income stream and the landlord’s obligations as well as the building, so due diligence centres on the leases and the tenants. We review every lease, rent, term, reviews, repairing obligations and break rights, and check the tenants’ covenant strength, any arrears and the service charge position. The security and length of that income is what drives the value, so this review is where the investment case is really tested, whether you are buying a single unit or a parade. ## How do Welsh tax and law affect the deal? Acquisitions carry [Land Transaction Tax](https://www.gov.wales/land-transaction-tax-rates-and-bands) via the Welsh Revenue Authority, with different rates and rules from England’s Stamp Duty Land Tax, which matters for a portfolio spanning the border. The sale of a tenanted property can often be treated as a [transfer of a going concern](https://www.gov.uk/guidance/transfer-a-business-as-a-going-concern-and-vat-notice-7009), taking it outside VAT and reducing the LTT. And where a mixed-use property includes homes in Wales, the residential letting falls under the Renting Homes (Wales) Act 2016. We explain the legal framework; specific tax planning is for your accountant. ## How our Cardiff team helps We act for investors across Cardiff and South Wales, buying and selling tenanted property, structuring through companies and SPVs, and the asset management (re-gears, surrenders, variations) that keeps a portfolio working. We charge by the hour and give you a written estimate, scaled to the deal; VAT and disbursements (LTT, Land Registry and search fees) are payable in addition. Buying the building itself is covered on [commercial property sales and purchases in Cardiff](/commercial-sales-purchases-cardiff/), day-to-day management on [commercial landlord and tenant in Cardiff](/commercial-landlord-tenant-cardiff/), and the corporate side of SPVs sits with our [business law](/business/) team. --- ## Remortgaging URL: https://robsols.co.uk/conveyancing/remortgaging/ Published: 2026-06-13 Updated: 2026-07-01 Author: Remortgaging means replacing your current mortgage with a new one, usually with a new lender, to get a better deal or release some equity. The legal work is more limited than a purchase: we check the title to your property, make sure it meets your new lender’s requirements, pay off your existing mortgage on completion, and register the new lender’s charge at HM Land Registry. Any surplus from additional borrowing is sent to you. Because there is no chain and no buyer or seller to coordinate with, a remortgage is usually one of the quicker pieces of conveyancing. ## Do you need your own solicitor? Not always. Many lenders offer a free legal service using a solicitor from their own panel, but that solicitor acts for the lender, to protect its security, not to advise you. For a straightforward remortgage that is often enough. Where things are more involved, you are releasing equity, adding or removing someone from the ownership, or your title has a complication, having your own solicitor advising you is worth considering. We can act for you, and where permitted for your lender too, and we tell you at the outset whether we are on your lender’s panel. ## Remortgaging and transfers of equity People often use a remortgage as the moment to change who owns the property, for example, adding a partner or removing an ex after a separation. That is a [transfer of equity](/conveyancing/transfer-of-equity), a separate piece of legal work that runs alongside the remortgage. Your existing lender has to consent to the change, and the new lender will assess affordability on the proposed ownership. We can deal with both together so it completes in one go. ## What it costs Remortgage costs are usually lower than a purchase. If your lender’s free legal service applies, you may pay nothing in legal fees; if you instruct us independently, we set out our fees in full on our conveyancing pricing page, with a written estimate up front. Disbursements are limited, and there is normally no Land Transaction Tax or Stamp Duty on a remortgage unless ownership is changing and consideration is involved. MoneyHelper has a useful guide to [remortgaging](https://www.moneyhelper.org.uk/en/homes/buying-a-home/remortgaging-explained). ## How we help We handle remortgages for homeowners across South Wales and the South West, straightforward switches, equity release, and remortgages bundled with a transfer of equity. We work to your lender’s deadlines and keep things moving so you can lock in your new deal. To get started, or for a quote, you can [request a callback or contact our team](/contact). --- ## Professional Negligence Solicitors in Cardiff URL: https://robsols.co.uk/disputes/professional-negligence-claims-cardiff/ Published: 2026-06-16 Updated: 2026-07-01 Author: If a professional in Cardiff has fallen below the standard you were entitled to expect and it has cost you money, we can advise you, for individuals and smaller businesses across the city and South Wales. What makes a professional’s mistake a claim, the evidence needed and the time limits are set out in full on our [professional negligence](/disputes/professional-negligence-claims) page. Here we focus on what is local. ## Where are professional negligence claims heard in Cardiff? These claims are technically demanding and almost always complex enough for the multi-track, which means that for the Cardiff area they are dealt with in the Business and Property Courts in Wales, at the Cardiff Civil and Family Justice Centre on Park Street. Because the court sits in Wales, you can ask for your case to be heard in Welsh. Most claims settle long before a hearing, but having a solicitor who knows how these cases run in the Cardiff courts matters from the outset. ## Let down by a Cardiff professional? We act against the full range of professionals across Cardiff and South Wales, solicitors, surveyors, accountants and tax advisers, architects and engineers. Not every mistake is negligence, so the first thing we do is tell you, straight, whether what happened fell below the proper standard and whether you are genuinely worse off as a result. These cases turn on expert evidence and, above all, on causation, showing that, but for the negligence, you would have been better off. ## How our Cardiff team helps We are realistic from the start about a claim’s strengths, the expert evidence it will need, and what it is likely to be worth, and many professional negligence claims can be funded by a “no win, no fee” agreement, we will explain the options that fit your case. For the wider picture on process and costs, see our [civil litigation in Cardiff](/civil-litigation-cardiff) page, and where the claim is about a construction professional, our [property and construction disputes](/property-construction-disputes-cardiff) page. The [Legal Ombudsman](https://www.legalombudsman.org.uk) and the [Financial Ombudsman Service](https://www.financial-ombudsman.org.uk) offer lower-cost routes for some complaints. --- ## Property Development & Construction URL: https://robsols.co.uk/commercial-property/property-development/ Published: 2026-06-20 Updated: 2026-07-01 Author: Property development brings together land, planning, construction and finance, and the legal issues run across the whole life of a scheme. We act for developers, landowners and investors across South Wales and the South West, securing sites, structuring deals, dealing with construction arrangements, and selling or letting the finished scheme, and we flag the points where the law in Wales differs from England. ## How do you secure a development site? Before committing to a site, a developer usually wants control without an unconditional commitment to buy. The main ways to achieve that are an option (the right but not the obligation to buy, often while planning is pursued), a conditional contract (binding once planning is granted), and a promotion agreement (a promoter obtains planning and shares in the sale proceeds). Each suits different circumstances and attitudes to risk, and the choice has tax and timing consequences. Overage, a further payment if value is later unlocked, usually by planning, is often part of the deal. Restrictive covenants and third-party rights on the title are a common obstacle to development, and need to be identified before a scheme is committed. ## How does planning differ in Wales? Planning is devolved, so Wales has its own system and policy framework, separate from England’s. One practical difference is developer contributions: the Community Infrastructure Levy has not been adopted by Welsh authorities in the way it has in parts of England, so in Wales contributions are generally secured through [section 106 agreements](https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1990/8/section/106) instead. These obligations run with the land and can materially affect whether a scheme stacks up, so they need to be understood early. We work alongside planning consultants on the planning strategy for a site. Conservation areas, listed buildings and tree preservation orders can all constrain what is achievable, and need checking early. ## What is changing on building safety in Wales? The [Building Safety Act 2022](https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2022/30/contents) created a stricter regime for higher-risk buildings (broadly those at least 18 metres or seven storeys). In England this has been in force since 2023, but in Wales the new building-safety regime commences on 1 July 2026, with local authorities as the building control authority and a wider definition that can catch a building with a single residential unit. For mixed-use and residential-led schemes in Wales, this changes how a project is designed, approved and recorded, and we help developers understand the implications. ## Construction contracts and warranties Most schemes are built under a standard form of building contract (commonly JCT or NEC), supported by collateral warranties and third-party rights that give funders, buyers and tenants direct recourse against the contractor and consultants. We deal with the property and security side and coordinate with specialist construction advisers on the contract terms. Health and safety duties under the construction regulations, and the phasing of works to satisfy planning conditions, also shape how a scheme is delivered. Collateral warranties are negotiated so that funders and future occupiers have the direct protection they expect. Development funding and the lender’s security are covered on our [commercial property finance](/commercial-property/commercial-property-finance/) page, and a construction or development dispute is handled by our [business disputes](/business-disputes/) team. ## What does it cost? We charge by the hour and give you a written estimate at the outset, updated as a scheme develops. VAT and disbursements, including the transaction tax on the land (LTT in Wales or SDLT in England), Land Registry fees and search fees, are payable in addition. ## Speak to our commercial property team From the first site appraisal to the sale of the last unit, we will help you manage the legal risk. [Request a callback](/contact/) and we will get back to you. --- ## Property & Construction Dispute Solicitors in Cardiff URL: https://robsols.co.uk/disputes/property-construction-disputes-cardiff/ Published: 2026-06-16 Updated: 2026-07-01 Author: If building work in Cardiff has gone wrong, defective, unfinished, late or unpaid, or a property deal or development has run into trouble, we advise homeowners, contractors and businesses across the city and South Wales. How these disputes work, including adjudication and the time limits for defects, is set out in full on our [property and construction disputes](/disputes/property-construction-disputes) page. Here we focus on what is local. ## Where are Cardiff construction disputes decided? For most building disputes, adjudication is the first port of call, a binding decision in about 28 days on a “pay now, argue later” basis, far quicker than court (our main page explains how it works). Where a dispute is larger or contested, or an adjudicator’s decision needs enforcing, it goes to the Technology and Construction Court, which sits within the Business and Property Courts in Wales here in Cardiff. We prepare and run adjudications and court claims for both those claiming and those defending. ## Does Welsh building-safety law affect your dispute? Where defective work has made a home unsafe, there may be more than one route to a remedy, and some are distinctly Welsh. The building-safety rules now coming into force in Wales sit alongside the Defective Premises Act and the extended limitation periods introduced by the Building Safety Act 2022, which reach back fifteen years for newer work, and as far as thirty years for older work, so a defect that first appeared years ago may still be claimable. We advise under the rules that apply in Wales, and our conveyancing team can help with a high-rise building-safety issue. The Welsh Government sets out its [building-safety guidance](https://www.gov.wales/welsh-building-safety-fund-fire-safety-remediation-guidance) online. ## How our Cardiff team helps We act for homeowners, contractors and businesses across Cardiff and South Wales, from a domestic building dispute to a complex commercial project, and we are realistic from the start about cost, evidence and the most effective route, adjudication, negotiation, [mediation](/mediation-adr-cardiff) or, where necessary, court. We charge by the hour and give you a written estimate. Where a claim is really about a professional’s work, an architect’s design or an engineer’s advice, see our [professional negligence in Cardiff](/professional-negligence-claims-cardiff) page. The [Defective Premises Act](https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1972/35) sets out one route to a claim. --- ## How long does conveyancing take? URL: https://robsols.co.uk/insights/how-long-does-conveyancing-take/ Published: 2026-01-20 Updated: 2026-07-21 Author: How long conveyancing takes depends on the property and the chain, but most moves complete within 10 to 16 weeks of an offer being accepted. A chain-free purchase of a registered freehold can be quicker, around 8 to 12 weeks. A leasehold flat, or a long chain, can stretch to four to six months. The honest part is that much of the wait is outside any solicitor’s control. This guide gives a realistic, stage-by-stage timeline, explains where the real hold-ups come from, and, the worry behind most of the frustration, helps you tell whether your solicitor is the problem or whether the delay is simply normal. ## A realistic timeline, stage by stage A typical purchase runs through these stages. The times are rough, and the stages overlap rather than run in a neat line. Stage Roughly how long Offer accepted, solicitor instructed, identity and funds checked A few days Contract pack received and searches ordered 1 to 2 weeks Searches returned and reviewed 2 to 6 weeks (council-dependent) Enquiries raised with the seller’s side and answered 2 to 4 weeks Mortgage offer issued 3 to 5 weeks (runs alongside the above) Exchange of contracts Once everything is clear Completion Usually 1 to 2 weeks after exchange Because the stages overlap, a transaction with one slow element can still finish near the average, while another drags. After completion, your solicitor pays any tax due and registers you as the owner at [HM Land Registry](https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/land-registry), registration can take several weeks, but it does not hold up your move. ## Why does it take so long? Four things cause most delays, and three of them have nothing to do with your solicitor’s diligence: - Local authority searches. Officially due in about 10 working days, but some councils run weeks behind, which can add a month or more to the wait. - Mortgage offers. A standard application for an employed buyer with clean credit takes around three to five weeks; self-employed, contractor or adverse-credit cases routinely take six to ten. - Leasehold management packs. If you are buying a flat, the freeholder or managing agent must supply a management pack, and there is no legal deadline for it, four to eight weeks is common. We cover this on our leasehold conveyancing page. - Chains. Every extra property in the chain adds another transaction that has to move in step with yours, and another point at which the whole thing can stall or fall through. ## Is my solicitor slow, or is this normal? This is the question behind most of the frustration, and the fair answer is usually that it is the process, not the person. Searches, mortgage offers and leasehold packs are all in other organisations’ hands. A good solicitor chases them, but cannot conjure a council search or a lender’s offer out of thin air. What is in your solicitor’s control is narrower, but real: opening the file promptly, raising enquiries quickly and clearly, not sitting on letters from the other side, and keeping you informed. If those things are happening, a long wait is probably normal. If your solicitor cannot tell you what is outstanding or who is holding things up, that is a different matter, and the section below is for you. ## What can actually speed things up? You have less control than you would like, but a few things genuinely help: - Get your paperwork ready early, proof of identity and address, and evidence of where your deposit came from. Having it ready before your offer is accepted can save a week or more. - Instruct your solicitor the day your offer is accepted, not a fortnight later. - Reply to your solicitor’s requests quickly; your own slow replies are one delay you can remove entirely. - Choose chain-free where you can, buying from a developer, an investor, or a seller moving into rented accommodation removes a major source of delay. - Stay in touch with your solicitor and estate agent about once a week, so nothing sits unanswered. GOV.UK has a general guide to [buying and selling your home](https://www.gov.uk/buy-sell-your-home) if you want the wider picture. ## A South Wales note: coal mining searches If you are buying in the South Wales coalfield, much of the valleys, and parts of Cardiff, Newport and Swansea, your solicitor will usually order a coal mining search alongside the standard ones. It checks for old workings, shafts and any risk of subsidence beneath the property. It is a sensible and often essential check in this part of the country, and worth allowing for in your timetable, as it is one more report to wait on. ## When a delay is a red flag, and what to ask for Long quiet stretches are normal; a solicitor who cannot account for the delay is not. As a rough guide, if you are around twelve weeks in and no one can tell you what is still outstanding, it is reasonable to push. Ask for two things in writing: a list of exactly what is being chased and from whom, and a realistic target date for exchange. A firm on top of your file can produce both quickly. If yours cannot, that tells you something useful. ## How we keep things moving Our [conveyancing team](/conveyancing) acts for buyers and sellers across South Wales and the South West, on freehold and leasehold alike. We keep your file moving, chase the parts we can, and explain in plain English where things stand, so you are not left guessing. You can read more about how we handle a purchase on our [buying a property](/conveyancing/buying-a-property) page, or estimate your costs with our [conveyancing fees calculator](/conveyancing/pricing/). To get started, request a callback and we will come back to you. --- ## Unfair Dismissal Explained: When Is a Dismissal Actually Unfair? URL: https://robsols.co.uk/insights/unfair-dismissal-explained/ Published: 2026-07-20 Updated: 2026-07-20 Author: Unfair dismissal is a specific legal claim, and not every dismissal that feels unfair will meet it. In law, a dismissal is unfair when your employer either had no fair reason for it or went about it the wrong way. Both halves matter, and there are separate rules about who can bring a claim at all. This guide explains what makes a dismissal unfair, the five reasons an employer is allowed to rely on, who qualifies to claim, and what is changing on 1 January 2027. It also covers what a tribunal can award and the strict deadline for making a claim. ## What counts as unfair dismissal? The law looks at two things: the reason for the dismissal, and the way it was carried out. Your employer needs a fair reason, and even with one, they have to act reasonably and follow a proper procedure. Get either part wrong and the dismissal can be unfair. Reasonableness is judged by a test known as the ‘band of reasonable responses’. A tribunal does not ask what it would have done in your employer’s position. It asks whether the decision to dismiss fell within the range of responses that a reasonable employer could have chosen. That bar is higher than many people expect, which is one reason an early and honest view of your case is worth having. Acas sets out what a fair [dismissal](https://www.acas.org.uk/dismissals) process should involve. ## What are the fair reasons for dismissal? A common belief is that you can only be dismissed for redundancy or gross misconduct. That is not the law. There are five potentially fair reasons, and an employer can rely on any of them: - Conduct covers how you behave at work, from persistent lateness to a serious, one-off act of misconduct. - Capability or performance applies where you cannot do the job to the standard required, or where ill health prevents you doing it. - Redundancy is where the need for the work you do has genuinely reduced or disappeared. - A statutory reason arises where keeping you on would break the law, such as a driver who loses their licence. - Some other substantial reason is a catch-all for serious situations that do not fit the first four, such as an irretrievable breakdown in a working relationship. The word ‘potentially’ is doing real work here. Having one of these reasons is only the start. Your employer still has to act fairly, which usually means investigating, putting concerns to you, hearing your response, and offering an appeal. A genuine reason pushed through a poor process can still be an unfair dismissal. ## Do you qualify to claim? This is where many people are caught out. For an ordinary unfair dismissal claim, the law as it stands in 2026 requires two years’ continuous service with your employer. Under two years, and you usually cannot bring an ordinary claim, however badly the dismissal was handled. The type of contract is not the deciding factor. It is a myth that unfair dismissal does not apply to zero-hours workers. What matters is whether you are an employee, and how long you have worked, rather than the label on your contract. GOV.UK explains the different [types of dismissal](https://www.gov.uk/dismissal) and where the protections sit. There is an important exception. Some dismissals are ‘automatically unfair’, and these need no minimum service at all. They apply from your first day. Examples include dismissal for [whistleblowing](/workplace-issues/whistleblowing-claims), for pregnancy or taking maternity leave, for asserting a legal right, or for trade union membership. [Discrimination](/workplace-issues/discrimination-harassment) tied to a protected characteristic is also a day-one right. So less than two years’ service does not always mean you have no claim. ## What is changing in 2027? The qualifying period is being cut. From 1 January 2027, you will need six months’ service to bring an ordinary unfair dismissal claim, rather than two years. That change brings many more employees within reach of a claim for the first time. You may have read that unfair dismissal was becoming a ‘day-one’ right. That proposal was dropped before the law was finalised, so six months is the figure that will apply. Which rules govern your situation depends on when your employment started and the date you were dismissed. If your dismissal falls near the changeover, it is worth taking advice on where you stand. ![Unfair dismissal eligibility decision tree: from being dismissed or forced to resign, check whether you are an employee, whether the reason was automatically unfair or discrimination (a day-one claim with no qualifying period), whether you have the qualifying service (two years now, six months from 1 January 2027), and whether you are within the time limit (three months less one day, extending to six months from about October 2026) — ending in whether you may have an unfair dismissal claim.](https://robsols.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/unfair-dismissal-eligibility-decision-tree.svg) ## What is the difference between unfair and wrongful dismissal? They are different claims, and easy to confuse. Unfair dismissal is about fairness under employment law. Wrongful dismissal is about your contract, and your notice in particular. It arises when your employer ends your employment without giving the notice you were owed, and without a good enough reason to dismiss you on the spot. The practical difference is the qualifying period. Wrongful dismissal has none, so it is available from your first day, which can matter if you have not yet built up two years’ service. The same dismissal can be both unfair and wrongful, or one and not the other. Our [unfair and wrongful dismissal](/workplace-issues/unfair-wrongful-dismissal) page sets out how the two compare and which might apply to you. ## What could a tribunal award? Compensation for unfair dismissal has two parts. The basic award is worked out from your age, length of service and weekly pay, in the same way as statutory redundancy pay. A week’s pay is capped for this purpose, at £751 from April 2026, and the basic award itself is capped at £22,530. The compensatory award covers your actual financial losses, mainly the earnings you lose while finding another job. As the law stands in 2026 it is capped at £123,543, or a year’s gross pay if that is lower. That cap is being abolished for dismissals on or after 1 January 2027. A tribunal can also adjust an award by up to a quarter where either side has unreasonably ignored the Acas Code of Practice on discipline and grievances. Bringing a claim is a regulated service, so we set out what it costs in full on our [employment pricing page](/workplace-issues/pricing). There is no fee to lodge a claim at the tribunal itself. ## How long do you have to claim? The deadline is tight. For an unfair dismissal claim you generally have three months less one day from the date your employment ended, and tribunals rarely extend it. Before you can lodge a claim you must first notify Acas and go through early [conciliation](https://www.acas.org.uk/early-conciliation), a free process that pauses the clock while it runs. This limit is due to extend to six months for most tribunal claims from October 2026, though wrongful dismissal claims will keep the three-month deadline. Whichever applies to you, the safest course is not to wait. Do not let an internal appeal run the clock down, because time keeps passing while you appeal. If you are close to the deadline, get advice straight away. ## What to do if you think you have been unfairly dismissed A few practical steps protect your position. Keep copies of anything relevant while you still can, including your contract, your dismissal letter, emails and notes of any meetings. Use your employer’s appeal process if there is one, but do not rely on it to put things right, and do not let it eat into the three-month deadline. Contact Acas about early conciliation sooner rather than later. We advise employees across South Wales and the South West on whether a dismissal was unfair, wrongful, or both, and we represent you through Acas conciliation and the [employment tribunal](/workplace-issues/employment-tribunal-representation) if it comes to that. If your situation is really a [constructive dismissal](/workplace-issues/constructive-dismissal), a [redundancy](/workplace-issues/redundancy-advice) matter, or one where a [settlement agreement](/workplace-issues/settlement-agreements) is the better route, we will tell you. To talk it through, you can [request a callback or contact our team](/contact). --- ## Litigation vs Arbitration: Key Differences, Process, and Cost URL: https://robsols.co.uk/insights/litigation-vs-arbitration/ Published: 2022-08-01 Updated: 2026-07-19 Author: In most cases, business, consumer and employment dealings go smoothly but sometimes it can result in conflicts which may need some professional help in resolving. Whether you are a homeowner seeking a result for shoddy workmanship or a huge corporation protecting its reputation, disagreements can happen. As [experts in law](/our-team/) here in Cardiff, Wales, we are often asked about whether litigation or arbitration will bring the best outcome. In our helpful article, our specialists in legal affairs will outline your options, so you are better armed to make a decision. **Litigation is a way of resolving disputes via the court process. It can be lengthy, publicly recorded, and can be appealed. Arbitration is a less formal method, costs can vary, can be shorter depending on circumstances, has no appeal process and may result in a fairer decision.** Although many of us are familiar with the idea of courts resolving disagreements, arbitration can be an alternative. #### What is arbitration? Arbitration is a way of reaching an agreement without the more formal process of a judge or a trial. An arbitrator is generally a specialist in the area surrounding the dispute and will attempt to resolve the problem using evidence provided by both parties. During this process, documents are provided and oral statements of those involved in the argument. The arbitrator will take account of both sides of a battle and will then issue the resolution. Sometimes witnesses are called to help reach the final decision and give oral rather than written evidence. For those in Cardiff and the UK, arbitration can sometimes be an excellent way of avoiding ongoing and expensive legal costs. To help you decide between litigation vs arbitration, seek help from the best legal professionals who will be able to advise you on any potential costs. Here are a few benefits of choosing arbitration vs litigation: - Litigation in general takes longer to resolve than arbitration - Arbitration results in an outcome, whereas litigation has an appeal process which means the result could be beneficial - Generally, arbitrators are specifically trained in the subject of the disagreement #### What is the main difference between arbitration and litigation Litigation is a well-known legal process that involves the resolution of a disagreement between different parties through a court with a judge or jury. The main difference between litigation and arbitration is that arbitration settles disagreements without a trial process. In its simplest form, arbitration involves two opposing parties who agree to work with a neutral third who will attempt to come to a fair agreement. ***“The main difference between litigation and arbitration is that* *arbitration settles disagreements without a trial process.”*** Here’s some further information on the [advantages and disadvantages of litigation](/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-litigation-a-quick-guide/). #### Is arbitration more formal than litigation? The [litigation process](/personal/litigation/) is a formal one where the result of the dispute is decided by a judge and sometimes a jury. Arbitration is generally a more informal process where documents and information are exchanged in a less formal setting than in a court. However, they may still question witnesses and get written statements before the hearing, although generally less than involved in a court process. Although arbitration is more informal than litigation, it is a more formal type of [Alternative Dispute Resolution,](/types-of-alternative-dispute-resolution/) often abbreviated as ADR. It has a tribunal process and is a more official process than either mediation or conciliation.  #### Is arbitration less expensive than litigation? Although arbitration is generally considered a cheaper alternative to the court process, this isn’t always the case. In some cases, arbitration costs can skyrocket and some consumers and those seeking employment grievances are forced to abandon the process. However, in general, litigation is widely understood as the more expensive solution to disagreements. This can be due to pre-trial and appeal processes. As a general guide, arbitrator fees can range between £100 and £200 per person, per hour. This will depend on experience and the location where they practice. In general, court fees do not include legal representation. Find out more about [court fees](https://www.justice-ni.gov.uk/articles/court-fees-0) here. #### How long does arbitration take? The time an arbitration resolution takes is due to some main factors of the process. - The type of arbitrator - How many parties involved - Whether specific arbitration rules are followed - Where it will take place These criteria can have a profound effect on the time that disagreements take to resolve using the arbitration process. Typically litigation can often be a long drawn-out process. This is due to several factors including a backlog in the court system since the pandemic, formal rules and regulations *and* the entire formal court procedures. If you are deciding between litigation vs arbitration, it’s recommended to seek advice from legal experts who will discover more about your specific situation and advise accordingly. #### Litigation vs arbitration – Public and private For businesses, you can also check on the [Commercial Litigation Process](/business/commercial-litigation/). But here we’ll convey more about the private and public requirements of both litigation and arbitration. **Litigation** Litigation being more formal is also a case for public record. This is due to specific rules and regulations which govern how the process must take place. Once a claim has been filed, it will be entered on a publicly accessible register and will include the following: - Date of claim issue - Name of all parties to the claim - The case number ***“Once a claim has been filed, it will be entered* *on a publicly accessible register”*** **Arbitration** Arbitrator processes have historically been long recognised as confidential in English law. In most cases, the parties involved in the disagreement along with the tribunal are bound by an ‘implied duty’ to maintain confidentiality. This relates also to all documentation produced and the outcome. ***“Arbitrator processes have historically been long* *recognised as confidential in English law.”*** #### Litigation vs arbitration – Which is fairer? Fairness can be obtained in both ways of resolving disputes. However, in arbitration, both parties initially agree with the process which will result in a fair outcome. But in a legal battle, neither party has *any* kind of control over who the judge or jury will be. In arbitration, those who are disagreeing can choose a third party who is specialised in their particular area of dispute. For this reason, they will have much experience dealing with problems within a certain area so it could be that a fairer decision might be reached. ***“Fairness can be obtained by* *both ways of resolving disputes.”*** #### Can you appeal arbitration? When it comes to arbitration vs litigation in the appeals area, litigation is the clear winner. With arbitration the decision is final and there is no kind of formal appeals process if you feel an unfair, or biased decision has been made. Litigation on the other hand has a formal appeal process locked in. In a civil trial, either of the parties to the disagreement can register an appeal. Both ways can have benefits. In arbitration the decision is final, meaning no further processes and both parties can move on. In litigation, an appeals process can draw the situation out which can cause further unwanted stress. ***“When it comes to arbitration vs litigation* *in the appeals area, litigation is the clear winner.”*** #### And finally… If you are in the process of either a consumer, employment or business disagreement, you may be considering the benefits of litigation vs arbitration. With a client list including individuals, families, U.K.-wide multi-nationals, financial institutions and TV personalities we can offer a wide range of legal services. With a reputation for first-class service, commitment and attention we can help you navigate court or arbitration processes. [Get in touch](/contact/) today, to speak with our experienced and helpful team. --- ## DIY Probate vs Using a Solicitor: An Honest Cost Comparison URL: https://robsols.co.uk/insights/diy-probate-vs-solicitor/ Published: 2026-03-12 Updated: 2026-07-19 Author: The headlines are clear: DIY probate costs £526. A solicitor costs £1,500 to £10,000+. But the honest comparison is more subtle than that. Cost alone is not the question, the question is whether you can DIY *safely*, and what happens if it goes wrong. ## DIY probate cost vs solicitor fees: side by side DIY Solicitor **Court application fee** £526 (free under £5,000) £526 (same) **Extra grant copies** £16 each (you order as needed) Usually included or charged **Disbursements** (searches, valuations, etc.) You pay direct, roughly £50-£200 Usually £100-£500+ **Professional fees** £0 £1,500-£10,000+ (1-4% of estate, or fixed fee, or hourly) **Total cost** **£350-£800** **£2,000-£15,000+** The saving is real, DIY can save £2,000-£9,000. But that assumes it stays straightforward and nothing goes wrong. Which brings us to the harder question. ## When is DIY probate straightforward? DIY is manageable, and safe, only if *all* of these are true: - There is a clear, valid will (or you are the entitled next-of-kin and applying for letters of administration). - The estate is small to moderate (under £500k as a rough guide). - The only assets are UK-based: a house, bank accounts, premium bonds, shares in listed companies. - No inheritance tax is due (or it is straightforward, the Direct Payment Scheme covers it). - There are no disputes, and all beneficiaries are in agreement. - You have a reasonable level of admin skill and patience: you are comfortable with forms and have time to manage the process. If *any* of these do not apply, overseas property, a business, disputed assets, complex IHT, blended-family disputes, or you simply do not feel confident, a solicitor is the safer choice. It is not about cost; it is about liability. ## What can go wrong if I DIY, and who pays? This is the part most DIY articles gloss over, and it is the real risk. If you are the executor and you distribute assets to beneficiaries, **you are personally liable** for any debts or claims that come to light later. Picture this: you pay out the estate to the beneficiaries after six months. A year later, a creditor emerges, an unpaid care home bill, a disputed invoice, a tax demand. If there is no money left in the estate, the creditor can come after *you* personally, and you must pay from your own pocket. That is executor personal liability, and it is why a solicitor’s professional indemnity insurance (and their due diligence in searching for creditors) is valuable. You can protect yourself by advertising for creditors in a solicitor-led process or by applying to a court for indemnity insurance, but that costs money and defeats much of the DIY saving. Most DIY executors rely on being reasonably careful and hoping no creditors appear. That can work, but it is a risk you are taking on yourself. ## The time cost, it is not just about money A typical executor spends 35 to 40 hours managing probate over four to six months. That includes gathering documents, filling forms, chasing financial institutions, arranging valuations, managing the sale of property (if relevant), and distributing the estate. The work is not difficult, but it is relentless and emotionally heavy, you are doing it while grieving. A solicitor absorbs that workload and stress. When you factor in your time at even a modest £20 per hour, DIY can save far less than the headline figures suggest. On a straightforward £120,000 estate, a DIY executor might save £2,500 in solicitor fees, but invest 35 hours, which is a saving of roughly £1,700 once you value your time. Still worthwhile, but not the £3,000+ saving the cost table alone suggests. ## Can I start DIY and switch to a solicitor midway? Yes, absolutely. If you start the process and realise it is beyond you, or if something unexpected emerges, you can hand the whole thing over to a solicitor at any point. They will review what you have done, correct any errors, and take it from there. You will pay their fees from that point on, but you can cap your own involvement. It is not all-or-nothing. ## How banks release money during probate Banks and building societies often release funds for probate fees, funeral costs, and inheritance tax before the grant is formally issued, via the Direct Payment Scheme. This can ease the cash flow burden of DIY. For inheritance tax on property (where the cash is not immediately available), HMRC allows payment in 10 annual instalments, so you do not need to find a lump sum upfront. Knowing this helps the budget. ## What does “straightforward estate” actually mean? Three examples: - Lisa’s estate: £120,000, straightforward. House (£95,000), building society account (£18,000), premium bonds (£7,000). Two beneficiaries, clear will, no inheritance tax due. Lisa applied online, paid £526, and handled everything herself over four months. Total cost: £332. She would have paid a solicitor £2,500-£3,200 for the same work. DIY made sense. - Robert’s estate: £240,000, getting complex. House with a mortgage, rental property, a small business interest, and inheritance tax due. Beneficiaries in dispute over the business valuation. Robert was quoted £4,000-£6,000 by a solicitor. DIY would have exposed him to valuation errors and personal liability in a dispute. A solicitor was the right call. - Margaret’s estate: £500,000, too complex for DIY. Multiple properties (two in England, one in Spain), investments, and inheritance tax payable of roughly £100,000. The overseas property alone means complex legal work. Margaret hired a solicitor at 1.5% of the estate (£7,500) and it was worth every penny. ## How we help if you get stuck If you start DIY and run into trouble, or if you are considering DIY and want a second opinion on whether your estate qualifies, our [probate team](/wills-trusts-estates/probate) can help. We offer fixed-fee probate administration if you want us to take it on from the start, or we can review what you have done and step in if DIY becomes too much. To discuss your situation or get a fixed-fee quote, [request a callback](/contact) and we will come back to you. *A note on figures: the fees and figures in this article are correct as at the date of publication shown on this article. Court fees, taxes and other charges change from time to time, so please check the current figures with the relevant official source before relying on them.* --- ## Can I Be Sacked Without a Written Warning? Here’s What to Do URL: https://robsols.co.uk/insights/can-i-be-sacked-without-a-written-warning/ Published: 2023-05-18 Updated: 2026-07-19 Author: If you’re an employee in the UK then specific rights and regulations are in place to protect job security. But what happens if your employer decides to let you go without first issuing a written warning? Can this happen legally or is it against the law? We have experienced employment law solicitors here at [Robertsons Solicitors in Cardiff](/personal/employment-law/). And we have put together this blog post to find out if a written warning is always necessary before an employee can be lawfully dismissed from their position. Whether you’re working for a big enterprise, or just starting with your first job role, understanding when and how employees can be fairly dismissed will help to ensure that your rights are being respected. We will look at the short answer first before we look at this subject in more detail. **Employers do not need to issue a written warning to terminate an employee’s contract. However, they *must* provide sufficient evidence to justify their decision and provide employees with a chance to respond. If an employer fails to follow certain procedures they may be liable for unfair dismissal claims.** If you feel you have concerns about an unfair dismissal claim, then you should [contact us here](/contact/) so we can advise you further. In summary, regarding being sacked without a written warning… **Some conditions mean you can be sacked immediately, such as violent conduct. Otherwise, you must be afforded the notice stated in your terms of contract OR the statutory minimum notice period, whichever is longer.** So with the short answer in place, you can understand a little more easily whether you can be sacked without a written warning, let’s start by discovering what a written warning is. ### What is a written warning? A ‘written warning’ from an employer is a way of communicating to a worker that their behaviour or performance is not meeting contractual expectations. In a nutshell, it’s a formal document that puts the message in writing. It usually accompanies verbal warnings which have failed to produce the desired behaviour changes and are given as part of a progressive discipline system designed to correct the employee’s performance. The warning often outlines what needs to improve. It also contains details of any steps that will be actioned if their job performance doesn’t meet satisfactory standards. It’s essentially a second strike, so to speak – by giving you a written warning, an employer is letting you know that they expect marginal improvements in whatever area was deemed unsatisfactory. This is usually the last step *before* serious disciplinary action is considered and taken, It’s important for employers to always follow up after issuing a written warning – this could involve more regular supervision, additional training, or perhaps extra support from colleagues at work. Ultimately, these warnings are issued to allow employees an opportunity to improve. ### Is a written warning a legal document? A written warning, while being an unpleasant document to receive, is not technically a legal one in the U.K. It is simply a formal notice of action and can be used as evidence of conduct but generally isn’t legally binding in itself. However, although written warnings do not have legal standing in the UK, they can be included as evidence [during an employment tribunal](/what-happens-at-an-employment-tribunal/) where applicable. ### Can I Be Sacked Without A Written Warning? The short answer is yes, you can. In the UK, employers do not need to issue a written warning to terminate an employee’s contract. However, this does not mean there are no legal protections for employees in the event of dismissal. **Employers must follow a fair disciplinary and dismissal process, which includes providing evidence of misconduct or poor performance.** This means that employers must provide sufficient evidence to justify their decision. And provide employees with an opportunity to respond before making any final decisions. In addition, if the employer fails to[follow certain procedures](/how-to-terminate-a-contract-of-employment/), or behaves unreasonably during the procedure, they may then be liable for unfair dismissal claims. Therefore, whilst an employer *could* dismiss an employee without issuing a written warning first, it is strongly advised to issue a written warning as a matter of procedure. It is also worth noting that in certain circumstances, an employer does not need to follow the standard disciplinary and dismissal procedure. ### No written warning is necessary for gross misconduct In cases where gross misconduct has occurred, such as theft or violence, employers have the right to dismiss employees without notice or warning. However, this should still be done fairly; providing evidence of the misconduct and allowing employees an opportunity to respond before making any decisions. Therefore, if you’re worried about a potential dismissal without warning from your employer, it’s important to check your rights under employment law to ensure you’re being treated fairly. You might also be interested in further detail regarding [not being paid after quitting](/employer-withholding-pay-after-quitting/) your position. ### Understand your rights Remember, while the law may say that you can technically be dismissed *without* a written warning in the U.K, it’s still advisable to take precautions like seeking legal advice before taking any action.  Seeking legal advice from qualified employment solicitors could also help to clarify any issues or concerns you may have with the process. Doing this can give you peace of mind and help protect your rights as an employee. Ultimately, it’s important to remember that the majority of employers will follow the standard disciplinary procedure and only make an exception for serious cases of misconduct. It’s also worth keeping in mind that you may be able to challenge a dismissal without warning by seeking legal advice if you feel it was unjustified.  ### Challenging an unfair dismissal If you feel like you have been treated unfairly, it’s best to act quickly and make sure that your employer is aware of the situation and follows their disciplinary process properly. Don’t hesitate to seek help from solicitors or organisations such as ACAS who can provide impartial advice on how to move forward should the need arise.  Ultimately, understanding how workplace discipline works in practice will ensure that both employers and employees understand their obligations and rights, and can work towards a mutually beneficial relationship. ### To challenge an unfair dismissal If you feel you have been wrongfully dismissed without a written warning then it’s important to [seek legal advice as soon as possible](/contact/). An employment lawyer can help advise you on your options and how best to proceed with any claims or appeals you may choose to make. By having all the necessary information at hand, you can make sure that your rights are respected and that you’re given a fair hearing. Gathering evidence is key in any workplace dispute or claim for unfair dismissal. Keep a record of any conversations or emails that took place between yourself and your employer leading up to – and during – the process. This will help demonstrate that you were treated fairly and following [employment legislation](https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1996/18/contents). You should also make sure you understand your rights when it comes to disciplinary action and dismissal. The UK has specific laws in place that protect employees from unfair or unjustified dismissal. For example, employers are not allowed to discriminate against an employee based on their race, gender, age or disability, for example. ### Can I be sacked without a written warning? – Next steps Terminating an employee’s contract without a written warning may seem alarming, but UK employers are legally allowed to do so in some cases. This can become complicated if employers don’t follow certain procedures, leading to unfair dismissal claims. An employment solicitor can help you know your rights as an employer or employee depending on the situation. If you would like to learn more about this issue, [contact our experienced employment solicitors](/) for a confidential chat. No matter your query, [our team of specialists](/our-team/) are here to help advise you on the best way forward. We can help you navigate employment termination without a written warning – within UK law guidelines. We have experienced employment law solicitors here at [Robertsons Solicitors in Cardiff](/personal/employment-law/). And we have put together this blog post to find out if a written warning is always necessary before an employee can be lawfully dismissed from their position. Whether you’re working for a big enterprise, or just starting with your first job role, understanding when and how employees can be fairly dismissed will help to ensure that your rights are being respected. We will look at the short answer first before we look at this subject in more detail. **Employers do not need to issue a written warning to terminate an employee’s contract. However, they *must* provide sufficient evidence to justify their decision and provide employees with a chance to respond. If an employer fails to follow certain procedures they may be liable for unfair dismissal claims.** If you feel you have concerns about an unfair dismissal claim, then you should [contact us here](/contact/) so we can advise you further. **Some conditions mean you can be sacked immediately, such as violent conduct. Otherwise, you must be afforded the notice stated in your terms of contract OR the statutory minimum notice period, whichever is longer.** So with the short answer in place, you can understand a little more easily whether you can be sacked without a written warning, let’s start by discovering what a written warning is. ### What is a written warning? A ‘written warning’ from an employer is a way of communicating to a worker that their behaviour or performance is not meeting contractual expectations. In a nutshell, it’s a formal document that puts the message in writing. It usually accompanies verbal warnings which have failed to produce the desired behaviour changes and are given as part of a progressive discipline system designed to correct the employee’s performance. The warning often outlines what needs to improve. It also contains details of any steps that will be actioned if their job performance doesn’t meet satisfactory standards. It’s essentially a second strike, so to speak – by giving you a written warning, an employer is letting you know that they expect marginal improvements in whatever area was deemed unsatisfactory. This is usually the last step *before* serious disciplinary action is considered and taken, It’s important for employers to always follow up after issuing a written warning – this could involve more regular supervision, additional training, or perhaps extra support from colleagues at work. Ultimately, these warnings are issued to allow employees an opportunity to improve. ### Is a written warning a legal document? A written warning, while being an unpleasant document to receive, is not technically a legal one in the U.K. It is simply a formal notice of action and can be used as evidence of conduct but generally isn’t legally binding in itself. However, although written warnings do not have legal standing in the UK, they can be included as evidence [during an employment tribunal](/what-happens-at-an-employment-tribunal/) where applicable. ### Can I Be Sacked Without A Written Warning? The short answer is yes, you can. In the UK, employers do not need to issue a written warning to terminate an employee’s contract. However, this does not mean there are no legal protections for employees in the event of dismissal. **Employers must follow a fair disciplinary and dismissal process, which includes providing evidence of misconduct or poor performance.** This means that employers must provide sufficient evidence to justify their decision. And provide employees with an opportunity to respond before making any final decisions. In addition, if the employer fails to[follow certain procedures](/how-to-terminate-a-contract-of-employment/), or behaves unreasonably during the procedure, they may then be liable for unfair dismissal claims. Therefore, whilst an employer *could* dismiss an employee without issuing a written warning first, it is strongly advised to issue a written warning as a matter of procedure. It is also worth noting that in certain circumstances, an employer does not need to follow the standard disciplinary and dismissal procedure. ### No written warning is necessary for gross misconduct In cases where gross misconduct has occurred, such as theft or violence, employers have the right to dismiss employees without notice or warning. However, this should still be done fairly; providing evidence of the misconduct and allowing employees an opportunity to respond before making any decisions. Therefore, if you’re worried about a potential dismissal without warning from your employer, it’s important to check your rights under employment law to ensure you’re being treated fairly. You might also be interested in further detail regarding [not being paid after quitting](/employer-withholding-pay-after-quitting/) your position. ### Understand your rights Remember, while the law may say that you can technically be dismissed *without* a written warning in the U.K, it’s still advisable to take precautions like seeking legal advice before taking any action.  Seeking legal advice from qualified employment solicitors could also help to clarify any issues or concerns you may have with the process. Doing this can give you peace of mind and help protect your rights as an employee. Ultimately, it’s important to remember that the majority of employers will follow the standard disciplinary procedure and only make an exception for serious cases of misconduct. It’s also worth keeping in mind that you may be able to challenge a dismissal without warning by seeking legal advice if you feel it was unjustified.  ### Challenging an unfair dismissal If you feel like you have been treated unfairly, it’s best to act quickly and make sure that your employer is aware of the situation and follows their disciplinary process properly. Don’t hesitate to seek help from solicitors or organisations such as ACAS who can provide impartial advice on how to move forward should the need arise.  Ultimately, understanding how workplace discipline works in practice will ensure that both employers and employees understand their obligations and rights, and can work towards a mutually beneficial relationship. ### To challenge an unfair dismissal If you feel you have been wrongfully dismissed without a written warning then it’s important to [seek legal advice as soon as possible](/contact/). An employment lawyer can help advise you on your options and how best to proceed with any claims or appeals you may choose to make. By having all the necessary information at hand, you can make sure that your rights are respected and that you’re given a fair hearing. Gathering evidence is key in any workplace dispute or claim for unfair dismissal. Keep a record of any conversations or emails that took place between yourself and your employer leading up to – and during – the process. This will help demonstrate that you were treated fairly and following [employment legislation](https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1996/18/contents). You should also make sure you understand your rights when it comes to disciplinary action and dismissal. The UK has specific laws in place that protect employees from unfair or unjustified dismissal. For example, employers are not allowed to discriminate against an employee based on their race, gender, age or disability, for example. ### Can I be sacked without a written warning? – Next steps Terminating an employee’s contract without a written warning may seem alarming, but UK employers are legally allowed to do so in some cases. This can become complicated if employers don’t follow certain procedures, leading to unfair dismissal claims. An employment solicitor can help you know your rights as an employer or employee depending on the situation. If you would like to learn more about this issue, [contact our experienced employment solicitors](/) for a confidential chat. No matter your query, [our team of specialists](/our-team/) are here to help advise you on the best way forward. We can help you navigate employment termination without a written warning – within UK law guidelines. --- ## Is an English Will Valid in Wales: Rules Around English Wills URL: https://robsols.co.uk/insights/english-wills-valid/ Published: 2022-01-10 Updated: 2026-07-19 Author: In South Wales, like anywhere, protecting your property and your money for the generations to follow is important for those that can, and want to make sure their family is cared for. The laws surrounding Wills can sometimes be difficult to unravel and hiring a professional is the best way to ensure your wishes are carried out. If you’re living in Wales and need advice on law and other situations surrounding issues relating to Wills, then you might be wondering if an English Will is valid in Wales. In our helpful article, we’ll cover everything you need to know on this topic. Let’s start with the takeaway answer first, then we’ll head into more details. **The Wills Act 1837 governs all Wills in England and Wales. So there are no requirements for those living in Wales to review their Will if you move to England. If you move to Scotland you are advised to do so, especially if you have remarried or have children from a former marriage. Generally, Irish wills are also recognised.** Here’s a quick summary table concerning the validity of English Wills in Wales, and other areas of Great Britain. **Region** **Validity of English Wills** **Action Required** Wales Yes, entirely valid Process as normal Scotland Mostly, with some exceptions Obtain Solicitors Advice Northern Ireland Yes, with a few exceptions Obtain Solicitors Advice So with the short answer in mind, so you can more easily understand whether an English Will is valid in Wales, let’s first cover the meaning of ‘England and Wales’ in terms of the law. #### In Wills, what do England and Wales mean? English law is a constitutional single legal system that precedes the former ‘Kingdom of England’. The Kingdom of England was a sovereign state from 12 July 927 until it united with Scotland in May 1707 and became The Kingdom of Great Britain. **It is more easily explained as a legal jurisdiction governing two out of the four countries in the United Kingdom.** **England and Wales – a single unit** England and Wales are treated as a single unit for some purposes, and most laws applying to England also apply to Wales. However, Parliament does also pass laws specific to Wales and vice versa – which is a much rarer occurrence now than during the first half of the 20th Century. ***“Most laws applying to England also apply to Wales”*** **National Assembly of Wales** In 1999 an act was passed that means Wales *does* have a certain amount of self-governance. Although, in reference to Wills, both countries are treated as a single entity. This law was expanded by the Government of Wales Act 2006, which meant that Wales was able to pass its own laws. #### Which law governs Wills in England and Wales? As we saw in the short answer – because the Wills Act 1837 refers to England and Wales, a Will made in England is valid if you reside in Wales. This law has stood for over 200 years, and previous to this, there were individual laws that governed the following areas of the U.K: - York - Wales - City of London Acts that were passed between 1693 and 1726 changed this law …or what’s referred to in legal terms as ‘the right of bequest’. One of the chief consequences of this act was to provide protection to those who might be vulnerable to their decisions being influenced.  A law was passed regarding how a person’s land, property, money and other assets should be divided up and distributed. ***“A will made in England is valid if you reside in Wales.”*** #### Will signatures should be witnessed by two people This Act meant that all Wills valid in England and Wales need to be in writing and signed by the person making the Will, (known in legal terms as the testator) and also witnessed by two people. However, the laws in Scotland differ slightly and it does have its own law which states that only 1 person needs to witness the will signature. #### What makes a Will valid in Wales? If the Wills Act 1837 is not abided by, it could be that a Will written in England or Wales is invalid. For any Will in England or Wales to be lawful and valid, it must be signed, dated and witnessed. The number of people to witness the signing varies according to whether the will is produced in England and Wales, or Scotland. *“For any will in England or Wales to be lawful and valid, it must be signed, dated and witnessed.”* #### Original wills in Wales For those interested in family history or for other reasons, it’s worth knowing that many original Wills have survived. Depending on which court they were probated. ‘Probated’ simply means the validity of the Will was established. Original Wills in Wales have survived from 1565, but a group of courts known as the Principal Probate Registry replaced the Welsh Ecclesiastical Church probate courts on 11 January 1858. There were seven of these Church courts where the ministers of some parishes were given the right to ‘prove’  their parishioners’ Wills if they had land and property within the parish. This was referred to as ‘peculiar jurisdiction’. Anyone wishing to find a Will from before 1858 can search [here](https://www.library.wales/discover/library-resources/wills) at the Library of Wales.  The courts have a continuous run of Wills from that time until 1858 when ecclesiastical probate courts were abolished. From this point on, all Wills in England and Wales were then ‘probated’ or validated at district courts or alternatively at a central court in London called the Principal Registry. This is a register of Wills – that hold original copies of each Will. ***“Original Wills in Wales have survived from 1565,* *depending on the court where they were probated.”*** #### What is the principal probate registry? Probate registries are where all probate records concerning Wills are ultimately stored. Presided over by HM courts, it’s where all the legal documents are issued and authority given to those who are dealing with the estate of someone who has died. However, it’s not compulsory for Wills to be *on* the register, but some of them are kept safely stored for solicitors and other legal professionals to access. **If you’re dealing with the Will of a loved one yourself, you might need to visit the private registry.** If you’re using experienced solicitors who are experts in probates, wills and trusts, this process can and will be taken care of for you. #### What happens if I don’t have a Will? Sorting out an estate when there isn’t a Will can sometimes take a little longer but here at Robertsons Solicitors, we can [make this process more straightforward](/personal/probate-wills-trusts/) than if you tried to tackle it alone. #### Using a solicitor or probate specialist Making sure any properties, land, money or other assets are split fairly can be tricky if a loved one has died without first making a Will. It could also be difficult to unravel family relationships which under intestacy rules, could make the estate difficult to distribute. For anyone living in Wales, in this situation, our probate services help keep things simple, whether we have been appointed Executors or whether we are acting for the next of kin for the person who has died. The best probate solicitors in Wales will be able to provide not only advice but also reassurance that all legalities have been met and dealt with on your behalf. They will ensure the best possible outcome for you and other beneficiaries. #### And finally… We pride ourselves on giving our clients immediate support and wise advice in all aspects of Wills and probate. We are fully registered with Certainty – the National Will register. So [get in touch](/personal/probate-wills-trusts/) with our specialists to discuss any questions you have surrounding Wills, Probate and Powers of Attorney. --- ## How Do You Annul a Marriage: How Is It Different from Divorce? URL: https://robsols.co.uk/insights/how-do-you-annul-a-marriage/ Published: 2021-04-29 Updated: 2026-07-19 Author: Although uncommon, there are still numbers of Court applications to annul a marriage.  Many people don’t understand or recognise a difference between the annulment of a marriage and divorce – but they are very different. #### What is the difference between annulment and divorce? A divorce brings a marriage to an end, but an annulment is a declaration from the court that the marriage was either not legally valid or has subsequently become legally invalid.  In its basic terms, when the court grants an annulment, the marriage in effect, never took place. Although divorce can only be applied for after the first twelve months of marriage, an annulment can be applied for at any time.  However, the longer that parties wait to apply to annul a marriage, the greater chance that the court will ask for an explanation behind the delay. #### When can you annul a marriage? An annulment will only be granted if either you or your spouse lived in England or Wales for at least a year or had a permanent home in England and Wales for at least six months.  Furthermore, you can only annul a marriage if it is void or voidable. #### What is a void marriage?  If you were not legally married in the first place, then this is a void marriage.   Examples of this are that the couple is too closely related, one or both were already married or in a civil partnership or one or both were under 16. #### What is a voidable marriage? A voidable marriage meets the criteria in Section 12 of the Matrimonial Causes Act 1973.  This being:- (a) that the marriage has not been consummated owing to the incapacity of either party to consummate it; (b) that the marriage has not been consummated owing to the wilful refusal of the respondent to consummate it; (c) that either party to the marriage did not validly consent to it, whether in consequence of duress, mistake, unsoundness of mind or otherwise; (d) that at the time of the marriage either party, though capable of giving valid consent, was suffering (whether continuously or intermittently) from mental disorder within the meaning of the Mental Health Act 1983of such a kind or to such an extent as to be unfitted for marriage; (e) that at the time of the marriage the respondent was suffering from venereal disease in a communicable form; (f) that at the time of the marriage the respondent was pregnant by some person other than the petitioner. (g) that an interim gender recognition certificate under the Gender Recognition Act 2004 has, after the time of the marriage, been issued to either party to the marriage; (h) that the respondent is a person whose gender at the time of the marriage had become the acquired gender under the Gender Recognition Act 2004. #### How do I apply for an annulment? The process is much the same as applying for a divorce.  The marriage will continue until the Court has issued a decree of nullity. An application is made to the Court setting out the reasons that the court should annul a marriage and a copy is then sent to the spouse.  The Court can deal with the application administratively unless the spouse defends the basis of the nullity application and ask the Court to not grant the decree.  For any information or advice with divorce, annulment and family matters, please contact our Family Law team via [law@robsols.co.uk](mailto:law@robsols.co.uk) --- ## Should you buy a flat with a short lease? The 80-year trap explained URL: https://robsols.co.uk/insights/short-lease-buying-guide/ Published: 2026-06-26 Updated: 2026-07-19 Author: A flat’s lease length is one of the biggest things buyers overlook, and one of the most expensive to get wrong. Whether you should buy a flat with a short lease depends on the exact number of years left, whether the cost of extending has been reflected in the price, and your plans for the property. Below 80 years, the sums change sharply, and the reforms meant to fix that have stalled. Here is what a short lease really means before you commit. ## Should you buy a flat with a short lease? It can still be a sound purchase, but only with your eyes open. A lease comfortably above 90 years is rarely a concern. Between 80 and 90 years, you should be planning to extend before it becomes urgent. Below 80 years, the cost of extending rises steeply, lenders become reluctant, and the pool of future buyers shrinks. A short-lease flat is not automatically a bad buy, but the price needs to reflect the cost of putting the lease right, and you need to know that number before you exchange. ## Why 80 years is the number that matters The figure everyone fixates on is 80 years, and for good reason. Once a lease drops below 80 years, an extra cost called “marriage value” becomes payable to the freeholder when you extend. That single threshold can add thousands to the cost of an extension. One detail catches people out: marriage value does not wait until 80 years exactly. It applies the moment the lease falls below 80, in practice, at 79 years and 364 days. If your lease is hovering just above the line, the timing of an extension is genuinely urgent, not something to leave until next year. ## What is marriage value, in plain terms? When you extend a short lease, the flat becomes more valuable, a flat with a long lease is worth more than the same flat with a short one. That uplift in value is the “marriage value”. Under the current rules, if your lease is below 80 years, you must hand half of that uplift to the freeholder as part of the extension premium. Above 80 years, no marriage value is payable, which is why extending *before* the lease drops below 80 is almost always far cheaper than waiting until after. ## The lender problem: short leases and mortgages Mortgage lenders care about lease length because the property is their security. Most require a minimum term remaining, commonly 70 to 85 years at the end of the mortgage, and many will not lend at all below 70 years. The practical effects are twofold. First, a short lease can make a flat difficult for you to buy with a mortgage now. Second, and just as important, it will narrow the field of buyers who can purchase from you when you come to sell. A flat you can only sell to cash buyers is a flat that sells slowly and for less. ![Lease-length scale showing risk zones, comfortable above 90 years, plan to extend at 80-90, marriage value and steep costs below 80, and lender difficulty below 70.](https://robsols.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/short-lease-80-year-scale.svg) ## “Should I wait for leasehold reform?”, the honest 2026 answer This is the question behind almost every short-lease dilemma, and the honest answer as of mid-2026 is that waiting is now a real gamble. The Leasehold and Freehold Reform Act 2024 promised to abolish marriage value, introduce 990-year extensions, and cut the cost of extending. It received Royal Assent in May 2024, and when a group of freeholders challenged it, the High Court dismissed that challenge in October 2025. So far, so encouraging for leaseholders. But here is the catch: those headline changes are **still not in force**. They need detailed secondary legislation and valuation regulations that have not been made. In January 2026, the government published a separate draft Commonhold and Leasehold Reform Bill and signalled that it may not use the 2024 Act to deliver these changes after all. Realistically, the reforms leaseholders have been waiting for are unlikely to take effect before 2027 or 2028, and a further appeal by freeholders could push that back again. There are no guarantees they will arrive in their current form at all. What that means in practice: if your lease is near or below 80 years, every month you wait for reform makes a statutory extension more expensive under the rules that actually apply today. Waiting in the hope of a cheaper future is a bet on a timetable nobody can promise. ## What a lease extension actually costs and how it works Under the current statutory route, extending adds 90 years to your remaining lease and reduces the ground rent to a peppercorn (zero). The premium you pay the freeholder depends on the lease length, the ground rent, the property value, and, below 80 years, marriage value. The process starts with a formal notice to the freeholder and usually takes six to twelve months. The cost varies widely from flat to flat, so a professional valuation is essential before you commit. We explain the full process and what drives the premium on our [lease extensions](/conveyancing/lease-extensions) page. ## Buying a short-lease flat: how to protect yourself If you have found a flat you want despite a short lease, a few steps protect you: - Get a lease-extension valuation before you exchange, so you know the real cost of putting the lease right and can factor it into your offer. - Ask the seller to start the extension before completion. A seller who has owned the flat can serve the statutory notice and assign the benefit of it to you on completion, so you can complete the extension without waiting. This is a common and sensible arrangement. - Negotiate on price. If the lease is short, the cost of extending is effectively part of the purchase price, and a well-advised buyer reflects that in what they offer. - Check the ground rent terms, not just the lease length. An escalating ground rent can cause its own mortgage and resale problems. Our guide to [how long conveyancing takes](/insights/how-long-does-conveyancing-take) explains why leasehold purchases, in particular, can run longer than freehold ones. ## How we help Our [leasehold conveyancing](/conveyancing/leasehold-conveyancing) team acts for flat buyers and sellers across South Wales and the South West. We check the lease properly before you commit, explain in plain English what a short lease will cost you, and handle statutory extensions from start to finish. For independent guidance on the rules, the government-funded [Leasehold Advisory Service (LEASE)](https://www.lease-advice.org/) is an excellent free resource. To talk through a specific flat, request a callback and we will come back to you. *A note on figures: the fees and figures in this article are correct as at the date of publication shown on this article. Court fees, taxes and other charges change from time to time, so please check the current figures with the relevant official source before relying on them.* --- ## Do universities owe students a duty of care? URL: https://robsols.co.uk/insights/do-universities-owe-students-a-duty-of-care/ Published: 2024-02-26 Updated: 2026-07-19 Author: Following the tragic loss of several students, including Natasha Abrahart, there has been widespread discussion about the duty of care that universities owe to their students. But what exactly does the recent High Court judgement in Abrahart’s case mean? And what responsibilities do universities have towards vulnerable students? Our Education Law solicitor, [Rhys Palmer](https://www.linkedin.com/in/rhys-palmer-24ab98110/), takes a closer look at the recent rulings to shed light on these important questions. Abrahart judgement – 2022 As rightfully put by HHJ Ralton from the outset of their judgement: ***“This is a tragic case”*** Natasha Abrahart, a student at Bristol University, had chronic social anxiety. As part of her course, Natasha was required to make a presentation in front of a great number of students but sadly took her own life on the very same day. Despite the university being aware of Natasha’s mental health issues, the university required her to complete these oral assessments. Dr Abrahart, Natasha’s father, therefore brought the following claims with the Court: - The university had discriminated against Natasha under the Equality Act 2010 - The university breached its common law duty of care owed to Natasha The initial judgement confirmed that the university had contributed to Natasha’s death and that: - The claims for disability discrimination under the Equality Act 2010 were upheld - The claim for negligence was dismissed and no ‘common law’ duty of care was established. The Court therefore confirmed that the university contributed towards Natasha’s death as a result of disability discrimination. The University of Bristol then sought to appeal the decision. Feder & McCamish – 2023 Pending the upcoming Abrahart appeal, an unrelated university claim was issued by Sydney Feder and Alyce McCamish, students at the Royal Welsh College of Music and Drama (RWCMD). The Claimants reported incidents of sexual misconduct to staff at the RWCMD and issued a claim on the basis that the university had failed to sufficiently investigate the allegations and protect both students (a breach of their common law duty of care). The judge confirmed that the RWCMD had breached their duty of care towards the students, therefore establishing a common law duty of care: *“to take reasonable care by taking reasonable, protective, supportive and investigatory and, when appropriate, disciplinary action steps and in associated communications”.* No doubt there were many out there thinking that the judgement in *Feder* would bolster the counter-claim that was brought by Dr Abrahart in the upcoming appeal to establish a landmark common law duty of care. Abrahart – 2024 The [University of Bristol](https://www.bristol.ac.uk/) brought an appeal challenging the decision made in 2022 and claimed that they did not owe a duty to make reasonable adjustments on the basis that the oral assessment was a ‘competency standard’ and that the university had acted reasonably. Mr Justice Linden rejected the university’s appeal. Natasha’s parents brought a cross-appeal asking Mr Justice Linden to reconsider the judgement made on the common law duty of care as it was not compatible with the aforementioned *Feder* judgement. However, Mr Justice Linden did not express a final view of the issue of negligence as he did not feel it necessary given that the claims for discrimination under the Equality Act 2010 were successful. Natasha’s parents now hope that the recent judgement will encourage politicians to implement a common law duty of care owed by universities to students. We should not lose sight of the fact that countless students have lost their lives. **Vulnerable students should be supported.** *The contents of this blog are accurate as of 26.02.2024 and do not constitute legal advice.* --- ## Litigation vs Mediation: Difference, Cost, Process, Benefits URL: https://robsols.co.uk/insights/litigation-vs-mediation/ Published: 2022-08-26 Updated: 2026-07-19 Author: When it comes to disagreements, it can be difficult to know which is the best way of reaching a successful conclusion. As expert lawyers in Cardiff and the Barry area of South Wales, we will guide you through litigation vs mediation and discover some of the key differences, costs, processes, and benefits. In general, many of us understand that litigation is a way of resolving disputes during the court process, but what is mediation? Read on to find out more so you can more easily decide on the best course of action. #### What is mediation?  Mediation is [one of the options in choosing an alternative method of dispute resolution](/types-of-alternative-dispute-resolution/) known as an ADR. In its simplest form mediation involves an impartial and independent third party who will settle disagreements between people and organisations. It is confidential and flexible and can assist both parties to negotiate, and allows them to talk through any problems they have in reaching an agreement. The aim of the mediation process is to reach a mutually beneficial solution. ***“mediation involves an impartial and independent third party who* *will settle disagreements between people and organisations”.*** #### Litigation vs Mediation – Process - More control: Unlike the court process used in litigation, mediation allows you to decide how the resolution should be achieved. In litigation, a court makes the final decision but during mediation, you have more control. Mediation allows you to stay in control and not accept outcomes you aren’t happy with. - Usually quicker: In general mediation has quicker outcomes than what can be a lengthy litigation process. Court backlogs and processes can mean the litigation process can take considerable time to reach a conclusion. Some mediation can be completed within a day. - Mediation provides a safe environment: During the mediation process, the mediator will talk to both parties privately and gather information based on listening to the views of both sides. They may sometimes talk to you both together and help safely guide you through the process. - Confidential: In contrast to court proceedings and the litigation process, mediation is 100% private. When solving disputes using litigation or will be a public process.  It’s important to understand when comparing litigation and mediation that anyone can access the records of a court case. - Mediation supports relationships: When solving disputes through litigation means there can be pressure added to the relationships of the two parties in disagreement. By choosing the mediation process you can communicate together in order to find the best solution for everyone. #### When can you use mediation? There are a number of situations where mediation might be suitable to come to an agreement. In general, they are used to resolve workplace disagreements such as conduct, dismissal or pay-related disputes. Here are a few situations where you might decide to use mediation to solve workplace grievances. - Personality problems between colleagues - Breakdown of relationships - Pay disputes - Bullying or harassment Let’s find out a little more about what litigation is so we can more easily compare it to the mediation process. #### What is litigation? The process of taking a dispute to court is known as litigation. A court case can take a long time to prepare, with a number of steps to be gone through before the actual hearing. Litigation can be used for a wide range of disputes, including commercial disputes, employment issues and family law matters. There is a range of different courts and tribunals, depending on the nature of the case to be heard as well as the value of your claim. #### Types of litigation Litigation can be civil or criminal. Civil litigation covers a full range of legal disputes, including the following: - Family law - Divorce - Inheritance claims - Recovery of debts - Personal injury and negligence claims - Breach of contract - Commercial and employment disagreements - Disputes between landlords and tenants There are various advantages of litigation. To find out more, head over to our other article on this subject, [Advantages And Disadvantages Of Litigation: A Quick Guide](/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-litigation-a-quick-guide/). So you can more easily make a decision about whether mediation or litigation is right for you, let’s now put them head to head on some other important aspects of solving disagreements. #### Cooperation When using the court processes the other party must turn up for hearings, submit documents and operate fully to present their version of events. If they fail to attend court you can request a default judgment. Furthermore, if they refuse to present a document they can be subpoenaed. During litigation, the court will ensure that the other party has to cooperate. #### Precedent One of the advantages of litigation vs mediation is any previous cases can be used to set a precedent for your own. The court will investigate how your type of dispute has been handled in the past and it may help build your case and contribute to the result. In mediation, the result is agreed on a case-by-case basis. #### Evidence When comparing litigation to mediation, litigation can be advantageous when it comes to providing evidence. During litigation, all relevant evidence should be put forward. If one party insists they don’t have a certain piece of evidence or document then the right of disclosure during the litigation process comes into play. This ensures all crucial evidence can be accessed. #### Litigation vs Mediation Cost Cost may be a consideration when deciding between litigation and mediation. Let’s compare both for potential cost implications. **Mediation** The general costs of mediation are worked in most cases on a daily tariff. A starting point for commercial mediation can be around £2,000 a day. This may be cheaper than litigation if the resolution can be reached within that day’s time frame. Although it’s worth understanding that if there are significant sums of money in dispute then often the costs will be in proportion to that value. You may also be charged for the time of any legal representation too, in addition to your share of the mediation costs. Fees are usually paid in advance and if the mediator is VAT registered, this will also be included, but it can be recovered if your company is also VAT registered. If your disagreement refers to a claim for money under £10,000, you may be able to use the Government’s free [Small Claims Mediation Service](https://www.gov.uk/guidance/small-claims-mediation-service). For landlords or tenants in a housing possession dispute, you might be able to use the Government’s free [Rental Mediation Service](https://www.gov.uk/guidance/rental-mediation-service). **Litigation** In contrast to mediation, some trials can mean extra costs if there is a large amount of preparation involved. When issuing an online claim in a monetary dispute here is a breakdown of court costs. **NOTE: The costs and figures shown below are estimated at the time of writing. Court costs and associated costs may vary. To get a more accurate figure, **[**contact us here**](/contact/)**.** **Claim amount** **Approximate Cost** Up to £526 £35 £526 to £5000 £50 – £205 £5000 to £10,000 £455 £10,000 to £200,000 5% of claimed value Greater than £200,000 Cost capped at £10,000 Litigation also involves additional costs that depend on other factors including your legal representation fees. However, some are exempt from the costs. It’s worth knowing too that further court costs may arise and it can be difficult to determine the exact costs of the litigation process. #### And finally… Any type of dispute resolution can be draining emotionally and time-consuming, but with our years of experience and expertise, our skilled lawyers in the Cardiff and Barry area of Wales can help guide you through the process. For more information on Litigation covering personal injury at work, medical negligence or all aspects of commercial litigation, [get in touch](/contact/) for a confidential and completely free of charge consultation with our friendly and professional team. --- ## Can an Executor Withhold Money From a Beneficiary? What Can be Done? URL: https://robsols.co.uk/insights/can-an-executor-withhold-money-from-a-beneficiary/ Published: 2023-01-12 Updated: 2026-07-19 Author: You might be looking to understand if an executor of an estate can withhold funds from beneficiaries in the UK. Or, if an executor can withhold money from a beneficiary. This is a complicated question that depends on a variety of factors. As experts in Wills, trusts and probate here at [Robertsons Solicitors](/personal/probate-wills-trusts/) in Cardiff, we’ll explore how executors are expected to handle payments and distribution of assets when settling estates under UK law. Also, the options available for when a situation arises – where money *needs* to be withheld from a beneficiary. **Executors could withhold money under some circumstances. These include if assets must be kept in trust for an inheritance, if there is a dispute between creditors and beneficiaries, or if the executor cannot locate a beneficiary.** Before distributing funds, an executor also has the authority to hold assets for a certain period of time for safekeeping. However, they cannot withhold assets for their own benefit. If in rare situations the fees of an executor exceed the value of the estate, they will need to take everything. You can always check the executors at the [probate registry](https://www.gov.uk/search-will-probate). #### Can an executor withhold money from a beneficiary? An executor of a Will can be granted permission to withhold money from a beneficiary for a variety of reasons. This authority is called ‘reserving’, and the executor reserves funds from their estate if they feel it is necessary. Reasons for this might include repaying debt or liabilities left by the deceased, waiting until other beneficiaries come of age, or covering potential inheritance tax payments. If an executor fails to reserve funds appropriately they may take on personal legal or financial liability. So ultimately, although an executor can withhold money under certain circumstances, it should not be done without carefully considering the consequences of their actions. They may also need to provide official documentation such as court orders and legal advice in order to justify their decisions. In some cases, it is possible for an executor to make payments out of their own pocket if they believe it would be fairer than following the [instructions outlined in the will or trust](/what-makes-a-will-legal/). However, this should only be done with extreme caution and after [consulting with legal experts](/contact/) as it can lead to issues down the line. It is important to note that an executor can face legal challenges if they decide to withhold money from a beneficiary in the UK. Therefore, it is essential for executors to understand the potential consequences of their actions before making any decisions. #### When might an executor withhold money from a beneficiary? With a better understanding now of the executor and beneficiaries, let’s find out more about the circumstances where an executor may hold back money from a beneficiary. **All the deceased debts need to be paid** For an executor, the priority when managing a deceased person’s estate is to ensure all debts are paid and all assets are managed carefully. In some cases, they may need to hold back payment from a beneficiary until they are confident that all outstanding liabilities have been accounted for. This could be due to the unpaid debt owed by the deceased, insurance decisions where more information is needed, or certain items/funds not being released until further documents are supplied. It’s important for executors to have a transparent communication process with their clients so everyone involved knows what’s happening and can understand why any potential delays in payments may occur. **If money is held in trust** An executor may need to hold back payment from a beneficiary if the assets must be kept in trust for the inheritance. For instance, if you are leaving an inheritance to [someone who is too young](/can-a-child-under-18-inherit-heres-how-it-works-a-guide/) to receive it or if that person needs special protection, the executor can keep those funds safe until they become available or needed. **Disputes between creditors and beneficiaries** If there is a dispute between beneficiaries and/or creditors of the estate, the executor can keep the assets safe while it’s settled. When holding back these payments, it’s essential for executors to be aware of their obligations so that they are fair to all involved and do not make themselves liable. **If Executors can’t locate a beneficiary** If they can’t locate or contact a beneficiary to make payment then monies to a beneficiary will be withheld. In these cases, executors should reach out to legal counsel for help before making any decisions about holding back payments. #### Challenges an executor may face when withholding money from a beneficiary As an executor, you may face some challenges when dealing with this situation. For example, when deciding to withhold money from a beneficiary, the executor must consider the legal implications of their decision and be certain that the beneficiary’s rights will not be violated. If there is a disagreement between an executor and a beneficiary over the distribution of funds, it may be necessary to seek guidance from a probate lawyer or other professional. In addition, if an executor determines that they need to withhold money from a particular beneficiary, then they must also provide justification as to why they are doing so. #### What options are available? The options available depend on the specific situation; however, possible steps include setting up trust accounts for minor beneficiaries or placing restrictions on how the beneficiary can spend their inheritance. Additionally, executors may be able to withhold funds if there is a legitimate reason that it is in the best interests of the estate and its beneficiaries. One of the most common is to set aside the withheld funds in a separate account until all outstanding debts have been paid off and any tax liabilities have been taken care of. The Executor can then distribute the remaining balance amongst the beneficiaries according to the terms of the Will. Alternatively, if there are disputes between beneficiaries, or if it’s necessary to delay disbursement for some other reason, an Executor may choose to freeze assets and/or [set up a trust fund](/setting-up-an-inheritance-trust-fund/) which will hold funds securely until any issues are resolved. Alternatively, they may seek advice from professionals such as lawyers who can provide guidance on how best to proceed in difficult situations. Finally, executors should also consider mediating with beneficiaries if possible in order to reach an amicable agreement about the funds and avoid any legal issues. In short, executors should always weigh up the benefits and challenges of withholding money from a beneficiary in the UK before making any decisions. Seeking professional advice can be beneficial to ensure that they proceed with caution and protect their own interests while also upholding the wishes of the deceased. #### And finally… Ultimately, this situation can present challenging situations for all parties involved. It’s crucial for an executor to understand their rights and responsibilities when it comes to making decisions about distributing an estate’s assets, as well as ensuring that any decisions they make are fair and reasonable. Seeking professional guidance if needed can help ensure that any decision made is in line with the wishes of the deceased and protects everyone’s rights throughout the process. If you are an executor or a beneficiary who has concerns about any area of a deceased will in the Cardiff area of Wales, do [get in touch](/contact/) with one of our skilled team of experienced lawyers. --- ## How Do Trust Funds Payout in the UK? Types, How to Claim URL: https://robsols.co.uk/insights/how-do-trust-funds-payout/ Published: 2022-07-25 Updated: 2026-07-19 Author: Trust funds are an important tool for transferring and managing wealth in the UK. With some 149,000 trust funds in operation up to 2018 according to [reports](https://www.thegazette.co.uk/all-notices/content/103399#:~:text=Trusts%20and%20estates%20UK%20statistics%202017%2F2018&text=In%202017%2F18%2C%20there%20were,number%20was%20down%20to%20171%2C500.). As such, trust funds can be used to provide financial support to children, grandchildren and other beneficiaries in a variety of ways, including through regular payments or distributions upon specific events. But how do trust funds pay out the assets or income? As solicitors with decades of experience concerning Wills and Trusts in South Wales, how a trust fund pays out is what we’re going to outline in this article. The law regarding trust funds [and Wills](/english-wills-valid/) is the same for England *and* Wales. **Of the two main types, a bare/absolute trust pays out upon request to the trustees, provided the beneficiary is over 18. If all provisions are satisfied it should be granted. A discretionary trust relies wholly on the discretion of the trustees, acting in the best interests of the beneficiaries.** Sounds simple, but there are nuances to take into account with this. #### Trust funds payout according to how they were set up In general, trust funds payout …or distribute assets and/or income according to the terms specified by their creator. The creator refers to the person who originally set up and funded the trust. For information on setting up a trust fund refer to our **[previous article for a quick lesson on the steps to set one up](/setting-up-an-inheritance-trust-fund/)** and where we answer common questions. If you are to be the trustee, and the beneficiary is under 18, then [read our article](/can-a-child-under-18-inherit-heres-how-it-works-a-guide/) focusing on this area – which also helps if the trust is to be secret. #### How do trust funds payout? The terms of a trust fund will be laid out in the trust deed, and they can either be very specific or relatively general. Let’s just recap on what a trust deed is. #### What is a trust deed? Also known as a Declaration of Trust in the UK, a Deed of Trust is a legal and binding document sets out how ownership of a property or asset is divided. It is often utilised by *‘tenants in common.’* In which different parties have paid different amounts into a property purchase. **So how do trust funds payout? …** **For example –** *A trust might specify that assets are to be used to provide an income for a beneficiary (or beneficiaries) until they reach the age of say 25, at which point the assets would then be distributed to them equally – or in some cases – unequally based again on set criteria and circumstances.* #### Who does a trust fund pays out to? Trust funds can also be set up to provide for a specific beneficiary, such as a grandchild. In this case, the trust fund would typically include provisions for how the assets are to be distributed. **For example –** *when the beneficiary reaches a certain age or graduates from University. Or if they experience some life event deemed significant by their grandparents.* The trust fund may provide for them to receive a lump sum payment at a given point in time, again based on criteria set out in the details of the terms. There are several different ways that trust funds can distribute payments to their beneficiaries – depending on which type of fund it is. Trust funds in the UK typically fall into one of two categories – a bare (or absolute) trust, or a discretionary trust. We’ll go into both, and how a beneficiary can claim assets or income from them. ***“There are several different ways that trust funds can distribute payments to their beneficiaries.”*** #### Bare trust A bare trust is a type of trust fund that provides for the immediate and automatic payout of assets or income to the beneficiary …upon reaching a certain age or condition, such as the age of 18, or graduation from university. How do you claim from a bare trust fund? #### How a beneficiary claims from a bare trust In the vast majority of cases, the beneficiary, upon meeting any criteria can simply make a written request to the trustee, which will typically involve completing and submitting a form. The trustee will then pay out the money as soon as possible, usually within 28 days. Provided all or any criteria have been met, the trustee is obligated to transfer over the money or assets to the beneficiary. If the trustee refuses, the beneficiary can take the matter to court. #### Discretionary trust A discretionary trust gives the trustees more power over how and when money is paid out, as well as who gets what. This type of trust is often used by people who want to make sure their money goes to certain people, under specific conditions or times. Ultimately, the trustee has discretion over when and how to pay out assets or income to beneficiaries. This means that, unlike with a fixed trust, the trustee can decide not to pay out anything at all if they don’t think it’s in the best interests of the beneficiaries. However, the trustee must always be seen to be acting in good faith when making decisions, with the beneficiary’s best interests in mind. However, beneficiaries do have the right to request status and information about the trust’s investments and finances in the form of limited documentation. ***“the trustee has discretion over when and how to pay out assets or income.”*** #### How a beneficiary claims from a discretionary trust For the most part, the beneficiary has no automatic right to *any* of the funds or assets managed by the trustee in a discretionary trust. **Essentially, the beneficiary has the right to ask for funds but does not have automatic rights to receive them.** They may first need to meet any, and all criteria (if any) laid out in terms of entitlement. And/or hope that the trustee agrees that handing over assets or income is in the best interests of the beneficiary. As part of the decision process, the trustees may request additional information regarding the reasons behind the request. This request is made solely to satisfy any provisions of how and when the money is to be used. The reasons are then set against the criteria that may need to be met – as per the trust deeds. The trustees must legally consider any request made from a beneficiary, and must all agree on either acceptance or refusal. In the event of a refusal, trustees are not obliged to give reasons for the decision. They should, however, record the decision, as well as maintain proper trust accounts. ***“The trustees must legally consider any request made from a beneficiary”*** #### Trustee decisions can be challenged If it can be demonstrated that the trustees have not exercised proper discretion or acted in the interests of the beneficiary, or acted impartially. Then the beneficiary (upon official refusal) may be in a position to initiate a claim to have one or more trustees removed from the position. **For example –*** If it can be shown that the trustee(s) have not taken account of important elements of the request, or did not act impartially. Perhaps if they have some conflict of interest or personal grievance against the beneficiary.* #### Complexities in trust funds Trusts sound simple, and for the most part, they are and run relatively smoothly. But on occasion, they can be complicated. This can arise when beneficiaries are unaware of exactly what they’re entitled to. Or on occasions when there are personal conflicts between the beneficiary and the trustee(s). This is why, when a trust fund is set up, it’s crucial to select those that have a sensible approach, and can remain impartial and act for the benefit of the eventual recipient. #### How do trust funds payout in the UK? – Next steps You probably arrived here either because you’re wondering what type of fund to set up, considering trustees for a fund, or are the beneficiary and need to understand how to claim. Whichever party you are, we can provide you with the information required to understand your rights concerning the law for trust funds, and if and how you can make a claim or understand your legal status. So [contact us today](/contact/), and speak to our dedicated team who work with trust funds daily, we can help. --- ## Rent Smart Wales: what landlords and tenants need to know URL: https://robsols.co.uk/insights/rent-smart-wales/ Published: 2026-04-09 Updated: 2026-07-15 Author: Rent Smart Wales is the compulsory registration and licensing scheme for private landlords in Wales. If you let out a home in Wales, you must register with it, and if you manage the property yourself, you also need a licence. For tenants, it is a way to check that a landlord is operating lawfully, and it gives you real protection if they are not. Here is how the scheme works for both sides, and why it matters more than the modest fees might suggest. ## What is Rent Smart Wales? Rent Smart Wales was set up under the Housing (Wales) Act 2014, with enforcement beginning in 2016. Its purpose is to raise standards in the private rented sector by making sure landlords and agents understand their legal responsibilities. It is run centrally for the whole of Wales, administered by Cardiff Council. The scheme has two separate requirements that are often confused: registration and licensing. It also maintains a public register, so that anyone, including a prospective or current tenant, can check whether a particular landlord or agent is registered and licensed. ## Do I need to register, or register and get a licence? This is the distinction that trips people up, because registration and licensing are not the same thing. Every landlord with a rental property in Wales must **register** themselves and the property. You have to do this yourself, you cannot ask an agent to register on your behalf. Separately, if you carry out the letting or management work yourself, viewings, setting up contracts, choosing tenants, collecting rent, arranging repairs, you must also hold a **licence**. Getting one means completing approved training and being assessed as a “fit and proper person”. If, instead, you appoint a licensed letting agent to do all the letting and management, you do not need a licence yourself, but you still have to register and declare your agent. In short: everyone registers; only self-managing landlords need a licence. ## Who has to register, and who’s exempt? The requirement applies to anyone letting a home in Wales on an occupation contract, however many properties they have, even a single one. Where the landlord lives makes no difference; what matters is that the property is in Wales. So a landlord living in Bristol or London who lets a flat in Cardiff must still register with Rent Smart Wales. If you take on a new rental property, you generally need to register it within 28 days. Not everything is caught by the scheme. Holiday lets, commercial and agricultural lettings, resident landlords who simply share with a lodger, university-managed student accommodation, and social landlords all fall outside it. If you are not sure whether you are exempt, it is worth checking rather than assuming. ## What does it cost, and how long does it last? The fees are modest. Registering online costs £62, covers the landlord whatever number of Welsh properties they hold, and lasts five years. A self-managing landlord’s licence costs more, currently £254 online, plus the cost of the required training, and it also lasts five years. Fees are reviewed from time to time, so check the [Rent Smart Wales website](https://www.rentsmart.gov.wales) for the current figures before you apply. ## What happens if a landlord isn’t registered or licensed? This is where the scheme has real teeth, and where those modest fees can be misleading. Failing to comply is a criminal offence, and the consequences go well beyond a one-off penalty. Local authorities enforce the rules, and a non-compliant landlord can face a fixed penalty notice; prosecution and an unlimited fine; a rent stopping order, made by the Residential Property Tribunal Wales, which stops rent being payable for a period (with the tenant treated as having paid it); and a rent repayment order, under which the landlord can be ordered to repay up to 12 months’ rent. The single most important consequence, though, is this: a landlord who is not registered and licensed, or who is not using a licensed agent, cannot serve a valid Section 173 notice, the “no-fault” notice used to end an occupation contract. In practice, that means an unregistered landlord cannot seek a no-fault eviction until they put their compliance right. For landlords, that is a powerful reason to register; for tenants, it is a significant protection. ## I’m a tenant, how do I check, and what are my rights? You can check your landlord, and any agent, on the free public register on the [Rent Smart Wales website](https://www.rentsmart.gov.wales), searching by the property address or the landlord’s name. It takes only a moment and shows whether they are registered and licensed. If your landlord is not registered or licensed, you have options. You can report them to Rent Smart Wales or your local council, which can take enforcement action. You may be able to apply for a rent repayment order to recover rent you have paid during a period of non-compliance. And, as above, a non-compliant landlord cannot use a no-fault Section 173 notice to evict you, so their failure to comply can directly affect their ability to remove you. Non-compliance often sits alongside other problems, such as a deposit that was never properly protected, which carry their own remedies. ## How this fits with the Renting Homes (Wales) Act 2016 Rent Smart Wales does not stand alone. Since 1 December 2022, the Renting Homes (Wales) Act 2016 has reshaped renting in Wales: tenancies became “occupation contracts”, tenants became “contract-holders”, and the old no-fault notice was replaced by the Section 173 notice, which now requires six months’ notice and cannot be used in the first six months of a contract. Rent Smart Wales registration and licensing is one of the conditions a landlord must meet before they can rely on a Section 173 notice at all, so the two regimes work together and a landlord must comply with both. Our overview of the [Renting Homes (Wales) Act 2016](/insights/renting-homes-wales-act-2016) explains the wider changes; and if you are buying a property to let in Wales, our guide to [Land Transaction Tax](/insights/land-transaction-tax-wales) covers the higher rates that apply. ## How we help Our [landlord and tenant team](/disputes/landlord-tenant-disputes) advises both landlords and contract-holders across South Wales and the South West. For landlords, that includes getting compliance right and handling possession properly; for tenants, it includes acting where a landlord is not registered, a deposit is unprotected, or an eviction has not followed the rules. To talk through your situation, request a callback and we will come back to you. *A note on figures: the fees and figures in this article are correct as at the date of publication shown on this article. Court fees, taxes and other charges change from time to time, so please check the current figures with the relevant official source before relying on them.* --- ## Do I need probate? URL: https://robsols.co.uk/insights/do-i-need-probate/ Published: 2026-05-13 Updated: 2026-07-15 Author: Whether you need probate depends on what the person owned and how they owned it, not on a single rule. You won’t need a grant if everything passed automatically to a surviving joint owner, or if the estate is small enough that the banks and other organisations involved release funds on sight of a death certificate. A grant is usually required where there is property in the deceased’s sole name, or substantial savings held in their name alone. This guide explains when probate is and isn’t needed in England and Wales, why banks give different answers, and one point that catches many families out: having money released is not the same as being free to spend or share it. ## What is probate, in plain terms? Probate is the legal authority to deal with someone’s estate after they die. Where there’s a will, the document is called a Grant of Probate. Where there’s no will, it’s a Grant of Letters of Administration, and the rules decide who can apply. Either way, it’s often referred to simply as “the grant”. The grant proves you have the right to collect in the deceased’s assets, pay their debts, and pass on what’s left. Some organisations won’t release anything without seeing it. Others will, if the amounts are modest. ## When is probate not needed? Probate often isn’t required where assets passed automatically to someone else on death. The common examples are: - Jointly owned property held as “joint tenants”, it passes to the surviving owner by survivorship, outside the estate. - Joint bank or building society accounts, the balance usually transfers to the surviving account holder on production of the death certificate. - Small estates, where the only assets are modest bank balances, each institution may release them without a grant. If everything the person owned falls into these categories, you may be able to settle the estate without applying for probate at all. ## Do I need probate to release money from a bank? It depends on the bank, and there is no single national threshold. Each institution sets its own limit for releasing funds without a grant, often somewhere between £5,000 and £50,000, though it varies widely. Below that limit, most banks release the balance once you provide the death certificate and complete their bereavement form. Above it, they’ll ask to see the grant first. This is why families get different answers from different providers for the same estate. One bank releases £8,000 on a death certificate; another insists on the grant for a similar sum. The figure isn’t set by law, it’s the bank’s own policy. The only reliable way to know is to notify each organisation of the death and ask what they require. ## Probate: usually needed, or usually not? Usually needs a grant Usually doesn’t Property or land in the deceased’s sole name A home owned as joint tenants, passing to the survivor Property held as “tenants in common” A joint bank account passing to the survivor Larger bank or building society balances (above the provider’s threshold) Small bank balances below the provider’s threshold Stocks and shares held individually Assets with a valid nominated beneficiary (some pensions, life policies) Use this as a guide, not a guarantee, the right answer turns on the specific assets and how each one was held. ## What if there’s no will? If the person didn’t leave a will, they died “intestate”, and the rules of intestacy decide who inherits and in what order. Instead of a Grant of Probate, the next entitled person, usually a spouse, civil partner or child, applies for Letters of Administration. The job is the same; only the name of the grant and the rules on who can apply differ. You can check who inherits under the [GOV.UK intestacy rules](https://www.gov.uk/inherits-someone-dies-without-will). ## Funds released isn’t the same as free to distribute This is the point that catches families out. When a bank releases money on a death certificate, it feels like the matter is closed and the money is yours to share among the family. It usually isn’t, at least not yet. Whoever administers the estate has to pay the deceased’s debts, funeral costs and any tax before distributing what remains. If you share out the money early and a debt, a care-home bill or an unexpected tax liability surfaces afterwards, the person who distributed the estate can be held personally responsible for putting it right. That risk doesn’t disappear just because a bank handed the funds over. The safe approach is to gather everything in, settle what’s owed, and only then distribute. Holding funds for a sensible period before paying out beneficiaries protects you, not just the estate. [](https://robsols.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/do-i-need-probate-decision-tree.svg) ## Do I need a solicitor for probate? No, you’re never obliged to use one, and for a straightforward estate many people [apply themselves](https://www.gov.uk/applying-for-probate). The application fee is £526 for estates over £5,000 (and nothing for estates of £5,000 or less), with extra certified copies of the grant at £16 each. The grant itself usually arrives within around twelve weeks, though complex estates take longer. Using a solicitor tends to be worth it where the estate is larger, where inheritance tax is in play, where there’s property to sell, where the will is unclear, or where relationships between beneficiaries are strained. If you’d like to know what our help would cost for your situation, we set this out on our [probate pricing page](/wills-trusts-estates/probate/pricing), and you can read more about how we manage estates on our [probate and estate administration](/wills-trusts-estates/probate) page. **One quick note on Scotland.** This guide covers England and Wales. Scotland has a separate system called “confirmation”, which works differently, so if the estate is in Scotland, the rules here won’t apply. ## Not sure where your situation falls? If you’re dealing with an estate and aren’t sure whether you need to apply, our [someone has died](/tools/someone-has-died) guide walks you through the first practical steps, or we’re happy to talk it through and point you in the right direction. Request a callback and we’ll come back to you. *A note on figures: the fees and figures in this article are correct as at the date of publication shown on this article. Court fees, taxes and other charges change from time to time, so please check the current figures with the relevant official source before relying on them.* --- ## Buying a house with no building regulations: what it means URL: https://robsols.co.uk/insights/no-building-regs-certificate/ Published: 2026-07-01 Updated: 2026-07-15 Author: Finding out that a house you are buying has an extension, loft conversion or knocked-through wall with no building regulations certificate is one of the most common hold-ups in conveyancing, and one of the most misunderstood. It rarely means the sale is doomed. But two things buyers are often told, that the work is “too old to matter” and that indemnity insurance “sorts it”, are not quite true, and the rules in Wales changed on 1 July 2026. Here is what missing building regulations actually means for the [purchase](/conveyancing/buying-a-property), and what your options are. ## What does “no building regulations” actually mean? Building regulations are the standards that construction work has to meet, covering structural safety, fire safety, insulation, drainage and ventilation. When work is done properly, building control inspects it and, once satisfied, issues a completion certificate confirming it meets the standards. The document that usually turns out to be missing is that completion certificate: the final sign-off at the end of the job. Often the work was approved at the outset but never formally signed off at the end, the final inspection simply never happened, something the pandemic made far more common. So “no building regulations” usually does not mean the work was never looked at; it means there is no certificate proving the finished work was inspected and passed. GOV.UK explains the basics of [building regulations approval](https://www.gov.uk/building-regulations-approval). ## Building regulations vs planning permission: what’s the difference? This is the single biggest source of confusion, so it is worth being clear. Planning permission and building regulations are two completely separate approvals, from different departments, doing different jobs. Planning permission is about whether you are allowed to build something at all, its size, its appearance, and its effect on neighbours and the area. Building regulations are about whether what is built is safe and sound, structurally, and for fire, insulation and the rest. A property can easily have one without the other. So when a seller says “it has planning permission”, that tells you nothing about whether the building regulations were met. You can need both, and the two are checked and enforced separately. ## Is it really a problem if the work is old? The reassurance you will often hear is that the work was done years ago, so the council can no longer do anything about it. That used to have a kernel of truth, but it is now largely out of date. Historically, under section 36 of the Building Act 1984, the council had only 12 months from completion to require unauthorised work to be altered or removed. That 12-month window is where the “too old to matter” belief comes from. It has now changed. In England, the Building Safety Act 2022 extended the enforcement period to up to 10 years, with effect from October 2023. In Wales, equivalent provisions came into force on 1 July 2026, so the old 12-month limit no longer applies here either, and the council’s enforcement window is now much longer. There has also never been a time limit where work is dangerous: the authority can apply to the court for an injunction to deal with unsafe work at any time, however old it is. And in truth the enforcement window was always something of a red herring. The practical problems, a lender refusing to lend, a buildings insurance claim being turned down, or the work simply being unsafe, do not depend on whether the council can still act, and the same questions will come up again when you sell. “It’s old” is rarely the reassurance it sounds like. ## What indemnity insurance does, and doesn’t, do Indemnity insurance is the quick, cheap fix that tends to get offered, and it is widely misunderstood. It is a one-off policy, typically £20 to £526, lasting indefinitely and passing to future owners, that pays out if the local authority takes enforcement action over the missing approval. What it does not do is the important part. It does not certify that the work is safe or built to standard. It does not pay to put the work right. It does not help if your buildings insurer later refuses a claim because there is no completion certificate. And it becomes void the moment anyone, you, the seller, or a surveyor, approaches the council about the work. That last point matters, because it means you cannot hold an indemnity policy and apply for regularisation: contacting the council to check the work kills the policy. Indemnity insurance is best understood as something that satisfies a mortgage lender’s paperwork, not something that makes the problem go away. If the work is genuinely substandard, a policy leaves you owning an unsafe building with a piece of paper that only covers the council’s enforcement costs. ## Regularisation: the proper fix The alternative is regularisation, applying to building control for retrospective approval. An inspector visits, assesses the work, and, if it meets the standards, issues a regularisation certificate. If it does not, they will specify what has to be put right first. There is no time limit on applying, but regularisation is only available for work carried out after 11 November 1985, and in practice most councils will only consider it for work up to around 10 to 15 years old. It usually costs between £400 and £1,200. The catch is that the inspection can be intrusive, parts of the structure may have to be opened up so the work can be checked, and if it does not comply, you or the seller face the cost of putting it right. That risk is why sellers often resist it. But unlike indemnity insurance, regularisation actually confirms the work is sound, which is worth far more in the long run. Once you have approached the council this way, indemnity insurance is no longer an option, so it is a deliberate choice between the two, not both. ## What are your options as a buyer? When your solicitor’s enquiries reveal missing building regulations, there are a few routes, and the right one depends on the work and how comfortable you are with it. You can ask the seller to apply for regularisation before completion, the cleanest outcome, though it takes time and sellers often resist. You can instruct a structural engineer or surveyor to inspect the work, which gives you an independent view of whether it is sound without alerting the council, and a basis on which to negotiate. You can accept indemnity insurance, usually paid for by the seller, remembering what it does and does not cover. Or you can negotiate a reduction to reflect the cost and risk, and, occasionally, decide to walk away. Bear in mind that the decision may not be entirely yours. Your solicitor also acts for your mortgage lender, and most lenders insist on either regularisation or indemnity insurance being in place before exchange. A missing certificate is often first flagged by the [local authority search](/insights/property-searches-explained), and sorting it out is one of the things that can [add time to a purchase](/insights/how-long-does-conveyancing-take), so it is worth raising early. ## Will it cause problems when you sell? It is worth thinking ahead, because whatever you accept now, you inherit the issue. If you buy with indemnity insurance, the policy passes to you, but the underlying lack of certification remains, and your own buyer’s solicitor will raise exactly the same enquiry. Plenty of houses with older, unsigned-off work sell perfectly well, provided the work is sound and either the paperwork or a policy is in place. The problems come when the work is actually defective, or when a buyer’s lender is stricter than yours was. Getting the work properly regularised, rather than papering over it, is what removes the issue for good. ## How we help Our [conveyancing team](/conveyancing) deals with missing building regulations on purchases across South Wales and the South West all the time. We tell you plainly what the missing paperwork means for your purchase, what your lender is likely to accept, and whether indemnity insurance or regularisation is the right route for your situation, and we handle the negotiation with the seller’s solicitor. To get started, request a callback and we will come back to you. *A note on figures: the fees and figures in this article are correct as at the date of publication shown on this article. Court fees, taxes and other charges change from time to time, so please check the current figures with the relevant official source before relying on them.* --- ## My ex won’t follow our child arrangements order: what can I do? URL: https://robsols.co.uk/insights/ex-not-following-child-arrangements-order/ Published: 2026-03-27 Updated: 2026-07-15 Author: If your ex is not sticking to a child arrangements order, refusing contact, dropping the children back late, or cancelling at the last minute, the order is legally binding, and you can ask the family court to enforce it. But enforcement is slower, and often blunter, than frustrated parents expect, and some of the advice circulating online (much of it from other countries) can make things worse. Here is how enforcement actually works in England and Wales, and, just as importantly, what not to do. ## My ex won’t follow the child arrangements order, what can I do? Your options run from sorting it out directly, through mediation, to applying to court to enforce the order. The court does have real powers, but it uses them in a graduated way, and its focus throughout is the children’s welfare rather than punishing the other parent. Many parents come to enforcement expecting their ex to be made to pay for what they have done; in practice the court is far more interested in getting contact working again than in punishment. Keeping that in mind from the outset will save you a good deal of frustration. ## Is it a court order, or just an agreement? This is the first thing to be clear about, because it changes everything: only a court order can be enforced. If you and your ex agreed arrangements between yourselves, a verbal understanding, a written parenting plan, or even something reached at mediation, that is not, on its own, legally binding, and there is nothing for the court to enforce. If that is your situation, the route is not enforcement; it is to apply for a [child arrangements order](/family-law/child-arrangements) in the first place, after the usual mediation step, so that you have an order that can be enforced if it is broken. A child arrangements order, by contrast, is binding on both parents, and orders made since December 2008 carry a warning notice setting out the consequences of breaking them. ## What counts as breaching an order? Not every missed or rearranged visit is a breach the court will act on. A breach is a failure to comply without a reasonable excuse. Refusing contact outright, repeatedly cancelling at the last minute, or consistently returning the children late without good reason can all amount to a breach. A child genuinely too ill to travel, by contrast, is a reasonable excuse, not a breach. The law puts the burden on the parent who broke the order to show they had a reasonable excuse, on the balance of probabilities. But the court must be satisfied beyond reasonable doubt that the breach happened at all, the same standard as in a criminal case, which is why a clear record matters. ## Try to resolve it first, and keep a record Before applying to court, you are generally expected to have tried to resolve things, and in most cases to have attended a Mediation Information and Assessment Meeting, or MIAM, though there are exemptions, including for domestic abuse. Judges look more favourably on a parent who has tried to make contact work than on one who has gone straight to court. That does not mean tolerating persistent breaches. It means sending a polite, factual message asking for the order to be followed, proposing sensible alternatives where a genuine clash arises, and, crucially, keeping a written record of each missed or disrupted contact, with dates and what happened. That record is what an enforcement application is built on. Our page on [family mediation](/family-law/family-mediation) explains how mediation can help where communication has broken down. ## Applying to enforce: Form C79 and what the court can do If the breaches continue, you apply to enforce the order using Form C79. There is a court fee, £270 as of mid-2026, and help with fees is available if you are on a low income. If the court is satisfied the order has been broken without reasonable excuse, it has a range of powers. It can issue a warning; refer you both to a parenting programme (Planning Together for Children) or to mediation; vary the order to make it clearer or more workable; make an enforcement order requiring the other parent to do between 40 and 200 hours of unpaid work; order them to pay compensation for financial loss you have suffered because of the breach, such as a cancelled holiday; impose a fine; or, as a genuine last resort, commit them to prison for contempt of court. An officer from Cafcass, or CAFCASS Cymru in Wales, is usually involved, carrying out safeguarding checks and sometimes reporting on the likely impact of any enforcement on the children. GOV.UK sets out the basics of how to [change or enforce an order](https://www.gov.uk/looking-after-children-divorce/change-or-enforce-an-order). ## What enforcement won’t do This is the part that disappoints people, so it is worth being honest about. The court’s overriding duty is to the children’s welfare, not to punishing your ex, and that shapes everything. The court may decide not to enforce the existing order at all if it concludes the other parent had a good reason, or that a different arrangement would now be better for the children. Even where it does act, it often starts at the gentler end, a warning, a referral, a variation, rather than unpaid work or a fine, because punishing the parent the children live with can rebound on the children themselves. There is also a natural limit. A “spends time with” arrangement generally comes to an end when a child turns 16, and the order ends entirely at 18. As children move into their mid-teens their own wishes carry growing weight, and the court will not, in practice, force a reluctant teenager to spend time with a parent against their will. ## What not to do: don’t take matters into your own hands Some of the most common advice online, much of it from the US and elsewhere, where the law is different, is actively harmful here. Two things in particular are worth spelling out. Do not withhold the children in retaliation. Stopping the other parent’s time because they breached yours is itself a breach of the order, and taking matters into your own hands tends to count against you when the court weighs each parent’s conduct. And do not stop, or withhold, child maintenance. Maintenance and contact are legally separate in England and Wales: child maintenance is dealt with through the Child Maintenance Service, and you cannot lawfully withhold contact because maintenance is unpaid, or withhold maintenance because contact is being refused. The two do not cancel each other out, and treating them as if they do simply creates a second problem. If the order is being broken, the answer is to go back to the court, not to break it yourself. ## How we help Our [family law team](/family-law) helps parents across South Wales and the South West deal with child arrangements that have broken down, whether that means getting an order in the first place, enforcing one that is being ignored, or finding a more workable arrangement through mediation. We will tell you honestly what enforcement is likely to achieve in your situation before you spend money on it. To talk it through, request a callback and we will come back to you. *A note on figures: the fees and figures in this article are correct as at the date of publication shown on this article. Court fees, taxes and other charges change from time to time, so please check the current figures with the relevant official source before relying on them.* --- ## No-fault divorce: do you need a solicitor? URL: https://robsols.co.uk/insights/no-fault-divorce-guide/ Published: 2026-06-20 Updated: 2026-07-15 Author: Since no-fault divorce arrived in 2022, ending a marriage has become genuinely straightforward, no blame, no proving who did what, often no need for a solicitor just to get divorced. But that simplicity hides the part that actually matters. The divorce and the money are two separate things, and getting divorced does not, by itself, settle your finances or protect you from future claims. This guide explains how it all fits together, and where you really do need advice. ## How does no-fault divorce work? Under the Divorce, Dissolution and Separation Act 2020, either spouse, or both jointly, can apply for divorce simply by stating that the marriage has broken down irretrievably. There is no need to allege fault or prove a period of separation, and your spouse cannot contest the divorce itself except on narrow technical grounds. You can apply online through GOV.UK, and the court fee is currently £628. The process then runs through a mandatory 20-week reflection period, a conditional order (formerly the decree nisi), a further wait of six weeks and one day, and finally the final order (formerly the decree absolute) that ends the marriage. The minimum timeline is around 26 weeks, though in practice many divorces take closer to a year. ## The divorce and the money are two separate things This is the single most important thing to understand. A divorce ends your marriage. It does not divide your assets, deal with your pensions, or stop your former spouse making a financial claim against you. Those are handled through an entirely separate process, a financial settlement. Arrangements for any children are separate again. Many people assume that once the final order comes through, everything is sorted. It is not: the divorce and the finances are two distinct tracks, and you need to deal with both. ## Why getting divorced doesn’t end your financial claims Without a financial order from the court, the financial ties between you and your former spouse remain open, potentially for life. That is not a theoretical risk. In the well-known case of *Wyatt v Vince*, the Supreme Court allowed a former wife to bring a financial claim against her ex-husband around twenty years after they separated, by which point he had built a successful business. Because they had never obtained a financial order, the claim was allowed to proceed. The lesson is simple: a divorce on its own leaves the door open, and only a financial order closes it. ## What is a financial order, and do you need one? A financial order is a court order that sets out how your finances are divided and, crucially, can prevent future claims. Where you and your spouse agree, it is called a consent order, your agreement is put into a court order and approved by a judge, which makes it legally binding. A clean break order goes further, severing all financial ties so that neither of you can claim against the other in future. Pensions, often the largest asset after the family home, can be divided through a pension sharing order and are easy to overlook. In almost every divorce, getting a financial order is worth doing, it is the step that gives you certainty. Our [financial settlements](/family-law/financial-settlements) page explains the options in detail, and our [financial consent order checker](/tools/financial-consent-order-checker) can help you understand whether you need one. ## Don’t rush the final order It is tempting to push for the final order as quickly as possible, but doing so before your finances are resolved can cause real problems. Ending the marriage can affect certain rights, including some pension and inheritance entitlements that depend on still being married, so the timing matters. There is also a trap to be aware of: if you remarry before applying for a financial order, you can lose the right to make certain financial claims against your former spouse. As a general rule, it is wise to sort the finances, or at least apply for your financial order, before finalising the divorce or remarrying. ## Do you need a solicitor for your divorce? Honestly, not always, and it helps to separate the two questions. For the divorce itself, many people manage the online process perfectly well on their own, particularly where things are amicable. It is the financial settlement where advice earns its keep. Negotiating who gets what, valuing and sharing pensions, and getting a watertight consent order are where mistakes are expensive and hard to undo. A perfectly sensible approach, and a common one, is to handle the divorce paperwork yourself but take proper advice on the finances. If your situation involves significant assets, a business, pensions, or any disagreement, that advice becomes all the more important. ## How we help Our [family law team](/family-law/divorce-separation) helps people across South Wales and the South West through divorce, handling as much or as little as you need, from the divorce application through to negotiating and securing a financial settlement that protects you. If you are at the very start and just trying to get your bearings, our [guide for when a relationship is ending](/tools/my-relationship-is-ending) is a good place to begin, and GOV.UK sets out the basic steps to [apply for a divorce](https://www.gov.uk/divorce). To talk things through, request a callback and we will come back to you. *A note on figures: the fees and figures in this article are correct as at the date of publication shown on this article. Court fees, taxes and other charges change from time to time, so please check the current figures with the relevant official source before relying on them.* --- ## What Is an Employment Settlement Agreement? URL: https://robsols.co.uk/insights/what-is-an-employment-settlement-agreement/ Published: 2021-05-06 Updated: 2026-07-01 Author: An employment settlement agreement is a legally binding contract between an employer and an employee that settles an employment dispute or ends the employment on agreed terms, usually in return for a payment. In exchange, the employee agrees not to bring certain claims, such as unfair dismissal or discrimination. To be legally valid, the employee must receive independent legal advice before signing. ## What is a settlement agreement? It is a way of resolving matters cleanly and with certainty for both sides. Employers often use one to end employment without the risk of a tribunal claim, and employees receive a payment and clarity about their position. It can be used on redundancy, on a negotiated exit, or to settle a live dispute. Once signed correctly, it prevents the listed claims from being pursued. ## Why must you take legal advice? By law, a settlement agreement is only binding if the employee has taken advice from an independent adviser, usually a solicitor, on the terms and effect of the agreement. The adviser must be identified in the agreement and be insured. Employers usually contribute towards the cost of this advice. Without it, the agreement does not validly waive the employee’s statutory claims. ## What does a settlement agreement usually include? Typical terms cover: - The termination payment and how it will be taxed - Any payment in lieu of notice, holiday pay and outstanding salary - The claims being waived - Confidentiality and, sometimes, an agreed reference - Restrictions such as not making derogatory comments ## How is the payment taxed? The first £30,000 of a genuine termination payment that is compensation for loss of employment can usually be paid tax-free, but contractual payments such as notice pay, bonuses and accrued holiday are taxable in the normal way. The tax treatment depends on the make-up of the payment, so it is worth checking the figures carefully before signing. ## Should you accept what is offered? Not necessarily at the first figure. The sum offered is often open to negotiation, particularly where there is a potential claim. Taking advice early lets you understand the value of any claim and whether the offer is fair before you commit. Our [settlement agreements](/workplace-issues/settlement-agreements/) page explains how we advise and, where needed, negotiate on your behalf. ## Getting advice If you have been offered a settlement agreement, we can advise you on the terms and sign it off, usually at little or no cost to you. See our [workplace issues](/workplace-issues/) service or [request a callback](/contact/). --- ## What Is a Civil Partnership? Rights, Differences and How to End One URL: https://robsols.co.uk/insights/what-is-a-civil-partnership/ Published: 2018-10-22 Updated: 2026-07-01 Author: A civil partnership is a legally recognised relationship that gives a couple broadly the same rights and responsibilities as marriage. Since 31 December 2019, civil partnerships have been open to both same-sex and opposite-sex couples in England and Wales. It is formed when both partners sign the civil partnership document in front of witnesses, and it carries the same financial, inheritance and parental protections as marriage. ## A short history of civil partnerships Civil partnerships were introduced by the Civil Partnership Act 2004 and became available to same-sex couples from December 2005, at a time when same-sex marriage was not yet lawful. When same-sex marriage was introduced in 2014, same-sex couples could choose either route. Opposite-sex couples, however, could not form a civil partnership, until a legal challenge found this to be discriminatory, and the law was changed to open civil partnerships to all couples from 31 December 2019. ## Who can enter a civil partnership? Any two people may register a civil partnership provided they are both aged 18 or over, are not already married or in a civil partnership, and are not closely related. The couple may be same-sex or opposite-sex. There is a notice period before registration, in the same way as for marriage. ## How is a civil partnership different from marriage? In law the effects are almost identical, but the way each is formed differs. A civil partnership is created by signing a register, with no requirement for spoken vows, and it has no religious element, it is an entirely civil status. A marriage is usually formed by the exchange of spoken vows and can be religious or civil. Some couples prefer a civil partnership precisely because it carries the legal protection of marriage without its traditional or religious associations. ## What legal rights does a civil partnership give you? A civil partnership provides the same core protections as marriage. These include: - Automatic inheritance under the intestacy rules if a partner dies without a will - Exemption from inheritance tax on transfers between partners, and the ability to pass on unused allowances - Survivor benefits under many occupational and private pension schemes - Recognition as next of kin for medical and similar decisions - The court’s full powers to divide assets and order financial support if the relationship ends Where the couple have children, both partners can hold parental responsibility, and the usual rules on legal parenthood apply. You can find more detail on our [civil partnerships](/family-law/civil-partnerships/) page. ## Can you convert a civil partnership into a marriage? Same-sex couples who entered a civil partnership can convert it into a marriage if they wish, and the marriage is then treated as having existed from the date of the original civil partnership. Couples do not have to convert, and many choose to remain civil partners. Advice is worth taking before deciding, as the right choice depends on your circumstances. ## How do you end a civil partnership? A civil partnership is ended by a process called dissolution, which closely mirrors divorce. Since April 2022 the process is “no fault”, neither partner has to blame the other, and a sole or joint application is possible. As with divorce, a partnership cannot usually be dissolved within the first year. The court can resolve finances at the same time, using the same powers as on divorce, including property division, pension sharing and maintenance. Our [financial settlements](/family-law/financial-settlements/) page explains how assets are divided. ## Getting advice Whether you are entering a civil partnership, weighing it up against marriage, or bringing one to an end, early advice helps you understand exactly where you stand. To speak with our family law team, please [request a callback](/contact/). --- ## What Is the Legal Difference Between Marriage and Cohabitation? URL: https://robsols.co.uk/insights/what-is-the-legal-difference-between-marriage-and-cohabitation/ Published: 2017-12-05 Updated: 2026-07-01 Author: Marriage and civil partnership give a couple a wide set of automatic legal rights, to property, pensions, inheritance and financial support if the relationship ends. Cohabiting couples gain almost none of these, no matter how long they live together. Despite what many people believe, there is no such thing as “common law marriage” in England and Wales, and that gap leaves many unmarried couples far less protected than they assume. ## Is there such a thing as common law marriage? No. It is one of the most common and damaging myths in family law. Living together for many years, sharing finances, buying a home together or having children does not create any legal status between a couple. Around 3.6 million couples in England and Wales were cohabiting in 2021 (about 22% of couples living together), and surveys repeatedly show that a large proportion wrongly believe they have marriage-like protection. Many only discover the truth at the worst possible moment, on separation or after a death. ## What rights does marriage or civil partnership give you? On marriage or civil partnership, the law treats the couple as an economic partnership. If the relationship ends, the court has wide powers to redistribute assets to achieve a fair outcome. These rights include: - The power for the court to share property, savings and pensions, and to order spousal maintenance - Automatic inheritance under the intestacy rules if one partner dies without a will - Exemption from inheritance tax on transfers between spouses or civil partners - Recognition as next of kin, and survivor benefits under many pension schemes ## What rights do cohabiting couples have? Far fewer. A cohabitant has no automatic right to a share of property held in the other person’s sole name, no right to maintenance for their own benefit, and no automatic inheritance if their partner dies without a will. There is no concept of dividing assets fairly simply because the couple lived together. The protections that do exist are narrow and often hard to enforce. ## What claims can a cohabitant actually make? A cohabitant may be able to claim in limited circumstances. These include a claim for a share of a property under trust law (showing a financial interest), a claim on behalf of any children under Schedule 1 of the Children Act 1989, or a claim against a deceased partner’s estate under the Inheritance (Provision for Family and Dependants) Act 1975. Each route is technical, fact-dependent and can be expensive. Our [cohabitation disputes](/family-law/cohabitation-disputes/) page explains these in more detail. ## What happens to the home when cohabitants separate? Much depends on how the property is owned. Where both partners are named owners as joint tenants, the starting point is usually an equal share. Where the home is in one partner’s sole name, the other may have to prove a beneficial interest through a constructive or resulting trust, which is difficult without clear evidence of the parties’ intentions and financial contributions. A declaration of trust recording each person’s share at the time of purchase avoids most of these arguments. ## Could the law change? It may. In June 2026 the Government launched a consultation on reforming the law for cohabiting couples, alongside a wider review of financial provision on divorce. It has been described as the most significant review of cohabitants’ rights in a generation, and the Law Commission has long recommended reform. However, no new law has yet been passed, so the limited protections set out above remain in force for now. ## How a cohabitation agreement protects you Until the law changes, the most reliable protection is a cohabitation agreement. This records who owns what, how the home and outgoings are shared, and what should happen if you separate. Recording how you hold the property, as joint tenants or tenants in common, is equally important, and a declaration of trust can set out unequal shares where one partner has contributed more. We are happy to advise on either. To talk it through, please [request a callback](/contact/) and our family law team will be in touch. --- ## Who inherits when there’s no will? Intestacy rules explained URL: https://robsols.co.uk/insights/intestacy-rules-explained/ Published: 2026-06-02 Updated: 2026-07-01 Author: When you die without a will in England and Wales, you die “intestate”, and a strict legal formula, not your wishes, decides who inherits. The rules follow a fixed order of blood relatives and legal spouses. They take no account of who you loved, who depended on you, or what you would have wanted. For many families, the result is a genuine shock. This guide explains exactly who inherits, how much, and, just as importantly, who inherits nothing. ## What happens if you die without a will? Your estate is distributed under the intestacy rules set out in the Administration of Estates Act 1925. These rules pass your estate to relatives in a strict order of priority. The key points catch most people out: a surviving spouse does not automatically inherit everything, unmarried partners inherit nothing at all, and if no relatives can be found, your estate passes to the Crown. ## The order of inheritance: who comes first The intestacy rules work down a fixed list. The first category that contains a living person inherits; everyone below them gets nothing. - Spouse or civil partner (and children, if the estate is large enough, see below) - Children, or their descendants, if there is no surviving spouse - Parents - Brothers and sisters (then their children) - Half-brothers and half-sisters - Grandparents - Aunts and uncles (then their children) - The Crown, if no relatives can be traced (known as bona vacantia) Notice who is not on this list: unmarried partners, step-children, close friends, and carers. None of them inherit under intestacy, however close the relationship. ## How much does a spouse inherit? The £322,000 statutory legacy This is where the surprises begin. If you leave a spouse or civil partner *and* children, your spouse does not automatically get everything. Instead, your spouse receives: - all your personal possessions; - the first £322,000 of your estate (the “statutory legacy”, the figure that has applied since 26 July 2023); and - half of whatever is left above £322,000. The children share the other half of the remainder equally between them. The practical effect is striking. If the whole estate is worth £322,000 or less, the spouse takes **everything**, and the children inherit nothing. Consider an estate of £280,000, with a surviving husband and two children: the husband receives the entire £280,000, because it falls below the statutory legacy. The children receive nothing, even if that is not what the parent would have wanted. ## What if there are children? Where the estate is larger than £322,000, the children share half of the excess. So on a £522,000 estate with a surviving spouse and two children: the spouse takes £322,000 plus half of the remaining £200,000 (£100,000), totalling £422,000. The two children split the other £100,000, £50,000 each. If a child is under 18, they cannot receive their share directly. It is held in trust until they turn 18 (or marry earlier). If there is no surviving spouse at all, the children inherit the whole estate equally. ## The people who inherit nothing Some of the hardest cases involve people who were central to the deceased’s life but have no legal claim under intestacy: - Unmarried partners. A partner of twenty years inherits nothing automatically, regardless of whether you owned a home together or had children. The “common law marriage” is a myth, it has no legal standing in England and Wales. - Step-children. Unless they were legally adopted, step-children inherit nothing under intestacy, even if you raised them as your own. - Friends and carers. However close or devoted, they are not relatives, and intestacy recognises only relatives and legal spouses. The only way to provide for any of these people is to make a will. [](https://robsols.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/intestacy-who-inherits-wales.svg) ## Blended families: the trap nobody expects The most common, and most painful, intestacy scenario involves second marriages. A parent remarries, dies without updating their affairs, and the new spouse inherits first under the rules. Because most family estates fall below £322,000, the new spouse frequently inherits everything, and the deceased’s own children from a first relationship receive nothing. This is not theft, and it is rarely anyone behaving badly, it is simply how intestacy works. A spouse who married the deceased even months before their death still sits at the top of the order. For adult children who expected to inherit from a parent, the result can feel deeply unfair, but it is usually the correct legal outcome. There is one narrow route. Certain people, including children of any age, can apply to court for “reasonable financial provision” under the Inheritance (Provision for Family and Dependants) Act 1975. A claim does not rewrite the intestacy rules; it asks a court to carve out provision from the estate. These claims are costly, uncertain, time-limited, and stressful, which is exactly why they are a last resort rather than a plan. ## Can the intestacy rules be challenged? Only in limited ways. The rules themselves are fixed, but a spouse, former spouse, cohabiting partner of at least two years, child, or financial dependant left without reasonable provision can bring an Inheritance Act 1975 claim, as above. Our [Inheritance Act 1975 checker](/tools/inheritance-act-1975-checker) gives a quick sense of whether you might be eligible to claim. There are strict deadlines, usually six months from the grant of representation, so anyone considering this should take advice quickly. For most families, the better answer is to avoid intestacy altogether. ## How to make sure this doesn’t happen to your family Intestacy is entirely avoidable. A valid will lets you decide who inherits, provide for an unmarried partner or step-children, protect children from a previous relationship, and spare your family the cost and conflict that intestacy so often causes. If someone has already died without a will, our probate team can guide you through what the rules mean for your family and how the estate must be administered. You can read more about [whether probate is needed](/insights/do-i-need-probate) when there is no will, learn about [making a will](/wills-trusts-estates/wills), or explore our wider [wills, trusts and estates](/wills-trusts-estates) services. For advice on your situation, request a callback and we will come back to you. The [GOV.UK intestacy tool](https://www.gov.uk/inherits-someone-dies-without-will) also sets out the basic order of inheritance. *A note on figures: the fees and figures in this article are correct as at the date of publication shown on this article. Court fees, taxes and other charges change from time to time, so please check the current figures with the relevant official source before relying on them.* --- ## What Is Spousal Maintenance and When Is It Awarded? URL: https://robsols.co.uk/insights/what-is-spousal-maintenance/ Published: 2021-04-19 Updated: 2026-07-01 Author: Spousal maintenance is regular financial support paid by one former spouse or civil partner to the other after divorce or dissolution. It is separate from child maintenance and is awarded where one person cannot meet their reasonable needs from their own income. It is not automatic, the court decides whether to order it, how much should be paid, and for how long. ## What is spousal maintenance? It is an income payment, usually monthly, from the higher earner to the lower earner after a relationship ends. Its purpose is to help the financially weaker partner meet their needs and adjust to independence, particularly where one person gave up or limited their career to care for children or run the home during a longer relationship. It is different from child maintenance, which is calculated separately and is usually dealt with through the Child Maintenance Service. ## When is spousal maintenance awarded? The court weighs the factors set out in section 25 of the Matrimonial Causes Act 1973. These include each person’s income and earning capacity, their financial needs and responsibilities, the standard of living during the marriage, the ages of the parties and the length of the marriage, and the contributions each made, including looking after the home and children. There is no fixed formula, so two cases with similar incomes can produce different outcomes depending on the facts. ## How much is paid, and for how long? The amount is based on the payer’s ability to pay and the recipient’s reasonable needs, assessed realistically rather than by reference to a luxury lifestyle. Maintenance can be ordered for a fixed term, for example, until the youngest child finishes school, or, less commonly now, for the parties’ joint lives. The court has a duty to consider whether a clean break is possible, and in recent years judges have increasingly favoured term orders that help the recipient move towards financial independence rather than open-ended support. ## What is a clean break, and what is nominal maintenance? A clean break means no ongoing maintenance is paid, so the couple’s finances are fully separated. It is often preferred where resources allow. Sometimes the court instead orders “nominal” maintenance, a token amount, such as a small sum per year, which keeps the option open to apply for a real order later if circumstances change. There is also interim maintenance, known as maintenance pending suit, which can be paid while the divorce is ongoing. ## Can spousal maintenance be changed or stopped? Yes. Either party can apply to vary the amount if circumstances change, such as a job loss, retirement or a significant pay rise. Maintenance ends automatically if the recipient remarries, and the payer can ask the court to end or reduce it if the recipient is cohabiting with a new partner. Orders can also be capitalised, meaning future payments are replaced by a single lump sum to achieve a clean break. ## Could the rules change? Possibly. In 2026 the Government is consulting on reform of the law on financial provision on divorce, following a Law Commission review that set out several possible models. Any changes are some way off, and spousal maintenance is one of the areas being considered. For now, the position above continues to apply. ## Getting advice Whether you may need to pay or receive maintenance, early advice helps you understand the likely range of outcomes and avoid agreeing to something unfair. See our [financial settlements](/family-law/financial-settlements/) page for how maintenance fits into an overall settlement, or [request a callback](/contact/) to speak with our family law team. --- ## Gifted deposits: why your solicitor needs so much proof URL: https://robsols.co.uk/insights/gifted-deposits-explained/ Published: 2026-01-15 Updated: 2026-07-01 Author: If a family member is helping you buy a home, you may be surprised by how much paperwork your solicitor suddenly wants, bank statements, ID, proof of where the money came from, sometimes going back years. It can feel intrusive, even insulting to the person being generous enough to help. It is worth knowing, before you start, that this is entirely normal, that it is a legal requirement rather than your solicitor being difficult, and exactly what you and the giver will need to provide. ## What is a gifted deposit? A gifted deposit is money given to you by someone else, usually a parent, grandparent or other close relative, to put towards the deposit on a property, with no expectation of being repaid. To count as a genuine gift, it must be unconditional: not a loan, and with no claim on the property by the person giving it. There is no upper limit, and in principle your entire deposit can be gifted. Family help on this scale is now part of how the market works: so-called “Bank of Mum and Dad” support is behind around half of all first-time buyer purchases. ## Why does it involve so much paperwork? This is the part that frustrates people, so it is worth being clear about. Your solicitor is required by law, under the money laundering regulations, to check the source of funds going into a property purchase. They are not choosing to be nosy, they face serious professional and even criminal consequences for failing to carry out proper checks. When a chunk of your deposit has come from someone else, the law requires your solicitor to satisfy themselves that the money is legitimate and genuinely a gift. The requests for statements and ID are how they meet that duty. A firm that did not ask these questions would be the one getting it wrong. ## What you’ll need to provide The exact requirements vary between firms and lenders, with some asking for more than others, but you can expect to need most of the following: - A signed gift letter from the person giving the money, confirming their name, your name, the amount, your relationship, and that it is an unconditional gift that does not need to be repaid and gives them no stake in the property. - The giver’s photographic ID (passport or driving licence) and proof of their address. - The giver’s bank statements, usually covering three to six months, showing the money and where it came from. - A clear paper trail showing the gifted money moving into your account, and then on to your solicitor. Some firms charge a small additional fee for the extra work a gifted deposit involves. It is worth asking what evidence will be required, and whether there is a fee, when you first get conveyancing quotes. ## Lender requirements vs solicitor checks Two separate sets of requirements often get muddled together. Your mortgage lender needs to be satisfied the deposit is a genuine gift and not a loan that affects what you can afford, they usually ask the giver to sign their own gift declaration. Your solicitor, separately, has to carry out the anti-money-laundering checks on the source of the funds. They are different organisations meeting different obligations, which is why you can find yourself providing similar information twice. It helps to know this is normal rather than duplication gone wrong. ## Where the money came from matters What your solicitor needs depends on where the gifted money originated. Long-held savings shown building up in statements are the most straightforward. Money from a recent property sale needs the completion statement; an inheritance needs the grant of probate and a letter from the executors. Gifts from abroad are the most involved: they typically require certified translations of statements and fuller evidence that the money was legitimately earned, and some lenders will not accept funds from certain countries at all. If the gift is coming from overseas, allow extra time and flag it early. ## What causes gifted-deposit delays? Most delays are avoidable and come down to a few common mistakes. The biggest is not mentioning the gift early enough, the documentation can take weeks to gather, particularly from an elderly relative or one living abroad, so tell your solicitor and mortgage adviser at the very start. Trying to keep the gift quiet does not work either: a solicitor who spots an unexplained deposit will ask about it, and cannot simply ignore it. Nor does moving the money into your account months in advance avoid the checks, your solicitor will still trace it back. The smoothest route is to be open from the outset and get the giver’s paperwork ready early. Our guide to [how long conveyancing takes](/insights/how-long-does-conveyancing-take) explains where this fits into the wider timeline. ## Is there tax to pay on a gifted deposit? There is no tax to pay simply on receiving a gift, but there is one thing the giver should be aware of, because your conveyancing solicitor will not advise on it. A cash gift is treated for inheritance tax purposes as a “potentially exempt transfer”: if the person giving it survives for seven years, it falls outside their estate entirely. If they die within seven years, the gift may be counted as part of their estate when inheritance tax is worked out. For most families this is not a concern, but where larger sums or larger estates are involved it is worth taking proper advice. You can read the basics on the GOV.UK guide to [gifts and inheritance tax](https://www.gov.uk/inheritance-tax/gifts), and our [inheritance tax and estate planning](/wills-trusts-estates/inheritance-tax-estate-planning) team can advise the giver separately if needed. ## How we help Our [conveyancing team](/conveyancing/buying-a-property) handles gifted deposits every day for buyers across South Wales and the South West. We tell you upfront exactly what we and your lender will need, so you and your family can get the paperwork ready without last-minute stress, and we keep things moving once it is in. To get started, request a callback and we will come back to you. --- ## What Happens at an Employment Tribunal? A Step-by-Step Guide URL: https://robsols.co.uk/insights/what-happens-at-an-employment-tribunal/ Published: 2022-10-02 Updated: 2026-07-01 Author: An employment tribunal is an independent body that decides disputes between employees and employers, for example claims for unfair dismissal, discrimination, or unpaid wages. The process runs in stages: compulsory Acas early conciliation, then the claim and response, case management, and finally a hearing where a judge (sometimes with two lay members) decides the case. Most claims settle before reaching a final hearing. ## Do you have to contact Acas first? Yes. Before bringing most claims you must notify Acas and go through early conciliation, which is free and aims to settle the dispute without a hearing. The conciliation period can now last up to twelve weeks (extended from six in December 2025). If it does not resolve matters, Acas issues a certificate, which you need before you can lodge a claim. ## What are the time limits? Time limits are strict. Most claims, including unfair dismissal and discrimination, must currently be started within three months less one day of the event complained of, though the clock is paused during Acas conciliation. This limit is due to extend to six months for many claims, expected no earlier than October 2026. Missing the deadline usually ends a claim, so it is vital to act quickly and take advice early. ## How is a claim started? The employee (the claimant) submits a claim form, called an ET1, setting out what happened and what they are claiming. The employer (the respondent) then files a response, the ET3, setting out its defence. There is no fee to bring a tribunal claim. The tribunal then manages the case towards a hearing. ## What happens before the hearing? There is usually a period of preparation. This can include a preliminary hearing to deal with case management or specific issues, the exchange of documents, the preparation of witness statements, and agreement of a bundle of documents. Many cases settle during this period once both sides see the strengths and weaknesses of the evidence. ## What happens at the final hearing? At the final hearing, both sides present their evidence. Witnesses give their statements and are cross-examined, and each side makes submissions on the law. The tribunal then decides whether the claim succeeds. If it does, it goes on to decide the remedy, which may be compensation, and in some cases reinstatement or re-engagement. ## How are awards decided? Compensation depends on the type of claim. For unfair dismissal it usually includes a basic award and a compensatory award for lost earnings. Discrimination awards can also include compensation for injury to feelings. The rules on caps are changing, so up-to-date advice on the likely value of a claim is important. ## Getting advice Tribunal claims are detailed and the deadlines unforgiving. We can advise on the merits, handle the process and represent you. See our [employment tribunal representation](/workplace-issues/employment-tribunal-representation/) page, or [request a callback](/contact/). --- ## Buying a home in Wales: how it’s different from England URL: https://robsols.co.uk/insights/buying-a-home-in-wales/ Published: 2026-06-18 Updated: 2026-07-01 Author: Buying a house in Wales is, for the most part, the same as buying one in England. The conveyancing process is the same, the law is largely shared, and a single Land Registry covers both countries. But there are a handful of genuine differences, a different tax, an extra search in some areas, and a separate set of rules if you let the property out, that are worth knowing before you start. Here is a quick tour, with links to the detail where you need it. ## Is buying a home in Wales different from England? Mostly, no. The process runs the same way: your offer is accepted, you instruct a solicitor, searches and enquiries are carried out, your mortgage is arranged, contracts are exchanged, the purchase completes, and your ownership is registered. The same Law Society protocol and the same HM Land Registry apply on both sides of the border, so if you have bought in England before, it will feel familiar. The differences are specific rather than wholesale: the tax you pay, a search that is common in parts of Wales, the rules that apply if you let the property, and a few areas where reform is moving at a different pace. We will take them in turn. ## What tax do I pay when buying in Wales? This is the biggest difference. In England you pay Stamp Duty Land Tax; in Wales you pay Land Transaction Tax, collected by the Welsh Revenue Authority. The rates, bands and thresholds are different, and, unlike England, Wales has no separate first-time-buyer relief. If you are buying an additional property, such as a second home or a buy-to-let, higher rates apply on top. It is worth working out your figure early, as it affects your budget. Our [guide to Land Transaction Tax](/insights/land-transaction-tax-wales) explains the bands, and you can estimate the cost with our [Land Transaction Tax calculator](/tools/stamp-duty-ltt-calculator). If you are buying a second home, the higher rates and the possible council tax premium are covered in our guide to [buying a second home in Wales](/insights/can-you-buy-a-second-home-in-wales). ## Searches: coal mining and the South Wales coalfield The standard searches are the same across England and Wales, a local authority search, a drainage and water search, and an environmental search. The Welsh wrinkle is location-driven: across the South Wales coalfield, from Llanelli through the valleys to Pontypool, a coal mining search is commonly needed to check for past mining beneath or near the property, which can affect ground stability. Your solicitor will know whether the property sits in an affected area. Our guide to [property searches](/insights/property-searches-explained) explains what each one checks. ## Buying to let, does Rent Smart Wales apply? If you are buying a property to let, or buying one that already has tenants, Wales has its own regime. Every landlord with a rental property in Wales must register with Rent Smart Wales, and must hold a licence if they manage the property themselves. Renting in Wales is also governed by the Renting Homes (Wales) Act 2016, under which tenancies are “occupation contracts” and tenants are “contract-holders”, with their own notice rules. None of this affects a straightforward purchase of a home to live in, but it matters from the moment you let. Our guides to [Rent Smart Wales](/insights/rent-smart-wales) and the [Renting Homes (Wales) Act 2016](/insights/renting-homes-wales-act-2016) cover what is involved; the official scheme is at [rentsmart.gov.wales](https://www.rentsmart.gov.wales). ## Leasehold, building safety and the pace of reform Several areas of property law are reformed on a separate timetable in Wales. Leasehold and commonhold reform applies across England and Wales, but much of it is not yet in force, and Wales legislates separately on the detail, so the position can differ on either side of the border at any given moment. Building safety rules for higher buildings have also diverged. The practical point for a buyer is that you should not assume an English headline applies in Wales, or the other way round; your solicitor will advise on the current position for your property. If you are buying a leasehold flat, our guide to [short leases](/insights/short-lease-buying-guide) explains the lease-length issues that matter most. ## Your right to a service in Welsh There is no requirement for conveyancing documents to be in Welsh, and a purchase can proceed entirely in English. But you have the right to deal with public bodies in Welsh if you prefer, HM Land Registry, for example, offers Welsh-language services, and many Welsh firms can correspond with you in Welsh. It is a matter of preference, not obligation. ## Do I need a Welsh solicitor to buy in Wales? No. Because the law is largely shared and there is a single Land Registry, a solicitor based anywhere in England or Wales can act on a Welsh purchase. What matters is not where their office is, but whether they are familiar with the Welsh differences, particularly Land Transaction Tax, which is calculated and filed differently from Stamp Duty. A firm that regularly handles Welsh transactions will deal with these as a matter of routine. There is a common worry about whether your conveyancer has to be local; they do not, though local knowledge of, say, coalfield areas can be a genuine advantage. ## How we help Our [conveyancing team](/conveyancing/buying-a-property) acts for buyers across South Wales and the South West, so the Welsh points covered here, Land Transaction Tax, coalfield searches, letting rules, are everyday work for us. We give you a clear written estimate at the outset, so you know what to expect. To get started, request a callback and we will come back to you. --- ## Video: What Does The Term ‘Shared Care’ Mean in Family Law? URL: https://robsols.co.uk/insights/what-is-shared-care/ Published: 2022-11-07 Updated: 2026-07-01 Author: In the context of family law, what does shared care mean, and does it mean equal care? It is one of the most misunderstood terms in child arrangements, so here is what it actually means. When a court considers making an order detailing whom a child lives with and/or spends time with, it makes what is called a child arrangements order. The notion of shared care comes out of a child arrangements order. If an order states that a child lives with both parents, then this is a shared care order. However, and this is sometimes where the confusion comes in, shared care does not necessarily mean a child’s time will be split equally between their parents. A child arrangements order could say that the child lives with both parents (shared care) but then set out a schedule which, in practice, allows more time with one parent than the other. So why, when the basic idea of shared care suggests equal care, does the court make orders where shared care is unequal? It comes down to the law and the facts of the case. When deciding whether to make a child arrangements order, the court must treat the welfare of the child as its paramount consideration. In doing so, it has regard to the statutory welfare checklist, which includes the age of the child, the wishes and feelings of the child, and their physical, emotional and educational needs. When the court takes those legal provisions into account and looks at the facts before it, it can make an order for shared living arrangements, even on an unequal basis, if that is what best serves the child’s welfare. Shared care shows that both parents have equal status, and it can be used to reduce conflict between them. In one case, it was hoped that a shared care order might help prevent one parent from encouraging the child to adopt negative attitudes towards the other. A harmonious relationship between the parents is not a prerequisite for a shared care order, and an inability to communicate effectively is not a bar to it either. The arrangement must, however, reflect the practical reality of the care being provided, it was not deemed appropriate in one case where a father had only 45 overnights per year. As you can see, shared care is not as simple as the name first suggests. If you would like advice on child arrangements, please [get in touch with our family law team](/contact/). --- ## Does a Trustee Own the Property? What You Need to Know URL: https://robsols.co.uk/insights/does-a-trustee-own-the-property/ Published: 2023-10-16 Updated: 2026-07-01 Author: A trustee holds the legal title to property in a trust, but does not own it for their own benefit. The people who benefit from the property, the beneficiaries, hold what is called the beneficial (or equitable) interest. This split between legal ownership and beneficial ownership is the very heart of how a trust works, and it explains why a trustee cannot simply treat trust property as their own. ## What is the difference between legal and beneficial ownership? Legal ownership is whose name the asset is registered in, for a house, who appears on the title at the Land Registry. Beneficial ownership is who is actually entitled to enjoy the asset or its value. In a trust, the trustee has legal ownership, but holds it for the beneficiaries who have the beneficial interest. The two can sit with different people, which is exactly what happens in a trust. ## So does the trustee own the property? In a narrow, technical sense, yes, the trustee is the legal owner. But they own it on behalf of others, not for themselves. A trustee cannot sell the property and pocket the proceeds, live in it rent-free without authority, or use it for personal gain. Everything they do must be for the benefit of the beneficiaries and within the terms of the trust. ## What can a trustee actually do? A trustee manages the trust property in line with the trust deed or will and the general law. That may include maintaining a property, letting it, selling it and reinvesting the proceeds, or allowing a beneficiary to live in it. Trustees have powers under the Trustee Act 2000, but those powers must always be exercised in the beneficiaries’ interests, with proper care, and without any conflict of interest. ## What duties does a trustee owe? Trustees owe strict duties. They must act honestly and impartially, keep the trust property separate from their own, keep proper accounts, and act with reasonable care and skill. If a trustee acts beyond their powers or for their own benefit, they can be held personally liable to the beneficiaries, this is known as a breach of trust. ## What if you are a beneficiary with concerns? If you are a beneficiary and worried that a trustee is mismanaging the property or acting in their own interests, you have rights. You can ask for information and accounts, and in serious cases the court can intervene and even remove a trustee. Disputes of this kind overlap with inheritance and trust disputes, and early advice helps. ## Getting advice Whether you are a trustee unsure of your obligations, or a beneficiary with concerns, we can help you understand where you stand. See our [trusts](/wills-trusts-estates/trusts/) service, or [request a callback](/contact/) to speak with our team. --- ## Understanding Life Interest Trusts URL: https://robsols.co.uk/insights/understanding-life-interest-trusts/ Published: 2024-05-28 Updated: 2026-07-01 Author: A life interest trust gives one person the right to benefit from an asset for the rest of their life, to live in a property, or to receive the income from investments, while the capital is preserved for someone else to inherit afterwards. The person with the lifetime benefit is called the life tenant, and those who inherit the capital later are the remaindermen. It is one of the most widely used trusts in will planning. ## How does a life interest trust work? Assets are placed in trust, and the trustees hold them for the benefit of the life tenant during their lifetime. The life tenant can usually live in a property or receive the income from the trust assets, but cannot spend the underlying capital. When the life tenant dies, the trust ends and the capital passes to the remaindermen named in the trust. ## What is a common example? A frequent use is in second-marriage or blended-family situations. Someone may want their surviving spouse or partner to be able to live in the family home for the rest of their life, but ultimately wants the property to pass to their own children from an earlier relationship. A life interest trust achieves both: the survivor is secure in the home, and the children’s inheritance is protected. ## Why use a life interest trust? The main benefits include: - Providing security for a surviving partner while protecting capital for children - Ring-fencing a share of the home, which can help where care fees are a concern - Keeping control over who ultimately inherits, rather than leaving it to chance You can read about other options on our [trusts](/wills-trusts-estates/trusts/) page. ## How is a life interest trust taxed? The tax treatment depends on how and when the trust is created. A life interest trust created by a will on death (an immediate post-death interest) is generally treated as part of the life tenant’s estate for inheritance tax when they die. Trusts created during your lifetime are usually taxed under the separate “relevant property” regime, with possible entry, ten-yearly and exit charges. Because thresholds such as the nil-rate band (£325,000) are frozen and reliefs are changing, it is important to take current advice. ## Does it affect the residence nil-rate band? It can. The residence nil-rate band (£175,000 per person) is an extra inheritance tax allowance available when a home passes to direct descendants. Some trusts qualify and some do not, so the way a life interest trust is structured can affect whether this valuable allowance is available. This is a key reason to get the drafting right. ## Getting advice Life interest trusts are flexible but technical, and small drafting differences can have large consequences. We can advise whether one suits your circumstances and prepare it correctly within your will. See our [wills, trusts and estates](/wills-trusts-estates/) service, or [request a callback](/contact/). --- ## How Is a Contract of Employment Terminated? What to Do and When URL: https://robsols.co.uk/insights/how-to-terminate-a-contract-of-employment/ Published: 2022-11-14 Updated: 2026-07-01 Author: A contract of employment can be brought to an end in several ways: an employee resigning, the employer dismissing them, redundancy, the expiry of a fixed-term contract, or both sides agreeing to part. Each route has its own rules on notice and, where the employer ends it, on fairness. Ending a contract in the wrong way can lead to a claim for unfair or wrongful dismissal, so the process matters as much as the decision. ## What are the main ways an employment contract ends? The most common are: - Resignation, the employee chooses to leave, giving the notice required by their contract - Dismissal, the employer ends the contract, which must be for a fair reason and follow a fair process - Redundancy, a form of dismissal where the role is no longer needed, with its own consultation and payment rules - Mutual agreement, both sides agree to end the contract, often recorded in a settlement agreement - Expiry of a fixed term, the contract ends on its agreed date, though this can still count as a dismissal in law ## How much notice must be given? Notice is set by the contract, but cannot be less than the statutory minimum. An employee with one month’s service or more must give at least one week’s notice. An employer must give at least one week for each complete year of service, up to a maximum of twelve weeks. Many contracts provide for longer notice, and a payment in lieu of notice may be possible where the contract allows. ## When is a dismissal fair? To dismiss fairly, an employer needs a potentially fair reason, such as conduct, capability, redundancy, a legal restriction, or another substantial reason, and must act reasonably, following a fair procedure. That usually means investigating, holding a meeting, allowing the employee to be accompanied, and offering a right of appeal. The Acas Code of Practice should be followed in conduct and capability cases. ## Who can claim unfair dismissal? At present, an employee generally needs two years’ continuous service to claim ordinary unfair dismissal. This is changing: under the Employment Rights Act 2025, the qualifying period reduces to six months from 1 January 2027. Some dismissals, for example for pregnancy, whistleblowing or asserting a statutory right, are automatically unfair and need no qualifying period at all. ## What is the difference from wrongful dismissal? Unfair dismissal is about whether the reason and process were fair. Wrongful dismissal is a contract claim, usually that the employer failed to give proper notice or breached the contract in dismissing. The two are different, and a dismissal can be wrongful, unfair, or both. Our [unfair and wrongful dismissal](/workplace-issues/unfair-wrongful-dismissal/) page explains how we can help. ## Getting advice Whether you are facing dismissal or want to understand your position before resigning, early advice helps you avoid costly mistakes. See our [workplace issues](/workplace-issues/) service, or [request a callback](/contact/) to speak with our employment team. --- ## How Can Landlords Defend a Disrepair Claim? URL: https://robsols.co.uk/insights/how-can-landlords-defend-disrepair-claims-made-by-their-tenants/ Published: 2019-09-16 Updated: 2026-07-01 Author: A landlord facing a disrepair claim is not without defences. Common grounds include not having been told about the problem, the damage being caused by the occupier, or the repairs having been carried out to a reasonable standard within a reasonable time. In Wales, a landlord’s repair and fitness obligations sit under the Renting Homes (Wales) Act 2016, and understanding exactly what the law requires is the starting point for any defence. ## What are a landlord’s obligations in Wales? Under the Renting Homes (Wales) Act 2016, which came into force on 1 December 2022, a landlord under an occupation contract must keep the dwelling in repair (section 92) and ensure it is fit for human habitation throughout the contract (section 91). Fitness is judged against 29 prescribed matters set out in regulations, covering hazards such as damp, structural problems and unsafe electrics. Occupiers are known as “contract-holders” under the Act. ## Why does notice matter so much? This is often the strongest defence. For most repair obligations that arise during the occupation, the duty only arises once the landlord is aware of the need for the work. If a contract-holder did not report a problem, the landlord may not be liable for the period before they knew about it. Keeping clear records of what was reported, and when, is therefore essential. ## Can the occupier’s own conduct be a defence? Yes. A landlord is not generally responsible for damage caused by the contract-holder themselves, or for repairs that result from their failure to use the property in a tenant-like manner. Where the alleged disrepair was caused by the occupier, for example damage or a failure to ventilate causing condensation, that can form part of the defence, though the facts need careful evidence. ## What other defences may be available? Depending on the facts, a landlord may also argue that: - The repairs were carried out within a reasonable time once they were notified - The standard expected is reasonable given the age and character of the property - The claim is exaggerated, or the items complained of are not the landlord’s responsibility - The contract-holder refused access for inspection or works to be done ## What about the pre-action protocol? Housing conditions claims are subject to a pre-action protocol, which sets out steps both sides should take before court, including disclosure of evidence and the chance to inspect and carry out works. Engaging properly with the protocol, responding promptly and arranging an inspection can resolve many claims early and limit a landlord’s exposure to the occupier’s legal costs. ## Does this apply outside Wales? The Welsh regime differs from England, where landlord obligations sit under separate legislation including the Homes (Fitness for Human Habitation) Act 2018. If your property is in England or the South West, the principles are similar but the framework is not identical, so it is important to take advice on the rules that apply to your property. ## Getting advice Defending a disrepair claim is far easier with early, well-evidenced advice. We act for landlords in resolving and defending these claims. See our [landlord and tenant disputes](/disputes/landlord-tenant-disputes/) service, or [request a callback](/contact/). --- ## Online wills vs a solicitor: which do you actually need? URL: https://robsols.co.uk/insights/online-wills-vs-solicitor/ Published: 2026-02-12 Updated: 2026-07-01 Author: Online wills have a mixed reputation, and the honest answer is more nuanced than “they’re fine” or “always use a solicitor”. For a simple estate, an online or template will can be every bit as legally valid as one a solicitor drafts. The problems start with two things: circumstances that are not simple, and mistakes in how the will is signed. This guide explains where the line falls, so you can tell which side of it you are on. ## Are online wills legally valid? Usually, yes, but it helps to be clear about what “online will” means. Almost every online will service or template produces a paper document that you print, sign by hand, and have witnessed in person. Done correctly, that will is legally valid; the “online” part simply describes how it was drafted, not how it is signed. What is *not* currently valid in England and Wales is a fully electronic will, one created, signed and stored entirely on a screen, with no paper. Those are the subject of proposed reform, but they are not law yet. So an online-drafted, properly executed paper will is valid; a will signed on your phone is not. ## What makes any will legally valid Whatever route you use, a will in England and Wales must meet the formalities set out in the Wills Act 1837. It must be: - in writing; - signed by you (the testator), with the intention of giving effect to the will; and - signed in the presence of two witnesses, who are both present at the same time, and who then each sign the will in your presence. The witnesses must be at least 18 and have the mental capacity to understand what they are doing. One trap catches DIY will-makers again and again: a witness must not be a beneficiary. If a beneficiary, or their husband, wife or civil partner, witnesses the will, the gift to that person is cancelled, even though the rest of the will stands. Always use two independent adults who inherit nothing. ## Templates, online services and solicitors: what’s the real difference? There are broadly three routes, and they suit different needs: - A free or cheap template (from a stationer, post office, or download). The cheapest option, and fine for very simple wishes, but it gives you no guidance, so any error is yours to make. - An online will service (typically £50 to £150). You answer questions and the service generates a will. Better guided than a blank template, and some are run or checked by qualified people, but they still rely on your circumstances fitting a standard pattern. - A solicitor (a fixed fee for a straightforward will). You get advice, not just a document: someone to spot the issues you did not know to ask about, draft around them, and make sure the will is executed correctly. This matters most when your situation is not standard. ## When is an online or template will fine? An online or template will is a reasonable choice if your circumstances are genuinely simple. As a rough guide, that means: - you are single, or married with no children from previous relationships; - you want to leave everything to your spouse, and then to your children, or to make a few simple gifts; - your estate is modest and made up of UK assets, a home, savings, perhaps some investments; - there is no business, no property abroad, and no beneficiary who needs special protection; and - you are confident the will is unlikely to be disputed. If that describes you, a well-completed online will, signed and witnessed correctly, will do the job. A template will is still far better than no will at all. ## When you really need a solicitor The case for advice is strongest when an error would be expensive or impossible to fix after your death. Talk to a solicitor if any of these apply: - You have remarried, or have a blended family. Second marriages and children from previous relationships are where DIY wills most often go wrong, because the standard template does not protect everyone you want to provide for. - You own a business, or a share of one. Business assets need careful handling, including any tax reliefs. - You own property or assets abroad. Foreign assets can involve another country’s succession laws. - A beneficiary is vulnerable or disabled, or receives means-tested benefits. A direct gift can do more harm than good; a trust is often the answer. - You want to leave someone out who might expect to inherit, which raises the risk of a claim against your estate. - Your estate is near or above the inheritance tax threshold, where planning can make a real difference. In these situations the cost of getting it wrong, a failed gift, an unintended beneficiary, a family dispute, or an avoidable tax bill, usually dwarfs a solicitor’s fee. ## The mistakes that make DIY wills fail Most DIY wills that fail do so not because of the wording, but because of how they were signed or kept. The common ones: - Witnessing errors. The witnesses were not both present when you signed, or a beneficiary acted as a witness and lost their gift. - Marrying after making the will. Marriage automatically revokes an earlier will (unless it was made specifically in contemplation of that marriage), so a will made before a wedding may be worthless afterwards. - Ambiguity. Vague wording, unclear gifts, or beneficiaries who cannot be identified, causes disputes that the person is no longer around to resolve. - The original goes missing. Probate generally needs the signed original, not a copy. A will no one can find can be treated as if it never existed. If you are unsure whether a will meets the formalities, our [will validity checker](/tools/will-validity-checker) walks through the basic requirements. ## What about electronic wills and law reform? This is a live area. In May 2025 the Law Commission published its report *Modernising Wills Law*, with a draft Bill to replace the Wills Act 1837. Among its recommendations are legally valid electronic wills and witnessing by video link, along with other changes such as applying the modern mental-capacity test. As of mid-2026, however, none of this is law: the government’s response was expected during 2026, and any new Wills Act would follow after that. For now, a valid will must still be on paper, signed in wet ink, and witnessed by two people physically present with you. The temporary video-witnessing allowed during the pandemic ended in January 2024. ## How we help Our [wills team](/wills-trusts-estates/wills) drafts straightforward wills on a fixed fee, so you know the cost upfront, and we advise on the more complex situations above where a template cannot. We make sure your will says what you mean and is signed correctly, so it does what you intend. You can also read about [who inherits when there is no valid will](/insights/intestacy-rules-explained), or see GOV.UK’s overview of [making a will](https://www.gov.uk/make-will). To get started, request a callback and we will come back to you. *A note on figures: the fees and figures in this article are correct as at the date of publication shown on this article. Court fees, taxes and other charges change from time to time, so please check the current figures with the relevant official source before relying on them.* --- ## My Employer Hasn’t Paid Me: What Should I Do? URL: https://robsols.co.uk/insights/my-employer-hasnt-paid-me/ Published: 2022-06-29 Updated: 2026-07-01 Author: If your employer has not paid you wages you are owed, this is usually an unlawful deduction from wages under the law, and you have several ways to recover the money. Start by checking your contract and payslip, then raise it with your employer in writing. If that does not work, you can use a grievance, Acas, and ultimately an employment tribunal, but the time limits are short, so act quickly. ## What counts as your employer not paying you? It covers more than a missed salary. Unpaid wages can include your normal pay, overtime you are contractually entitled to, holiday pay, commission or bonuses that are due, and the National Minimum or Living Wage if you have been underpaid. Deductions from your pay are generally only lawful if required by law, allowed by your contract, or agreed in writing in advance. ## What is an unlawful deduction from wages? The law protects workers from having pay withheld without a proper basis. If your employer pays you less than you are owed, or nothing at all, that shortfall is usually treated as an unlawful deduction from wages. This is one of the most common employment claims, and it applies to workers as well as employees. ## What should you do first? Take these steps in order: - Check your contract and payslips so you know exactly what you are owed - Raise it with your employer in writing, clearly and politely, keeping a copy - If there is no resolution, put in a formal written grievance - Keep records of all dates, amounts and correspondence Many problems are resolved at this stage, especially where it is a genuine payroll error. ## What if your employer still will not pay? If raising it directly does not work, you can notify Acas and use free early conciliation to try to reach a settlement. If that fails, you can bring a claim in the employment tribunal for unlawful deduction from wages. For straightforward debts you may alternatively use the small claims route, but the tribunal is usually the right forum for wages claims. ## How long do you have to claim? The time limits are strict. A tribunal claim for unlawful deduction from wages must currently be started within three months less one day of the deduction (or the last in a series), with the clock paused during Acas conciliation. This limit is due to extend to six months for many claims, expected no earlier than October 2026. Because the current window is short, do not wait, take advice as soon as you can. ## What if your employer has gone insolvent? If your employer has become insolvent and cannot pay, you may be able to claim certain unpaid amounts, such as wages, holiday pay and notice pay, up to statutory limits, from the government’s National Insurance Fund through the Redundancy Payments Service. ## Getting advice If you are owed wages, we can advise you on the strongest route to recover them and act for you if a claim is needed. See our [workplace issues](/workplace-issues/) service, or [request a callback](/contact/) to talk it through. --- ## Property searches explained: what your solicitor checks before you buy URL: https://robsols.co.uk/insights/property-searches-explained/ Published: 2026-03-06 Updated: 2026-07-01 Author: When you buy a home, the survey tells you about the building, but it is the property searches that tell you about everything around and beneath it, the things you could never spot on a viewing. Searches are the formal enquiries your solicitor makes of the council, the water company and other bodies before you commit. They appear as a line on your conveyancing bill that many buyers never quite understand, so here is what they are, what they reveal, and what happens if one comes back with a problem. ## What are property searches? Property searches are a set of checks your solicitor carries out on a property before you buy it, to uncover legal, planning and environmental issues that are not visible and would not show up in the deeds alone. They can reveal that a previous owner’s extension never had building regulations sign-off, that a tree in the garden is protected, that a public sewer runs beneath the property, or that the land has a history of flooding or mining. In short, they are there to make sure that what you are buying is what you think you are buying, and to protect both you and your mortgage lender. ## The three main searches every buyer gets Most purchases involve three core searches: - The local authority search. Made up of two parts, the LLC1, which lists entries on the local land charges register (such as tree preservation orders, listed-building or conservation-area status, and planning conditions), and the CON29, a standard set of enquiries covering planning decisions, building regulations, who maintains the roads serving the property, nearby road schemes, contaminated land and radon. This is the search most likely to throw up something you need to know. - The water and drainage search. Obtained from the water company (in much of our area, Dŵr Cymru Welsh Water). It confirms whether the property is connected to the public water supply and sewers, and whether a public sewer runs within the boundary, which matters if you ever want to build an extension over it. - The environmental search. Covers contaminated land, flood risk and ground stability, drawing on a range of data to flag whether the site has a history that could affect its safety or value. ## Area-specific searches: coal mining, flooding and more On top of the core three, your solicitor will order extra searches where the location calls for them. The most important one in our part of the world is the coal mining search. Across much of the South Wales coalfield, the valleys, and parts of Cardiff, Newport and Swansea, a coal mining search checks for past and present underground workings, mine shafts, and any history of subsidence or compensation claims affecting the property. It is a standard and often essential check here, even though buyers elsewhere may never encounter it. Depending on the property, your solicitor may also recommend a flood search where flood risk is a concern, a chancel repair check (a historic liability that has largely fallen away since 2013 but is sometimes covered by inexpensive insurance), or a radon assessment. The point of these is simple: to match the searches to the real risks of the specific place you are buying. ## What do searches cost? As a rough guide, a typical search pack comes to somewhere between £250 and £450, though it varies with the local authority and the number of extra searches your property needs. The cost is paid by you, the buyer, usually early in the process, and your solicitor passes the fees on to the bodies carrying out the searches. It is worth remembering that searches are only one of the upfront costs of buying, Land Transaction Tax is usually the larger one, which we cover in our guide to [Land Transaction Tax in Wales](/insights/land-transaction-tax-wales). ## How long do searches take? Most local authority searches now come back within two to five working days, but this is one of the biggest variables in a purchase: some councils run weeks behind, and a slow search can hold up the whole transaction even when everything else is ready. Once returned, search results are generally treated as valid for around three to six months, so if a purchase drags on, a lender may require them to be refreshed. If you want to understand where searches fit into the overall timeline, our guide to [how long conveyancing takes](/insights/how-long-does-conveyancing-take) explains the whole process. ## What if a search reveals a problem? A problem on a search is common and rarely the end of the road. What happens next depends on what it is. If the search reveals unauthorised building work, you might ask the seller to obtain the missing consent or regularise it before completion. If it reveals a risk that cannot easily be put right, such as a past planning breach, indemnity insurance is sometimes used to protect you against the specific risk. You might renegotiate the price to reflect the issue, ask the seller to resolve it, or, if it is serious enough, decide not to proceed. The value of a search is that it lets you make that decision with the facts in front of you, rather than discovering the problem after you own the property. ## Do cash buyers need searches? If you are buying without a mortgage, searches are technically optional, there is no lender insisting on them. But skipping them is a genuine risk. Without searches, you could buy a home only to discover afterwards that it sits on contaminated land, has a history of mining subsidence, or includes an extension that was never approved and may have to be put right at your expense. The cost of a search pack is small set against the cost of the problems it can uncover, which is why we recommend searches to cash buyers in almost every case. ## How we help Our [conveyancing team](/conveyancing) orders and reviews the right searches for every property we handle across South Wales and the South West, explains in plain English anything they reveal, and advises you on what to do about it. You can read more about how we manage a purchase on our [buying a property](/conveyancing/buying-a-property) page, and GOV.UK has a general overview of [buying and selling your home](https://www.gov.uk/buy-sell-your-home). To get started, request a callback and we will come back to you. *A note on figures: the fees and figures in this article are correct as at the date of publication shown on this article. Court fees, taxes and other charges change from time to time, so please check the current figures with the relevant official source before relying on them.* --- ## Executor or Will Trustee: What Is the Difference? URL: https://robsols.co.uk/insights/executor-will-trustee/ Published: 2023-07-25 Updated: 2026-07-01 Author: An executor and a will trustee are not the same thing, even though the same person is often appointed to both roles. In short, an executor gathers in and distributes the estate after someone dies, while a trustee holds and manages any assets that are kept in a trust over a longer period. Understanding the difference matters, because the duties, and how long they last, are not the same. ## What does an executor do? An executor is the person named in a will to carry out its instructions. Their job is to administer the estate: registering the death, valuing the assets, applying for the grant of probate, paying any debts and inheritance tax, and then distributing what remains to the beneficiaries. Once the estate has been wound up and everything has been paid out, the executor’s role usually comes to an end. ## What does a will trustee do? A trustee takes over where a trust is created by the will. Instead of an asset being handed straight to a beneficiary, it is held in trust and managed for them, for example, money held for a child until they reach a certain age, or a share of the family home held for a surviving partner for their lifetime. The trustee looks after those assets, makes decisions in the beneficiaries’ best interests, and can remain in place for many years. ## Can the same person be both? Yes, and it is very common. Many wills appoint the same people as executors and trustees, so they first administer the estate and then continue to manage any ongoing trust. The roles are still legally distinct, though: a person acts as executor while winding up the estate, and as trustee once the trust is up and running. ## What are their legal duties? Both roles carry serious legal responsibilities. Executors and trustees must act honestly, in the best interests of the beneficiaries, keep proper accounts, and avoid any conflict between their own interests and those of the estate or trust. Trustees additionally have duties under the Trustee Act 2000, including a duty of care when investing trust assets. Getting these duties wrong can leave an executor or trustee personally liable. ## Who should you appoint? Choose people who are organised, trustworthy and willing to take on the work, and consider appointing more than one, or a professional, for larger or more complex estates. Because a trustee’s role can last years, it is worth thinking about who will still be able to act in the future. We can talk you through the choice when preparing your will. To discuss it, please [request a callback](/contact/). ## Getting advice If you are making a will, or have been appointed as an executor or trustee and are unsure what is expected of you, we can help. Our [wills](/wills-trusts-estates/wills/) service explains how we prepare wills that are clear about these roles, and our wider [wills, trusts and estates](/wills-trusts-estates/) team can support you through probate and trust administration. --- ## Land Transaction Tax in Wales: what you’ll actually pay URL: https://robsols.co.uk/insights/land-transaction-tax-wales/ Published: 2026-04-20 Updated: 2026-07-01 Author: Buy a home in Wales and you do not pay Stamp Duty. You pay Land Transaction Tax (LTT), a separate Welsh tax with its own rates, its own thresholds, and its own rules for second homes. It replaced Stamp Duty in Wales in April 2018 and is collected by the Welsh Revenue Authority. If you are moving to or within Wales, this is the figure to get right early, and it is the one English calculators most often get wrong. ## What is Land Transaction Tax? Land Transaction Tax is the tax you pay when you buy a property or land in Wales over a certain price. It works like its English counterpart in shape, a banded, progressive tax where each rate applies only to the slice of the price within that band, but the bands, thresholds and reliefs are set by the Welsh Government, not Westminster. Your solicitor normally calculates it, files the LTT return, and pays it on your behalf as part of completion. ## LTT rates and bands in 2026 For a standard residential purchase, someone buying a home to live in, who will not own another property at the end of the day, these are the current main rates, which have applied since October 2022: Portion of the price LTT rate Up to £225,000 0% £225,001 to £400,000 6% £400,001 to £750,000 7.5% £750,001 to £1,500,000 10% Above £1,500,000 12% So on a £320,000 home, you pay nothing on the first £225,000 and 6% on the remaining £95,000, £5,700 in total. You can check any price with our [Stamp Duty and LTT calculator](/tools/stamp-duty-ltt-calculator/). ## How LTT is different from Stamp Duty Three differences catch people out. First, Wales has the highest starting threshold in the UK at £225,000, so many buyers pay nothing at all, but the rate jumps straight to 6% above it, which can make mid-priced homes more expensive than they would be in England. Second, there is no first-time buyer relief in Wales: a first-time buyer and a long-time owner buying the same home pay the same LTT. Third, the LTT return and payment are due within 30 days of completion, rather than the 14 days that apply to Stamp Duty in England. ## Do I pay the higher rate? Second homes and additional properties If you will own more than one residential property at the end of the transaction, a second home, a buy-to-let, or a holiday let, you usually pay the higher residential rates. This is the part most online guides get wrong. Wales does not simply add a flat surcharge to the standard rates. Since December 2024, it uses a completely separate band table for higher-rate purchases: Portion of the price Higher rate Up to £180,000 5% £180,001 to £250,000 10% £250,001 to £400,000 12.5% £400,001 to £750,000 15% £750,001 to £1,500,000 17% Above £1,500,000 17% Because the table is different all the way down, starting at £180,000, not £225,000, you cannot work out a higher-rate bill by taking the standard figure and adding a percentage. If you have seen a “4% surcharge” figure online, it is out of date. ## “I’m moving home, will I be charged the higher rate?” If you are simply replacing your main home, selling one and buying another, the higher rates should not apply, even though for a moment around completion you might technically own two homes. The complication arises when the timing does not line up: if you complete on your new home before your old one has sold, you will usually have to pay the higher rates upfront. The good news is that you can reclaim the higher-rate element if you sell your previous main home within 36 months. This is one of the most common sources of confusion in the threads we see, and it is worth raising with your solicitor early if your sale and purchase are not completing on the same day. ![Welsh Land Transaction Tax rate bands for 2026: standard rates from 0% up to £225,000 rising to 12%, and the separate higher-rate table from 5% at £180,000 rising to 17%](https://robsols.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/ltt-wales-rate-bands.svg) ## Worked examples - A first home in Cardiff, £320,000. Standard rates: £0 on the first £225,000, 6% on the next £95,000 = £5,700. The same buyer would pay no more for being or not being a first-time buyer. - A buy-to-let in Swansea, £200,000. Higher rates: 5% on the first £180,000 (£9,000) plus 10% on the next £20,000 (£2,000) = £11,000. On standard rates the same property would cost nothing, which shows how significant the higher-rate table is. - A mover who completes before selling, £350,000. Pays the higher rates upfront, then reclaims the higher-rate element from the Welsh Revenue Authority once the previous main home sells within 36 months. ## Why English stamp duty calculators get Wales wrong Most stamp duty calculators online are built for England and default to Stamp Duty Land Tax. Used for a Welsh purchase, they apply the wrong thresholds, the wrong bands, and the wrong second-home rules, and some openly admit they do not cover Wales. The result can be a figure that is hundreds or thousands of pounds out. For a Welsh purchase, use a Welsh tool: our [Stamp Duty and LTT calculator](/tools/stamp-duty-ltt-calculator/) covers both, and the Welsh Revenue Authority publishes the official [LTT rates and bands](https://www.gov.wales/land-transaction-tax-rates-and-bands). ## How we help Our [conveyancing team](/conveyancing) acts for buyers across South Wales and the South West, and we calculate, file and pay your LTT as a standard part of handling your purchase. If you are buying an additional property, or moving and worried about the higher-rate timing, we will tell you where you stand before you commit. You can also read our guide to [how long conveyancing takes](/insights/how-long-does-conveyancing-take), or see how we handle a purchase on our [buying a property](/conveyancing/buying-a-property) page. To get started, request a callback and we will come back to you. *A note on figures: the fees and figures in this article are correct as at the date of publication shown on this article. Court fees, taxes and other charges change from time to time, so please check the current figures with the relevant official source before relying on them.* --- ## How Are Pensions Dealt With in a Divorce Settlement? URL: https://robsols.co.uk/insights/how-to-navigate-a-pension-plan-as-part-of-a-divorce-settlement/ Published: 2025-02-24 Updated: 2026-07-01 Author: Pensions are often one of the largest assets in a divorce or dissolution, sometimes worth more than the family home, yet they are easily overlooked. On divorce, pensions can be shared between the couple, offset against other assets, or made subject to an attachment order. Getting the valuation and the method right can make a substantial difference to your long-term financial security, so pensions should never be left out of the conversation. ## Are pensions included in a divorce settlement? Yes. All pensions can be taken into account, including workplace, personal and (to a degree) the State Pension. In many cases pensions built up before the marriage are included as well, although the court has discretion over how to treat them, particularly after a short marriage. The aim is a fair overall outcome that meets both people’s reasonable needs, both now and in retirement. ## Why are pensions so often overlooked? Couples frequently focus on the family home and savings because those feel more tangible. But a pension can represent decades of contributions and may be the most valuable asset in the marriage. Ignoring it, or assuming each person simply keeps their own, can leave one partner, often the lower earner or main carer, facing a far poorer retirement than the other. ## How are pensions divided on divorce? There are three main approaches, and a settlement may use more than one: - Pension sharing order, a percentage of one person’s pension is transferred to the other, giving each a clean, separate fund. This is the most common option and supports a clean break. - Offsetting, one partner keeps the pension while the other receives a larger share of another asset, such as the home, to balance the value. This avoids splitting the pension but requires careful valuation. - Pension attachment (earmarking), part of the pension income or lump sum is paid to the other partner when it comes into payment. It is used less often, because it does not give a clean break and depends on the member’s choices. ## How are pensions valued? Pensions are usually valued using a cash equivalent transfer value (CETV), but this figure can significantly understate the real worth of some schemes, particularly defined benefit (final salary) pensions and public-sector schemes. Two pensions with the same CETV can be worth very different amounts in practice. In more complex cases, the couple or the court may instruct a pensions on divorce expert (PODE), usually an actuary, to advise on a fair split. The Pension Advisory Group has issued guidance encouraging this approach in appropriate cases. ## What about the State Pension? The State Pension itself cannot be shared, but a person’s National Insurance record and entitlement can be relevant to the overall picture, especially after a long marriage where one partner has a limited record of their own because they cared for children or the home. ## Getting it right Pensions are technical, and a mistake is hard to undo once a court order is made. We work with financial advisers and actuaries where needed to make sure pensions are valued and divided fairly, rather than treated as an afterthought. Our [financial settlements](/family-law/financial-settlements/) page sets out how this fits into the wider settlement, and you can read more about the process on our [divorce and separation](/family-law/divorce-separation/) page. To discuss your situation, please [request a callback](/contact/). --- ## Can You Buy a Second Home in Wales? Tax and What to Know URL: https://robsols.co.uk/insights/can-you-buy-a-second-home-in-wales/ Published: 2022-01-17 Updated: 2026-07-01 Author: Yes, you can buy a second home in Wales. There is no restriction on owning more than one property, but you should budget for two extra tax costs that do not apply to a main home: higher rates of Land Transaction Tax when you buy, and a council tax premium of up to 300% that many Welsh councils now charge on second homes. Planning for both from the outset avoids an unwelcome surprise. ## What taxes do you pay on a second home in Wales? There are two to plan for. The first is Land Transaction Tax (LTT), a one-off tax paid when you buy, charged at higher rates for additional properties. The second is council tax, which on a second home can be charged at a premium on top of the standard rate. Together these can add a significant amount to the cost of owning a second property. ## How does Land Transaction Tax work on a second home? LTT replaced Stamp Duty Land Tax in Wales in April 2018 and is collected by the Welsh Revenue Authority, not HMRC. When you buy an additional property, you pay the higher residential rates rather than the standard rates. Importantly, Wales does not add a flat surcharge as England does, it uses a separate set of rate bands, and only the portion of the price within each band is taxed at that band’s rate. The current higher residential rates are: - 5% on the portion up to £180,000 - 8.5% on the portion between £180,000 and £250,000 - 10% between £250,000 and £400,000 - 12.5% between £400,000 and £750,000 - 15% between £750,000 and £1,500,000 - 17% on anything above £1,500,000 These higher rates have applied since 11 December 2024. Your conveyancer calculates the LTT, files the return and pays it to the Welsh Revenue Authority within 30 days of completion. ## When do the higher LTT rates apply? The higher rates apply if, at the point of completion, you already own another dwelling anywhere in the world worth £40,000 or more, and the property you are buying is not replacing your main residence. If the property you are buying costs less than £40,000, the higher rates do not apply. The rules can catch people out, for example where you buy a new home before selling the old one, so it is worth checking your position early. ## Can you get the higher rate back? Sometimes. If you pay the higher rates because you bought a new main home before selling your previous one, you can usually claim a refund of the additional amount if you sell the former main residence within 36 months and the new property is, or becomes, your main residence. Your conveyancer can advise on whether a refund is available and how to claim it. ## What about council tax on a second home? Since April 2023, Welsh local authorities have been able to charge a council tax premium of up to 300% on second homes, on top of the standard bill. It is discretionary, so each council decides whether to apply a premium and at what level, and the rates vary widely. Premiums tend to be highest in popular areas such as Gwynedd, Pembrokeshire, Anglesey and Ceredigion, so it is essential to check the policy of the specific local authority before you buy. ## Do first-time and overseas buyers pay differently? Wales does not offer a first-time buyer relief, unlike England, so first-time buyers pay the standard LTT rates. Overseas buyers pay the same LTT rates as everyone else, as Wales does not apply the non-resident surcharge that exists in England. The £225,000 nil-rate threshold for the standard rates is the most generous of any UK nation, though it does not apply to additional properties. ## Getting advice before you buy The extra tax on a second home in Wales can be substantial, and the rules on when the higher rates apply are not always straightforward. We will set out your likely costs clearly at the outset and handle the LTT return for you. See our [buying a property](/conveyancing/buying-a-property/) service, or [request a callback](/contact/) to talk it through. --- ## Should You Instruct a Solicitor Before Making an Offer on a House? URL: https://robsols.co.uk/insights/making-a-house-offer/ Published: 2022-03-10 Updated: 2026-07-01 Author: You do not legally need a solicitor to make an offer on a house, but instructing one early is one of the best ways to avoid delays later. In England and Wales an offer is “subject to contract”, which means it is not legally binding until contracts are exchanged. Lining up your conveyancer before you offer helps the whole purchase move quickly once your offer is accepted. ## Do you need a solicitor before making an offer? Not to make the offer itself, that goes through the estate agent. But having a conveyancer ready means you can instruct them the moment your offer is accepted, rather than losing days or weeks finding one. In a competitive market, sellers and agents often favour buyers who look organised and ready to proceed, so being prepared can strengthen your position. ## What does “subject to contract” mean? It means that until contracts are formally exchanged, neither you nor the seller is legally committed. Either side can change their mind, renegotiate or pull out. This protects you while searches, surveys and enquiries are carried out, but it also means a deal can fall through before exchange, which is why moving efficiently matters. ## How do you make an offer? Before offering, it helps to: - Research recent sale prices for similar properties in the area - Arrange a mortgage agreement in principle, so you know your budget and look credible - Make your offer in writing through the agent, stating that it is subject to contract and survey You can offer below, at, or above the asking price depending on the market and the property’s condition. ## What happens after your offer is accepted? Once your offer is accepted, you instruct your conveyancer, who orders property searches, raises enquiries with the seller’s solicitor, and reviews the contract and title. You arrange your survey and finalise your mortgage. When everyone is satisfied, contracts are exchanged, making the deal binding, and a completion date is set, on which the money is transferred and you collect the keys. You can read more on our [buying a property](/conveyancing/buying-a-property/) page. ## What kind of survey should you consider? A mortgage valuation is for the lender’s benefit and does not tell you about the property’s condition. For your own peace of mind, consider a more detailed survey, a homebuyer report for most modern homes, or a full building survey for older, larger or unusual properties. Picking up problems before exchange gives you the chance to renegotiate or withdraw. ## What is gazumping, and can you avoid it? Gazumping is when a seller accepts a higher offer from another buyer after already accepting yours, before contracts are exchanged. Because the deal is not binding until exchange, this is lawful. You can reduce the risk by moving quickly, keeping in close contact with the agent, and asking the seller to take the property off the market once your offer is accepted. ## Buying in Wales If you are buying in Wales, you pay Land Transaction Tax (LTT) rather than Stamp Duty Land Tax. The rates and thresholds differ from those in England, so it is worth checking what you will owe at an early stage. Our conveyancing team will set out your likely costs clearly at the outset. ## Getting ready to buy Instructing a conveyancer early gives you a head start and fewer surprises later. To get a clear quote and have everything in place before you offer, see our [conveyancing](/conveyancing/) service or [request a callback](/contact/). --- ## How to Prove You Are Next of Kin for Inheritance URL: https://robsols.co.uk/insights/how-to-prove-you-are-next-of-kin-what-you-need-for-a-will/ Published: 2022-12-06 Updated: 2026-07-01 Author: To prove you are next of kin for inheritance in England and Wales, you need documents that show your relationship to the person who died, usually birth, marriage or civil partnership certificates, alongside the death certificate. However, “next of kin” has no fixed legal meaning here, and being next of kin does not automatically mean you inherit. What you actually inherit depends on whether there is a valid will, and if there is not, on the intestacy rules. ## Does “next of kin” have a legal meaning? Not really. In England and Wales the phrase is used informally, for example, by hospitals to identify a main point of contact, but it confers no automatic right to inherit or to make decisions. There is no legal definition that ranks family members. This surprises many people, who assume the “next of kin” is in charge after a death. ## Who inherits if there is a will? If there is a valid will, it decides who inherits, regardless of who is closest in the family. The named executors are responsible for administering the estate, and the beneficiaries are whoever the will specifies. A relative who would otherwise be next of kin may receive nothing if the will does not provide for them. You can read about the role of executors on our [wills](/wills-trusts-estates/wills/) page. ## Who inherits if there is no will? If there is no valid will, the person died “intestate” and the intestacy rules decide who inherits, in a strict order of priority. A surviving spouse or civil partner comes first. Where there are children, the spouse or civil partner receives the deceased’s personal possessions, a statutory legacy of £322,000 (the fixed sum set since July 2023), and half of anything above that, with the children sharing the rest. If there is no spouse, the estate passes down a fixed order: children, then parents, then siblings, and so on. ## What about unmarried partners? This is where many people are caught out. An unmarried partner is not recognised under the intestacy rules and inherits nothing automatically, no matter how long the couple lived together, there is no “common law marriage”. An unmarried partner may be able to bring a claim under the Inheritance (Provision for Family and Dependants) Act 1975, but that means going to court. The only reliable way to provide for a partner is to make a will. ## What documents do you need? To establish your relationship and deal with the estate, you will typically need: - The death certificate - Your own birth certificate, and marriage or civil partnership certificates, linking you to the deceased - The will, if there is one, naming the executors - The grant of probate (where there is a will) or letters of administration (where there is not), which give legal authority to deal with the estate ## How do you get authority to deal with the estate? Where there is a will, the executors apply for a grant of probate. Where there is no will, the person entitled under the intestacy rules, usually the closest relative, applies for letters of administration. Both give legal authority to collect in and distribute the estate. The process can be straightforward or complex depending on the estate. ## Getting help If you need to establish your entitlement or administer an estate, our probate team can guide you through it and handle the application for you. See our [probate](/wills-trusts-estates/probate/) service, or [request a callback](/contact/) to talk it through. --- ## Executor taking too long? Your rights as a beneficiary URL: https://robsols.co.uk/insights/executor-delays-beneficiary-rights/ Published: 2026-04-24 Updated: 2026-07-01 Author: When you are due to inherit from someone’s estate, waiting can be hard, especially when months pass with little news. It helps to know what is normal, what your rights are, and where the line falls between an estate that is simply taking time and an executor who is genuinely failing in their duties. This guide explains the position in England and Wales, and the calm, proportionate steps you can take if you are worried. ## How long should an executor take? The executor’s year As a general rule, an executor is expected to begin distributing an estate within twelve months of the death, a guideline known as the “executor’s year”. It is not a strict legal deadline, and an executor cannot be forced to distribute before the year is up. Equally, there is no fixed deadline by which administration must be finished: a complex estate, or one involving a property sale, inheritance tax, or a dispute, can legitimately take longer than a year. What the law does require is that an executor does not delay *unreasonably*. Delay must have a justifiable reason behind it. ## What are your rights as a beneficiary? As a beneficiary, you are entitled to expect the estate to be administered properly and within a reasonable time, and to receive what the will leaves you. You should normally be told that you are a beneficiary, though there is no set timeframe for that notification. If you are a residuary beneficiary, someone entitled to a share of what is left after debts, taxes and specific gifts, you are entitled to see the estate accounts, which show the assets, the debts, and how the estate has been dealt with. Beneficiaries receiving a fixed cash sum or a specific item are usually paid before residuary beneficiaries receive their share. ## Can you see the will? Not always straight away. Before probate is granted, the will is a private document, and the executor is not obliged to show it to you, which surprises many people and causes a good deal of friction. Once probate has been granted, however, the will becomes a public document. Anyone can obtain a copy from the Probate Registry through the GOV.UK service to [find a will or probate record](https://www.gov.uk/search-will-probate), for a small fee. So if relatives are refusing to share the will, the position usually resolves itself once the grant is issued. Our guide to [whether probate is needed](/insights/do-i-need-probate) explains when a grant is required in the first place. ## When is a delay normal, and when is it a problem? Most delays are normal and have a good explanation. Common, legitimate reasons include waiting for probate itself (the Probate Registry can take several months), selling a property before the estate can be distributed, resolving an inheritance tax position with HMRC, tracing a missing beneficiary, or dealing with a claim against the estate. An executor who keeps you reasonably informed, and can explain what is outstanding, is almost certainly doing their job. The warning signs are different in character: an executor who will not communicate at all, who cannot or will not account for what they have done, who appears to be using estate money for themselves, or who is selling assets at an undervalue. The distinction that matters is not how long things are taking, but whether the delay has a reasonable explanation and whether the executor is being open about it. ## Can you claim interest on a late legacy? Yes, in one specific situation. If you have been left a fixed cash sum, a pecuniary legacy, and it has not been paid within one year of the death, you become entitled to interest on it. The rate is usually the rate payable on judgment debts, currently 8% per year. This gives executors a real incentive to pay cash legacies promptly, and it is worth knowing if your legacy has been outstanding for more than a year. ## What can you do about a delaying executor? If you are genuinely concerned, the sensible approach is to escalate in proportion to the problem, starting with the simplest step: - Ask. Write to the executor, ask for an explanation of the delay and what remains to be done, and request an update. Most concerns are resolved at this stage. - Request the estate accounts. If you are a residuary beneficiary, ask to see the accounts showing how the estate has been handled. - Apply for an inventory and account. If the executor will not account voluntarily, a beneficiary can apply to the Probate Registry for an order requiring them to produce a formal inventory of the estate and an account of their dealings. - Apply to remove or replace them. Where there is serious wrongdoing or the executor simply will not act, you can apply to court to have them removed and someone else appointed. Some of these steps involve a court application and a court fee, you can estimate the latter with our [court fees calculator](/tools/court-fees-calculator). Taking advice before you escalate is wise, because the right step depends on the facts. ## Can an executor be removed? An executor can be removed by the court, but the bar is higher than many people expect. Crucially, you cannot have an executor removed simply for being slow, even if administration has run well past the executor’s year. Removal, under section 50 of the Administration of Justice Act 1985, generally requires something more: serious misconduct, a conflict of interest, dishonesty, incapacity, or a refusal to act at all. Where an executor has caused financial loss to the estate through a breach of their duties, they can also be held personally liable for that loss. These are significant steps, and the court’s focus is always on what is best for the proper administration of the estate. ## How we help Our [inheritance disputes team](/wills-trusts-estates/inheritance-disputes) advises beneficiaries across South Wales and the South West who are concerned about how an estate is being handled, from simply getting answers and accounts out of an executor, through to removing one where that is justified. We also act for executors facing complaints. If you would like to understand more about what the role of an executor actually involves, our guide comparing [DIY probate and using a solicitor](/insights/diy-probate-vs-solicitor) sets out their duties and responsibilities. To talk through your situation, request a callback and we will come back to you. *A note on figures: the fees and figures in this article are correct as at the date of publication shown on this article. Court fees, taxes and other charges change from time to time, so please check the current figures with the relevant official source before relying on them.* --- ## Setting Up an Inheritance Trust Fund: What You Need to Know URL: https://robsols.co.uk/insights/setting-up-an-inheritance-trust-fund/ Published: 2022-07-05 Updated: 2026-07-01 Author: An inheritance trust fund is a legal arrangement that lets you pass money, property or investments to your family while keeping control over how and when those assets are used. Instead of giving an asset outright, you place it in the care of trustees, who manage it for the people you choose to benefit. Trusts can be created during your lifetime or by your will, and the right type depends on what you are trying to achieve. ## Why set up an inheritance trust? People use trusts for several reasons: to provide for children until they are old enough to manage money, to protect assets for a vulnerable or disabled relative, to provide for a current partner while preserving capital for children from an earlier relationship, or to keep some control over how an inheritance is used. A trust can also help structure an estate for inheritance tax purposes, though the rules are complex and changing. ## What types of trust are there? The main types used for family inheritance include: - Discretionary trust, the trustees decide how and when to pay out to a class of beneficiaries, giving maximum flexibility - Life interest (interest in possession) trust, one person receives the income or use of an asset for life, with the capital passing to others afterwards - Bare trust, assets are held simply for a named beneficiary, often a child, who becomes entitled at 18 You can read more about one common type on our guide to life interest trusts, linked from our [trusts](/wills-trusts-estates/trusts/) page. ## Who are the people involved? Every trust has three roles. The settlor creates the trust and puts assets into it. The trustees legally own and manage those assets and must act in the beneficiaries’ best interests. The beneficiaries are the people who benefit. The same person can play more than one role, but choosing reliable trustees is one of the most important decisions, as the trust may run for many years. ## How are trusts taxed? Trust taxation is one of the most technical areas of the law. Putting assets into most trusts during your lifetime is a chargeable transfer for inheritance tax, which can trigger a charge where the value exceeds your available nil-rate band (currently £325,000). Many trusts also face a periodic inheritance tax charge every ten years and a charge when assets are paid out, as well as income tax and capital gains tax. Because the nil-rate band is frozen and other reliefs are changing, the figures move over time, so up-to-date advice is essential. ## Is a trust right for you? Trusts are powerful but not suitable for everyone, and a poorly designed trust can cost more than it saves. The right choice depends on your assets, your family and your goals. We can review your situation and explain whether a trust, and which type, makes sense for you. To discuss it, see our [trusts](/wills-trusts-estates/trusts/) service or [request a callback](/contact/). --- ## The common law marriage myth: what unmarried couples need to know URL: https://robsols.co.uk/insights/common-law-marriage-myth/ Published: 2026-02-25 Updated: 2026-07-01 Author: It is one of the most widespread and dangerous myths in English law: the belief that living together for long enough makes you “common law” husband and wife, with rights like a married couple’s. It does not. No matter how many years you have been together, how many children you have raised, or whose name is on the front door, cohabiting gives you almost none of the automatic legal protections that marriage or civil partnership does. This guide explains what is actually true, what is changing in 2026, and how to protect yourself. ## Is there such a thing as common law marriage? No. There is no such thing as common law marriage in England and Wales, and there has not been for centuries. The length of a relationship makes no difference: a couple together for forty years has the same lack of automatic rights against each other as a couple together for forty days. The phrase persists in everyday use, and surveys repeatedly show that most people wrongly believe cohabiting couples gain marriage-like rights over time. That false belief is exactly what leaves people exposed, because they assume protection that does not exist and so never put real protection in place. ## What rights do unmarried couples actually have? Far fewer than most people expect. If you are not married or in a civil partnership, you have no automatic right to a share of your partner’s income, savings, pension or other assets simply because you lived together. There is no equivalent of the financial settlement a divorcing spouse can seek. If you separate, you each generally keep what is legally yours, and you cannot claim ongoing financial support for yourself from a former partner. The main areas where claims do exist are property you can show an interest in, anything to do with children, and limited claims if a partner dies, covered below. ## What about the house? Property and beneficial interests This is where most disputes arise. If you are both named on the title as joint owners, you each own a share, and how it is split depends on whether you hold it as joint tenants or tenants in common. The harder situation is where the home is in one partner’s sole name. The other partner has no automatic right to it, but they may be able to establish a “beneficial interest” if they contributed to the deposit, the mortgage, or significant improvements, and can show there was a common intention to share ownership. These claims, brought under trust law, are fact-specific, expensive, and uncertain. They turn on what was said and done years earlier, which the two people often remember very differently. If you are unsure whether you might have a claim over a property in your partner’s name, our [cohabitation property checker](/tools/cohabitation-property-checker) can help you think it through. ## What happens if one of you dies? The intestacy rules, which decide who inherits when someone dies without a will, do not recognise an unmarried partner at all. If your partner dies without a will, their estate passes to blood relatives: children, then parents or siblings. You could inherit nothing, even after decades together, and if the home was in their sole name you may have no automatic right to stay in it. The only fallback is a court claim under the Inheritance (Provision for Family and Dependants) Act 1975, available to a partner who lived with the deceased for at least two years, but that means litigation, at the worst possible time. We explain this in detail in our guide to [who inherits when there is no will](/insights/intestacy-rules-explained). ## Children: where marriage makes no difference When it comes to children, marital status is largely irrelevant. Decisions about where children live and how they share time with each parent are made on the same basis whether or not the parents married, with the child’s welfare as the court’s paramount concern. Child maintenance applies regardless of marriage, either parent can apply through the Child Maintenance Service. In some cases a parent can also apply to court under Schedule 1 of the Children Act 1989 for additional financial provision for a child, which can include housing. So while you cannot claim for yourself as an unmarried partner, provision for your children is a different matter. ## The 2026 reform: what’s actually changing? This area is under active review, and it is important to be accurate about where things stand. On 5 June 2026, the Ministry of Justice launched a ten-week consultation, *A Fairer End to Relationships*, which closes on 14 August 2026. Among other things, it proposes giving qualifying cohabitants, broadly, those who have lived together for at least three years or who have a child together, automatic rights to inherit under the intestacy rules, bringing them closer to the position of spouses, along with new financial claims on separation. As of mid-2026, however, none of this is law. It is a consultation, not a change in the rules. After it closes, the government will consider the responses and then decide whether to legislate, a process that could take months or years, and similar proposals in 2011 and 2018 were not taken forward. So while reform may be coming, you cannot rely on it yet. If anything, the gap between what people assume and what the law actually provides makes acting now more important, not less. ## How unmarried couples can protect themselves The good news is that cohabiting couples can put solid protection in place quite simply: - A cohabitation agreement records how you will deal with property, finances and other practical matters during the relationship and if it ends. Properly drawn up with independent advice, the courts will generally uphold it. - A declaration of trust records exactly what share each of you owns in a property, removing the uncertainty that causes most cohabitation property disputes. - A will is the only way to make sure your partner inherits from you, since intestacy will not provide for them. Many cohabiting couples make mirror wills leaving their estates to each other. Putting these in place at the outset is far cheaper and easier than untangling a dispute later. ## How we help Our [cohabitation team](/family-law/cohabitation-disputes) advises unmarried couples across South Wales and the South West, on agreements and declarations of trust to set things up safely, and on resolving property and financial disputes if a relationship ends. For a plain-English overview of the differences between marriage and living together, Citizens Advice has a helpful guide to [living together and marriage](https://www.citizensadvice.org.uk/family/living-together-marriage-and-civil-partnership/living-together-and-marriage-legal-differences/). To talk through your situation, request a callback and we will come back to you. --- ## What Is a Trust Agreement? How It Works, Who Uses It and Why. URL: https://robsols.co.uk/insights/what-is-a-trust-agreement/ Published: 2023-02-01 Updated: 2026-07-01 Author: The Trust Registration Service (TRS) received 38,000 new trust[](https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/trust-statistics/statistics-on-trusts-in-the-uk-october-2022)[registrations](https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/trust-statistics/statistics-on-trusts-in-the-uk-october-2022) between 1 April 2021 and 31 March 2022. When it comes to protecting and managing assets, many people are asking what is a trust agreement. As established and reputable Solicitors in South Wales, our experts have put together this quick and simple guide to help you understand what a trust agreement is, how it is set up and works and who it’s for. **A trust agreement is a legal document containing, terms, conditions and provisions that allows the trustor to transfer the ownership of assets to the trustee to be held for the trustor’s beneficiaries. The trustees will manage the property and assets on behalf of the beneficiary.** That’s the simple answer, but let’s dive into more details. #### What is a trust agreement? A trust agreement is a legally binding document that serves as the governing document for a trust. It is commonly used to safeguard the assets in a trust and ensure they are managed and distributed to the intended beneficiaries, in accordance with the trustor’s wishes. The trust agreement outlines the roles and responsibilities of trustees, *how* funds will be distributed, and any legal requirements that *must* be followed. The trustee may be a person, an organisation, or even a bank. #### What is in a trust agreement? Anagreement contains three key components. Here’s an outline of what those elements are. **The major components of a trust agreement include:** - Trustee identification: This section identifies who is acting as a trustee, their responsibilities, and any limits to those responsibilities. - Trust assets: This section identifies the types of assets in the trust, how they will be managed, and when and how distributions should be made. - Beneficiaries: This section identifies who will benefit from the trust as well as how and when each beneficiary will receive distributions It also details the rights and responsibilities of both parties, as well as any conditions or limitations on them. #### Who arranges the trust agreement? The agreement is usually written by a Solicitor and should include an introduction stating who created the trust, what its purpose is, and when it will come into effect. It should also include the details of any parties involved, such as the Trustee (the individual responsible for managing and administering the trust) and the Beneficiaries (those who benefit from the trust). If you’re interested in finding out more then Robertsons Solicitors have been helping to register trust agreements for many years.[](/contact/)[Give us a call now](/contact/) and we can help answer questions specific to your needs and requirements. #### A trust agreement is a contractual document It is a contractual document that establishes the terms of a trust, which is an arrangement in which you transfer some or all of your assets to a third party (the trustee) to manage and disburse according to your wishes. It contains the terms, conditions and provisions under which the creator of the trust (known as the settlor or trustor) transfers their assets to trustees who will manage the property on behalf of the beneficiaries of the trust. #### Three main types of trusts To answer the question “what is a trust agreement” it’s worth outlining the types of trusts that a trust agreement would be created for. In general, there are three main types of trusts and a trust agreement is required for all these instances to manage and oversee them. **Living or testamentary trust** A living or testamentary trust is created during the lifetime of the person who created it. The trust document states the terms and conditions of the trust, including how assets should be managed and distributed upon their death. **Revocable or irrevocable trusts** Revocable trusts are created during the lifetime of the grantor (the person who creates the trust) and can be revoked at any time. Irrevocable trusts cannot be changed or terminated once they have been set up. **Funded or unfunded trust** A funded trust has assets such as cash or investments that have been placed into the trust. An unfunded trust only has the legal document setting it up and no assets associated with it. #### What a trust agreement contains The agreement will outline the trustee’s duties and responsibilities, such as how to manage the assets and make decisions regarding: - Investments or distributions - Their legal responsibilities in managing the trust for the benefit of all beneficiaries - Any taxes payable by the trust - When and how to distribute income from the trust - What happens when the trust ends #### What a trust agreement is used for They are mainly used by individuals, businesses and organisations to hold assets or funds securely. **Trust funds are designed to provide legal protection of the principal amount and ensure that it is managed as intended.** They can be set up for any purpose, such as to protect vulnerable beneficiaries, provide long-term care for children, or to regulate business investments. Trusts can also be used by businesses, partnerships and charitable organisations to streamline the management of assets and funds. Generally speaking, trust agreements are most commonly used in estate planning, to ensure that assets can be passed on to future generations in a tax-efficient manner. They’re also used to protect the interests of minors or individuals who are unable to manage their finances. #### Consider the purpose of the trust agreement When setting up an agreement, it is important to consider the purpose of the trust, its management, and who will benefit from it. **The trust agreement should specify *how* the trust is to be managed and by whom. It should also include details about *where* the trust funds will be stored, *who* can access them and *how*, *when* and under *what* direction they are to be managed and distributed.** The trust agreement should also specify the duties of the trustee (the person or entity in charge of managing the trust). These may include a duty to manage investments prudently, keep accurate records and follow the terms of the trust agreement. #### When trust agreements are used Trust agreements are often used when someone wants to protect their assets or pass them on to beneficiaries after death. They can also be used for charitable donations, as well as for tax and estate planning purposes. Often they are also used to provide for the care of minors or developmentally disabled individuals. #### Benefits of a trust agreement The agreements can provide a range of benefits, including protecting assets from creditors, avoiding probate court fees, and making sure assets are distributed according to the grantor’s wishes. They can also provide a measure of control over *how* assets are used and managed. Trusts can be designed to last for just one lifetime or they could be designed to continue in perpetuity. #### Who should set up a trust agreement? Trust agreements are not just for the wealthy. Many different types of people, including business owners and middle-class families, may benefit from setting up a trust agreement. In general, anyone who wants to protect their assets or pass them on to beneficiaries after death should consider creating a trust agreement. #### When should I create a trust agreement? Creating an agreement is generally something that should be done when you have sufficient assets to protect, or if you are planning for the future and want to control how your assets will be used. If you’re looking to protect your assets from creditors, create tax advantages, and provide for beneficiaries after death, setting up a trust agreement may be a good option. An agreement is also beneficial for families with young children since it can provide the beneficiaries with security if early in their life something were to happen to you. Additionally, if you have a business that you plan on leaving to family members or other heirs, setting up a trust agreement will help ensure its success. #### The trust agreement typically outlines: - Who will be the grantor(s), the trustee(s), and the beneficiary(ies) - What assets are to be held in trust - How the trust will be funded, either through a one-time transfer of funds or on an ongoing basis - The purpose of the trust and what it is supposed to achieve - When and how distributions from the trust will be made - What happens to the trust when it terminates and how assets will be distributed - Any other terms or conditions related to the trust agreement #### Trust agreements are used for… Trust agreements are registered for a variety of reasons, including to: - Provide for minor children in the event of unexpected death or disability of one or both parents - Transfer assets to another person or entity for their benefit - Protect assets from creditors and bankruptcy - Provide long-term care for an elderly family member, including medical expenses - Minimise taxes on large estates through careful estate planning. - Trust agreements can also be used to manage ongoing family business operations. - They are often used to provide a secure structure for family-owned and controlled businesses, allowing the trustees to manage assets and liabilities on behalf of the trust beneficiaries. - They can be used in charitable giving, where a donor may wish to ensure that their funds are used for specific purposes or given to particular individuals. - Trust agreements are often established when someone is planning for the future, such as when they are elderly or have a terminal illness. The agreement will detail how assets should be distributed after death and can include instructions on who is to manage the trust and *how* funds should be disbursed. In some cases, a trust may also specify or restrict certain activities that could otherwise negatively affect its beneficiaries. #### And finally… So now you have an answer to the question “what is a trust agreement”. You might be considering arranging one yourself. It’s relatively easy to get started. To get your trust fund started and your trust agreement drawn up,[](/contact/)[contact Robertsons Solicitors today](/contact/) so we can help you navigate through the process. --- ## Requesting an Education Health and Care Needs Assessment URL: https://robsols.co.uk/insights/requesting-an-education-health-and-care-needs-assessment/ Published: 2023-03-31 Updated: 2026-07-01 Author: Are you aware that if your child is experiencing difficulties in school due to a potential learning difficulty or disability, you can request an Education Health and Care Needs Assessment (EHCNA)? Whether you make the request independently, through the school, or with a solicitor’s help, taking action promptly can make all the difference. Once the Local Authority receives a request for an EHCNA from a parent, young person, school or solicitor they must determine: 1.         whether the child has or may have special educational needs and 2.         whether they may need special educational provisions to be made through an EHC plan. If the Local Authority determines this is the case they must conduct a formal assessment. **The Law** Section 36(8) of the Children and Families Act 2014 (8)The local authority must secure an EHC needs assessment for the child or young person if, after having regard to any views expressed and evidence submitted under subsection (7), the authority is of the opinion that, (a)the child or young person has or may have special educational needs, and (b)it may be necessary for the special educational provisions to be made for the child or young person in accordance with an EHC plan. The Local Authority considers various factors to determine if an assessment is necessary, as outlined in Section 9.14 of the SEND code of practice. These factors include: •              Evidence of the child or young person’s academic attainment or developmental milestones. •              Information about the nature, extent, and context of the child or young person’s SEN. •              Evidence of the action already being taken by the early years provider, school, or post-16 institution to meet the child or young person’s SEN. •              Evidence that progress has only been made as a result of additional intervention and support over and above that which is usually provided. •              Evidence of the child or young person’s physical, emotional, social, and health-related needs, drawing on relevant evidence from clinicians and other health professionals, and what has been done to meet these needs by other agencies. Getting in touch with the school and obtaining additional information about your child’s difficulties is crucial. The Special Educational Needs Coordinator (SENCO) can provide you with more insight into the situation. In most cases, the school will be supportive of your request and may even provide you with further information or a letter of support. **Timescale for assessment** Once an assessment request is made under section 36(1) of the Act, the Local Authority has six weeks to determine if an Education Health and Care (EHC) needs assessment is necessary for the child or young person. In accordance with the Special Educational Needs and Disability Regulations 2014, the local authority must inform the parent or young person of their decision within this timeframe. It’s essential to date your initial assessment request and keep track of important deadline dates. If an assessment is deemed necessary, the Local Authority will have a further 10 weeks to gather evidence from various sources to determine whether an Education Health and Care Plan (EHCP) needs to be issued. They must inform you within 16 weeks of your request for assessment whether they will issue an Education Health and Care Plan. **Support is available.** We can help you request an Education Health and Care Needs Assessment (EHCNA) for your child if you suspect they are experiencing difficulties in school due to a learning difficulty or disability. We can guide you through the assessment process and advocate for your child’s education rights. [Contact us](/contact/) today to learn more about requesting an Education Health and Care Needs Assessment. --- ## Owning Property with Family: Key Considerations and Potential Challenges URL: https://robsols.co.uk/insights/owning-property-with-family-key-considerations-and-potential-challenges/ Published: 2024-06-25 Updated: 2026-07-01 Author: Owning property with family members can be a rewarding venture, providing an opportunity to build wealth together and create shared properties for future generations. However, it also comes with unique challenges and responsibilities that must be carefully navigated. At Robertsons Solicitors, we understand the intricacies involved in family co-ownership and are here to guide you through the essential considerations and potential pitfalls. **Key Considerations for Family Property Ownership** As you embark on what could be the most significant investment of your life, buying a home, it’s essential to consider the future, regardless of whether you’re purchasing individually or with others. **Ownership Options:** - Joint Tenancy: In joint tenancy, all owners have equal rights to the property, and if one owner passes away, their share automatically transfers to the surviving owner(s). This arrangement simplifies inheritance but restricts the ability to specify individual shares in a will. - Tenancy in Common: This allows owners to hold specified shares of the property, which can be equal or unequal. Each owner can designate their share to a chosen beneficiary in their will, making it beneficial for estate planning. Unlike joint tenancy, the deceased owner’s share does not automatically transfer to the surviving owner(s), but forms part of their estate to be distributed as per their will. - Declaration of Trust: This document provides detailed guidelines on ownership arrangements, specifying monetary amounts or percentages that co-owners may wish to protect. It is particularly useful when holding property as tenants in common, allowing for clear delineation of ownership shares and responsibilities. For individuals or parties in non-traditional relationships, such as friends or business partners, the legal framework for property distribution may differ. It’s crucial to clearly document your intentions regarding ownership and what should happen in case of separation or death. Regardless of your relationship status, making a will is advisable to safeguard your interests and ensure your intentions for the property are honoured upon your death. **Financial Contributions and Responsibilities** Clearly define each party’s financial contributions towards the purchase, mortgage payments, maintenance, and other property-related expenses. Establish a joint account for property expenses to ensure transparency and ease of management. **Usage and Management** Draft an agreement detailing how the property will be used, managed, and maintained. This should include provisions for regular maintenance, improvements, and handling emergency repairs. **Exit Strategy** Plan for potential exit scenarios, such as selling the property or buying out a co-owner’s share. This can prevent disputes and provide a clear pathway if circumstances change. **What If a Co-Owner Faces Financial Difficulties?** Financial difficulties can significantly impact property ownership dynamics. Here’s how to navigate these challenges: **Communication and Documentation** Open and honest communication is crucial. Discuss any financial issues as early as possible and document all agreements and decisions to avoid misunderstandings. **Refinancing and Restructuring** Consider refinancing the mortgage to lower monthly payments. If one owner can no longer meet their obligations, the other owners may need to restructure the ownership arrangement or financial contributions temporarily. **Legal Protection** Ensure you have legal agreements in place that outline each party’s responsibilities and the steps to be taken in case of financial difficulties. This might include provisions for renting out the property or selling it to cover debts. **Sale of Property** In severe cases, selling the property might be the best option. The proceeds can be used to pay off any outstanding debts, with the remaining amount distributed among the owners according to their ownership shares. **What Happens in the Event of Divorce?** Divorce can complicate property ownership, particularly if the property was jointly purchased by a married couple. Here’s what you need to know: **Property Division** The division of property in a divorce depends on whether the property is considered marital (matrimonial) or separate (non-matrimonial). Matrimonial property, acquired during the marriage or as a result of the joint endeavours of the parties, is typically subject to the sharing principle, while separate property, inherited or owned before the marriage or acquired after separation / divorce may not be subject to the sharing principle. The court can still have regard to such property as a resource and may still ‘invade’ that property for distribution if there is insufficient marital property to meet both party’s needs. Each case will be decided on its own facts and as such specialist advice should be sought. **Court Intervention** If the divorcing parties cannot agree on the division, the court may intervene to decide based on factors such as, needs, income and earning capacities,  each party’s financial contributions and resources, the length of the marriage, and other relevant circumstances. The paramount consideration will be the welfare and needs of any child of the family. **Settlement Options** One party may buy out the other’s share, or the property may be sold, and the proceeds divided. Sometimes, one party may be granted the property while the other receives other assets of equivalent value. **Childcare Considerations** The needs of any child of the family will be a paramount consideration. If children are involved, and there are insufficient assets and income to meet both party’s needs, the primary caregiver might be allowed to stay in the property until the children reach adulthood, with the division of the property postponed until then. **Conclusion** Owning property with family members can be a fulfilling experience, but it requires careful planning and clear agreements to navigate potential challenges. Whether dealing with financial difficulties or facing a divorce, having robust legal arrangements and seeking professional advice is crucial. At [Robertsons Solicitors](https://www.linkedin.com/company/robertsons-solicitors/), we are dedicated to helping you manage these complexities with confidence. [Contact us](/contact/)today to learn more about how we can support your family property ownership journey. --- ## Hampshire County Council v GC: Ordinary Residence and Maintaining EHCPs URL: https://robsols.co.uk/insights/hampshire-county-council-v-gc-ordinary-residence-and-maintaining-ehcps/ Published: 2026-01-27 Updated: 2026-07-01 Author: If you’ve ever wondered how local authorities handle Education, Health and Care Plans (EHCPs) when families temporarily move abroad, the recent case of Hampshire County Council v GC and another sheds some light on the issue. This case involved a child, referred to as T, whose father was deployed to Dubai with the Royal Navy. Hampshire County Council decided to stop maintaining T’s EHCP, arguing that since T was no longer physically present in their area, they weren’t responsible for his plan. T’s parents challenged this decision, and the case eventually made its way to the Court of Appeal. **What was the issue?** The big question was whether Hampshire County Council could lawfully stop maintaining T’s EHCP while he was temporarily living abroad. The Council argued that their responsibility only applied to children physically present in their area. They also claimed they couldn’t meet their legal duty to provide the support outlined in T’s EHCP while he was overseas. On the other hand, T’s parents argued that T was still “ordinarily resident” in Hampshire, even though he was temporarily in Dubai, and that the Council had failed to consult them before making its decision. **What did the court say?** The Court of Appeal sided with T’s parents. Here’s why: 1. Ordinary residence matters: The court clarified that the phrase “in the authority’s area” under the Children and Families Act 2014 refers to where a child is ordinarily or habitually resident, not just where they’re physically present. Since T’s move to Dubai was temporary, he was still considered ordinarily resident in Hampshire, meaning the Council was still responsible for his EHCP. 2. Procedural errors: The Council didn’t follow the rules. Regulation 31 of the Special Educational Needs and Disability Regulations 2014 requires local authorities to consult parents before deciding to stop an EHCP. Hampshire County Council didn’t do this – which was a significant procedural failure. 3. Temporary absences don’t mean the end of an EHCP: The court pointed out that local authorities can maintain an EHCP even if they can’t fully deliver the support while a child is temporarily away. Stopping the EHCP would have left T without proper support when he returned to the UK, forcing his family to start the assessment process all over again. 4. Discretion, not obligation: The court noted that local authorities have discretion under the law to decide whether to stop maintaining an EHCP. In this case, the Council wasn’t required to stop T’s plan, especially since his parents had made suitable arrangements for his education while abroad. **Why does this matter?** This case is a big deal for families who might need to temporarily move out of their local authority’s area, whether for work, military service, or other reasons. It reinforces the idea that local authorities can’t just stop an EHCP because a child isn’t physically present – they need to consider the child’s ordinary residence and follow proper procedures. It also highlights the importance of the Armed Forces Covenant, which aims to protect service families from being disadvantaged due to their unique circumstances. For parents of children with special educational needs, this case is a reminder of the protections in place under the Children and Families Act 2014. It also serves as a cautionary tale for local authorities to ensure they’re following the rules when making decisions about EHCPs. **How can we help?** Our dedicated Education Law team provide legal support to parents and caregivers of children and young people with SEN. Discover how we can support you today and contact us for an initial consultation, where we can discuss your specific situation and provide guidance on how our education law services can assist you. --- ## Legal Action Highlights Safety Concerns at Barry Funfair URL: https://robsols.co.uk/insights/legal-action-highlights-safety-concerns-at-barry-funfair/ Published: 2025-04-02 Updated: 2025-04-02 Author: A legal case involving an accident at Barry Funfair has brought renewed attention to safety standards and first aid provisions at the fairground. The claim, handled by Robertsons Solicitors, has reached a significant milestone as the settlement of £27,000, together with legal costs has been approved by the court. The accident, which occurred in 2022, resulted in serious leg injuries to a local schoolgirl (whose identity remains confidential at the request of her family). The incident raised concerns about the fairground’s safety protocols and its operator’s handling of the situation. Despite initially denying liability, the fairground operator was ultimately required to address the claim through formal legal proceedings. Henry Danter, owner of Barry Island Pleasure Park in the Vale of Glamorgan, has attracted ongoing scrutiny over safety standards at his attractions. He is currently seeking to develop land near Ty Hafan Children’s Hospice in nearby Sully into a holiday park. This case adds to growing public concern, highlighting the importance of robust health and safety measures at sites operated under his name. The schoolgirl, currently studying for her A Levels, was supported throughout a lengthy and challenging litigation process by her determined family and their legal team. After the fairground’s operator denied liability, formal proceedings were issued. Despite several initial low offers from the fair’s legal team and insurers, a settlement was eventually reached. Given the claimant’s age (16), the award required judicial approval. Andrew Collingbourne, a solicitor at Robertsons Solicitors representing the client and her family, stated: “This case highlights the necessity for stringent health and safety measures in public spaces. Had the appropriate precautions been in place, this accident might have been prevented. We believe it is essential to bring public attention to these concerns so that similar incidents can be avoided in the future.” The incident and subsequent legal proceedings have reinforced the need for funfair operators to maintain the highest standards of safety for their visitors. While the family has welcomed the settlement, they remain committed to raising awareness about the risks and the importance of holding fairground operators accountable. A family representative commented: “This was not just a minor accident, it had lasting impacts. We hope that by bringing this issue to light, other families will be aware of the risks and fairground operators will take their responsibilities more seriously.” Although the settlement was made on a without prejudice basis and without formal admission of liability, the case serves as a stark reminder of the potential dangers associated with inadequate safety measures at public attractions. With public safety at the forefront of this case, the family and their legal team are considering further steps to ensure that adequate measures are implemented at Barry Funfair to prevent similar incidents in the future. --- ## Successfully Overturning an AI-Related Academic Misconduct Allegation URL: https://robsols.co.uk/insights/successfully-overturning-an-ai-related-academic-misconduct-allegation/ Published: 2024-09-06 Updated: 2024-09-06 Author: At Robertsons Solicitors, we recently handled a challenging and highly sensitive case involving an allegation of serious academic misconduct due to the supposed use of AI by a university student. Cases of AI-related academic misconduct are becoming a burgeoning issue in higher education. The university accused the student of a serious violation that could have significantly downgraded his degree classification. The allegation stemmed from an unclear understanding and application of AI in academic work. After a prolonged and stressful preliminary engagement with the university, the student was finally granted the right to appeal. However, the family was at a loss on how to proceed due to the lack of clear information from the university regarding the basis of the allegation and the severe proposed penalty. Our Education Law team, led by Rhys Palmer, took on the challenge of crafting a detailed appeal that meticulously addressed every aspect of the case. They argued against the broken regulations, the inadequate training provided to students about AI, the vague academic regulations and the questionable ethics in the treatment of the student. Working under tight deadlines, the team delivered a comprehensive appeal document within a week, exceeding expectations with its depth and scope. They incorporated guidelines from regulatory bodies such as the [Office of the Independent Adjudicator](https://www.oiahe.org.uk/) (OIA) and [Ofqual](https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/ofqual), setting a benchmark on how allegations involving AI should be handled based on best practices observed in leading universities. Our [Education Law](/education-law/university-disputes)team prepared the student for the appeal panel, focusing on mental readiness and practical aspects such as document organisation and appropriate presentation. This meticulous preparation enabled the student to confidently address the panel’s inquiries, demonstrating his innocence and the unfairness of the charge against him relating to AI-related academic misconduct. The appeal panel’s decision came remarkably fast, arriving in just two days instead of the typical two weeks, with no penalty affecting the final degree classification over the AI-related academic misconduct allegation. --- ## I’m unhappy with my child’s EHCP. What options are available? URL: https://robsols.co.uk/insights/im-unhappy-with-my-childs-ehcp-what-options-are-available/ Published: 2024-04-11 Updated: 2024-04-11 Author: As a parent or caregiver, discovering that your child’s Education, Health, and Care Plan (EHCP) doesn’t meet your expectations can be disheartening. You want the best for your child’s education and well-being, and when you feel the EHCP falls short, it’s essential to know your options. Education Law Specialist, [Rhys Palmer](https://www.linkedin.com/in/rhys-palmer-24ab98110/) explores what steps you can take when you find yourself in this situation. - Understanding the EHCP: Begin by thoroughly understanding and reviewing the EHCP. Familiarise yourself with its contents, objectives and the legal obligations it entails. Question whether the EHCP (a) accurately reflects who the young person is (b) what their needs are and (c) the support required to meet those needs. - Communication with the Local Authority: Open communication with the Local Authority (LA) responsible for your child’s EHCP is crucial. Express your concerns and seek clarification on aspects you find inadequate or unclear. They may be able to address your concerns through amendments or additional support provisions. - Requesting a Review: EHCPs are not static documents; they should be reviewed and amended when necessary. You have the right to request a review if you believe the current EHCP doesn’t adequately meet your child’s needs. Working with legal professionals like Robertsons Solicitors can help ensure your review request is comprehensive and effectively represents your concerns. - Appealing to the Tribunal: In cases where other avenues fail to resolve the dissatisfaction, you have the option to appeal to the Special Educational Needs and Disability Tribunal (SEND). This legal process involves presenting your case before a panel of independent experts who will assess whether the EHCP needs modification to better meet your child’s needs. In conclusion, feeling unhappy with your child’s EHCP doesn’t mean you’re without recourse. By understanding your rights and the available options, seeking legal guidance when necessary and advocating for your child’s best interests, you can navigate this challenging situation effectively. Remember, you’re not alone in this journey, and support from Education Law experts like Robertsons Solicitors can make a significant difference in achieving the best outcome for your child’s education and well-being. --- ## Security of Tenure in Commercial Leases: Advice for Landlords & Tenants URL: https://robsols.co.uk/insights/security-of-tenure/ Published: 2023-08-18 Updated: 2023-08-18 Author: As part of our ongoing series discussing important commercial landlord and tenant issues, our Commercial Property team examines how the security of tenure can impact both landlords and tenants.  **Understanding Security of Tenure** Security of tenure, as established in the Landlord and Tenant Act 1954 (Sections 24 to 28), refers to the right of a tenant to continue occupying commercial premises beyond the initial lease term. This protection is particularly important for tenants who have established their businesses at a specific location and want to safeguard against disruptions caused by sudden lease terminations. **Qualifying Criteria for Security of Tenure** In order for a lease to be eligible for security of tenure, it must meet these important conditions: - Commercial Intent: the property must be used for business purposes  - Active Occupancy: the tenant must be in occupation of the property - Duration Threshold: The tenancy must exceed 6 months  **Landlord and Tenant Act 1954 – Inside the Act vs Outside the Act** When it comes to commercial property leases, a key consideration is whether the lease falls within or outside the scope of the Landlord and Tenant Act 1954. This has implications for tenancy security for both parties. Leases under the 1954 Act automatically grant tenants the right to a new lease on expiry, while leases outside the Act require landlords to prove specific grounds to deny tenants this automatic right. **What Tenants Need to Know ** For tenants, understanding the scope of the lease and its implications for security of tenure is essential. **Inside the 1954 Act:** - Opting for a lease under the 1954 Act provides you with the security of tenure, granting the right to a new lease upon expiry. - This means you have the assurance of continuing your business from the same premises, subject to similar terms and rent. - Landlords face more hurdles in reclaiming the property under this arrangement, as they need to prove specific grounds outlined in the Act. - If possession is regained, compensation might be due based on factors such as property value and your duration of occupancy. **Outside the 1954 Act:** - Leases outside the Act offer landlords more control over the property and potentially simpler possession recovery. - However, you won’t have an automatic right to renew the lease when it ends. - Landlords may not be obliged to provide compensation upon lease termination. - Remember, without a specific agreement, the lease might unintentionally fall under the 1954 Act. **What Landlords Need to Know ** Deciding whether to offer security of tenure within or outside the 1954 Act is an important choice for landlords. **Inside the 1954 Act:** - Leasing under the 1954 Act provides tenants with automatic rights to renew, promoting longer-term tenancies. - Regaining possession can be challenging and might necessitate proving specific grounds under the Act. - Compensation may be required if you regain possession, depending on factors such as property value and tenant occupancy duration. **Outside the 1954 Act:** - Leases outside the Act give you more control over your property and simplified possession recovery. - You’re not obligated to provide compensation upon lease termination. - Remember, it’s important to follow specific steps, including an exclusion clause in the lease and serving valid notices to tenants, to ensure the lease operates outside the Act. **Our Support for both Landlords and Tenants ** In conclusion, the considerations surrounding security of tenure within or outside the Landlord and Tenant Act 1954 are key for both tenants and landlords. Navigating this decision involves a clear understanding of the implications for lease continuity, rights, and responsibilities. By addressing lease situations proactively and seeking legal guidance where needed, both parties can create a lease agreement that protects their long-term commercial interests.  Whether you’re a commercial landlord or a tenant, don’t hesitate to seek advice, guidance and support from our [Commercial Property team](/property-construction/commercial-property/). Contact us today via 02920 237777 or email [law@robsols.co.uk](mailto:law@robsols.co.uk).  --- ## Living apart together. What are the consequences for family law? URL: https://robsols.co.uk/insights/living-apart-together-the-consequences-for-family-law/ Published: 2023-06-01 Updated: 2023-06-01 Author: ‘Living apart together’ (LAT) is a contemporary-day relationship form, accounting for about 10% of the adult population in Britain. In fact, many of those who would generally classify themselves as ‘single’ is in an exclusive, intimate relationship, but they are not living together. In a study, 43% of LATs were under 25, about 30% were between 25-44, and 11% were over 55.  The term LAT was probably first used by a Dutch journalist in 1978. Despite practical difficulties with measurement and interpretation, the ‘living apart together’ phenomenon has long been recognised in literature and [demographic research.](https://www.demographic-research.org/) LAT couples spend considerable time together and are monogamous in their relationship. Communication can be face-to-face but also by telephone and online. The partners regard themselves as a couple and are recognised as such by others. They can be of the same sex, and each partner may live in another household containing other people. They offer each other emotional support but also financial support to varying degrees. Conflict, stress, and obligation are minimised. This article looks at this phenomenon and asks, ‘Are these people free from the reach of family law?’ and ‘Can this form of relationship be a de facto relationship with financial consequences? **Main reasons for not living with a partner. ** LATs cite four main reasons why they don’t live with a partner. - Too early in the relationship.   Some LATs say they are not yet ready to cohabit or haven’t thought about living together.   - A preference for not living together. Some people want to keep their own homes because of their career or a time-consuming leisure activity, or they put other responsibilities (such as their children) first. This group is mostly older people who have been married or cohabited before. ‘Living apart together’ creates a new and better life for these people. - Financials. The couple cannot afford to live together. - Situational. One partner has a job elsewhere or lives in an institution such as a care home or a prison. Sometimes the couple faces family opposition (for example, a partner of a different religion), and it is too intense to try and live together. Keeping distance in an intimate relationship can also be a way of protecting yourself from abuse or emotional pain or of protecting children. But, on the other hand, some people feel a LAT relationship makes a unique intimacy possible that would be threatened by too close day-to-day contact. **LAT and the law.** *In general* The general perception of people in this form of relationship might be that they are free from the reach of family law when it comes to dividing assets when such a relationship ends. However, from a legal perspective, one might consider other factors in deciding whether a LAT relationship isn’t so casual anymore and has crossed a line to become a de facto relationship with financial significance. **LAT, the same as cohabitating?** The question arises if LAT couples in England and Wales should have access to the same legal rights and protection as unmarried cohabitants. After all, many care for and support each other and have a relationship with dependent children. Yes, the couple in a LAT relationship does not live together, but evidence suggests that LAT is not just a convenient relationship under a different name. Instead, it allows for flexibility, and LAT’s autonomy can enable a person to manage diverse needs and desires. In this way, LAT is both new and conservative. For some, the goal of a LAT relationship is to maintain a harmonious family unit. The key is consistency; in the future, the law may very well consider this relationship with new eyes. Several themes, such as the presence of children, the existence of commitment, the permanency of the relationship, and the possibility that one party can take advantage of the other, may very well become issues.   Now, however, LAT is not considered the same as cohabitating in the eyes of the law. Adults in a LAT relationship in England and Wales are legally defined as ‘single.’   **The possible legal consequences of ‘Living Apart Together.’** For the argument, we look at a few different issues from the perspective of unmarried cohabitants that might shape the law for LATs in the future. - No financial responsibility.   Legally, cohabiting couples can separate without providing a partner with financial support. Unmarried parents cannot ask for spousal support at relationship breakdown, but child support might be payable. One can expect the courts to look at a long-term LAT relationship similarly. - At the death of one partner. Unmarried partners would not benefit under intestacy rules if there were no will. The surviving partner will not inherit anything, except if there was a will that made provision for them. Serious LATs should provide for their partner by creating a will and keeping it updated as financial circumstances change. Currently, it is the only ‘legal’ way to provide for a surviving partner (or children) in a LAT relationship. - Property rights.   In the case of a cohabiting couple, they can’t claim ownership of each other’s property if they should break up. However, the non-owner may have a claim if they made financial contributions to the property or if the relevant ‘behaviour’ show there is an implied agreement about the property. This area of the law is very complex, and at the time of writing, there are no legal grounds for LAT partners to claim a partner’s property. Yet, this validity has been tested in unmarried cohabiting couples, and some of them had successfully claimed a share of the property. It is not to say that it absolutely cannot happen in a LAT relationship. Gifts given during the relationship should remain the property of the recipient. **Conclusion** LAT gives people the flexibility and room to decide how they want to adapt to the demands of contemporary life and couple intimacy. For many, ‘living apart together’ allows them to balance personal space, closeness, and external circumstances. Tentatively, we can conclude that LAT is more often a **stage** in a relationship and not necessarily an alternative to cohabitation or marriage. It is not to say it is a permanent state, and many LATs **will** go on to cohabit or marry.  For others, however, LAT **is** permanent and can be meaningful and important because it is on their own terms. How this type of relationship will settle in the legal annals of England and Wales remains to be seen. --- ## Hudson v Hathway – Court of Appeal Decision On Constructive Trusts URL: https://robsols.co.uk/insights/hudson-v-hathway-court-of-appeal/ Published: 2023-02-27 Updated: 2023-02-27 Author: **Hudson v Hathway – Court of Appeal Confirms Detrimental Reliance to Establish Common Intention Constructive Trust** In the latest round of litigation, (the second appeal) between Hudson and Hathway, the Court of Appeal confirmed that a party claiming a subsequent increase in their equitable share due to a post-acquisition changed common intention must show detrimental reliance on the changed common intention. The judgment is significant to cohabitating couples who jointly own their home.  The Court of Appeal considered the following:  • Must a party claiming a subsequent increase in her equitable share necessarily have acted to her detriment? Or does a common intention alone suffice to alter the beneficial shares?  • If the former, was HHJ Ralton right to decide that the requirement of detriment was met? The Court of Appeal rejected the EWHC’s judgment (first appeal) that detrimental reliance was no longer required in such a claim and agreed with HHJ Ralton (trial judge) that the detriment requirement was met.  Of great significance is the new legal point raised by the Court of Appeal itself, namely whether [section 53 (1)(c) of the Law of Property Act 1925](https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Geo5/15-16/20/section/53) (LPA 1925) had been satisfied in respect of the 2013 emails between the parties when discussing their financial arrangements.  #### Background The parties to the litigation were not married but jointly owned their home, Picnic House. There was no declaration of trust. They paid the mortgage from a joint account into which their salaries were paid. It was presumed they held the property in equal shares.  Two years after purchasing the house and 19 years after the start of their relationship, the couple split up. Ms Hathway remained in the house with their two sons. They continued to pay the mortgage from the same account. Mr Hudson’s contribution was far more than Ms Hathway’s. After their separation, they discussed the division of their property via email. In emails during 2013, they agreed that Mr Hudson would keep his pension and shares. Ms Hathway would get, amongst other things, the equity from the house. In 2015, Mr Hudson stopped paying the mortgage. In 2019, Mr Hudson sought the sale of the house and claimed that the equity should be divided equally between them. Ms Hathway agreed to sell the house but claimed sole ownership of the equity based on a common intention constructive trust. She claimed that she relied on it to her detriment. At the first instance hearing, HHJ Ralton held that Ms Hathway was entitled to the entire proceeds of the sale of the house. The judge held there must be a detrimental reliance or change of position in a joint name case. The degree of detrimental reliance is case specific, and although Ms Hathway’s claim may have been a “weak claim”, it was a claim.  The trial judge found that Ms Hathway acted to her detriment when she gave up her perceived claim to Mr Hudson’s shares and pension and declared Ms Hathway, the sole owner of the equity in Picnic House. He further found that the parties clearly reached an agreement via emails. They agreed the house would be sold, and there was a clear common intention that Ms Hathway would be entitled to the entire equity. #### First Appeal  Mr Hudson appealed and argued that detrimental conduct is necessary to alter beneficial shares and to make the agreement enforceable. He submitted that the first instance judge was wrong to find Ms Hathway acted to her detriment. He argued Ms Hathway was never entitled to his pension and shares; since they were not married, matrimonial remedies didn’t apply to the case. Without detriment, no constructive trust was created. Mr Justice Kerr held the agreement between Mr Hudson and Ms Hathway was sufficient to establish a common intention, and the common intention was sufficient to alter beneficial shares. It is unnecessary to show detrimental reliance or a change of position in a domestic consumer context where a property has been purchased in joint names with no declaration of trust. He found the trial judge was entitled to find sufficient detriment.  The judgment raised some questions about the decision’s impact on cohabitation claims. Fortunately, the Court of Appeal clarified and raised another legal point for consideration. #### Second Appeal  Mr Hudson appealed the judgment of Mr Justice Kerr. The Court of Appeal dismissed the appeal but for different reasons than those of Mr Justice Kerr. **Is detrimental reliance necessary? ** The court held that a party claiming a subsequent increase in their equitable share due to a post-acquisition changed common intention must show detrimental reliance on the changed common intention.  Lord Justice Lewison rejected Kerr J’s judgement that detrimental reliance was no longer required. He remarked, “the overwhelming weight of authority before and after Stack v Dowden and Jones v Kernott is to the contrary. Moreover, to hold that an oral agreement, disposition or declaration of trust was binding without more would directly contradict two statutory provisions. Equity cannot repeal the statute”. He referred to Guess v Guess reaffirming the critical importance of detrimental reliance to the intervention of equity.  In Guess v Guess, Lord Briggs held: … “detriment is relevant to both the arising of the equity and to the remedy. Without reliant detriment, there is simply no equity at all. This reflects the notion that it is the reliant detriment which makes it unconscionable for the promisor to go back on his promise.” Lewison LJ concluded: “I adhere, therefore, to the view that I expressed in Curran v Collins, namely that in the absence of signed writing, detrimental reliance remains a key component in establishing a common intention constructive trust. **Was detrimental reliance established? ** HHJ Ralton held the fact that Ms Hathway did not make any claims against Mr Hudson’s pension or shares was sufficient detrimental reliance. Kerr J did not consider the question of detriment afresh.  Lord Justice Lewison held that in the absence of a transcript of the evidence at trial, there is no ground to interfere with the judge’s finding of fact. He held the trial judge correctly decided on the facts that the requirement of detrimental reliance was met. **Section 53 (1)(c) of the Law of Property Act 1925 ** Lewison LJ pointed out that this case concerns property rights in land. The creation and transfer of property rights in land must, as a general rule, comply with statutory formalities. The most important of such formalities are those laid down by section 2 of the Law of Property (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1989 (contracts for the sale or creation of interests in land must be in signed writing) and section 53 (1) of the Law of Property Act 1925.  Whether the emails satisfied sec 53(1) of the LPA 1925 was not argued up until this stage. After being prompted by the Court of Appeal, Ms Hathway amended her notice to take the point that the relevant emails complied with statutory formalities. **Did the emails comply with sec 53(1)? ** Section 53(1) provides:  “(a) no interest in land can be created or disposed of except by writing signed by the person creating or conveying the same, or by his agent thereunto lawfully authorised in writing, or by will, or by operation of law;… (c) a disposition of an equitable interest or trust subsisting at the time of the disposition, must be in writing signed by the person disposing of the same, or by his agent thereunto lawfully authorised in writing or by will.” It was common ground that the parties initially held Picnic House as joint tenants in law and equity. Section 36 (2) expressly preserves the right of one joint tenant to release his interest to the other joint tenant. For a release, there is no need for any particular form of words.  Lewison LJ held that the relevant emails are sufficient in form to amount to a release of his equitable interest in the property. They showed a “clear intention to divest himself of that interest immediately, rather than a promise to do so in the future”. He found that the relevant emails amounted to a “disposition” for the purposes of sec 53. There was no dispute that the emails were “writing”. The question was whether they were “signed” as intended by the law.  Lewison LJ referred to several authorities and concluded that there is a substantial body of authority to the effect that deliberately subscribing one’s name to an email amounts to a signature. The law recognises technological developments and would not necessarily expect “wet ink” signatures anymore.  The relevant emails were all subscribed “Lee” (Mr Hudson’s name). The court held the emails were all “signed” as required by sec 53 (1) (a) and (c).  There was thus a disposition, and it complied with statutory requirements. Therefore, the emails released Mr Hudson’s beneficial interest in Picnic House to Ms Hathway. Strictly speaking, that could have concluded the appeal. Ms Hathway did not need to rely on common intention constructive trust.   The court, however, continued to decide the point of principle since permission for the second appeal was specifically granted to determine whether a constructive trust can arise simply as a matter of common intention without the need to show any detrimental reliance on that intention.  #### Comments It seems then that the EWCA cleared the muddied waters around detrimental reliance and highlighted another extremely important aspect to bear in mind when communicating by email. Parties must exercise caution when drafting emails relating to the disposal of property. It is clearly important that if you are in doubt, seek assistance from our [Family & Matrimonial](/family-law/) team. The Court of Appeal judgement can be seen at [Hudson v Hathway [2022] EWCA Civ 1648](https://www.bailii.org/ew/cases/EWCA/Civ/2022/1648.html) --- ## What Property Searches Are Done When Buying a House: A Simple Guide URL: https://robsols.co.uk/insights/property-searches-when-buying-a-house/ Published: 2023-01-25 Updated: 2023-01-25 Author: Buying a house is an exciting but sometimes overwhelming process. Knowing what kind of property searches need to be done when buying a house will help to ensure a smooth and successful purchase! But what are these types of searches and who carries them out? Join our conveyancing experts here at[](/)[Robertsons Solicitors](/) to find out what types of searches are carried out when buying a house in the U.K. Let’s get a brief answer before we get into more detail. **Various searches are carried out to ensure the property is suitable for purchase. These can include local authority searches, environmental searches, water and drainage searches, mining search, chancel repair search, coal searches, home buyer surveys and EPC inspections.** #### Home buyers report or survey This is probably one of the best-known types of home searches. This is an in-depth summary of the condition of the property inside and out. These surveys are usually carried out by a qualified surveyor and provide details of any major structural defects, as well as minor repair work. **Home buyer’s reports or surveys also cover the condition of essential services such:** - Boilers and heating systems - Any potential risks associated with the house, such as subsidence, damp or dry rot - Safety implications relating to gas, electrical and infestations Depending on the type of survey you opt for, it can provide details such as whether there are asbestos materials present in the building and any other safety issues that need to be addressed before purchase. **Some of the safety issues the survey looks into include:** - Structural flaws - Problems with the roof, windows or doors - The condition of drainage and sewage systems. #### Local authority search Local authority searches are done to check if there are any plans or proposals for development near your house which could have an impact on its value. A solicitor will check with the local council about potential building works or road developments which may affect your home in the future. They will also assess any potential risks associated with such developments. This search is important if there are plans to build in the same area as your house. Or, if there have been any recent developments surrounding it. This will help ensure that your purchase does not disrupt plans and can alert you to existing problems such as Japanese knotweed. #### Environmental searches Undertaking Environmental searches provide essential information about contamination risks specific to the property being purchased. The results may indicate any potential liabilities you could potentially face, as well as warning of possible health hazards associated with the land or building itself. Environmental Searches provide information about potential environmental issues. These often include land contamination and flooding, along with any planned road or railway developments which might affect your property rights. #### Drainage and water searches These searches inform buyers about the location of sewers and drain on their prospective properties. This type of search is especially important for older houses where part of the drainage system may have shifted over time.  It’s also particularly important if you are concerned about potential flooding risks. A drainage and water search will be usually carried out by the local water authority. #### Contaminated land searches A contaminated land search s buyers to any known contamination on or near their prospective properties. The search includes past industrial activity, such as factories and landfills, as well as any nearby gasworks. This type of search is usually conducted by local authorities, who will also assess any potential risks associated with such developments. [Solicitors skilled in residential conveyancing](/property-construction/residential-conveyancing/) will make sure these important searches are carried out. #### London underground search If you’re buying a property in London, then it’s also worth considering the London Underground Search. This will provide information on any underground lines or stations that may affect your property if they were built in, near or even above your home. It could also alert you to any future developments planned for the area that might impact the value of your new home. #### Chancel repair searches The chancel repair search is carried out to determine whether or not there are any legal responsibilities for homeowners to pay towards church repairs in the village they live in. The responsibility may have been in existence since 1275 when an act was passed making it compulsory for all landowners to contribute financially towards their local parish church’s maintenance costs. This is typically done by a solicitor or licensed conveyancer on the buyer’s behalf. #### Mining Searches This type of search provides details of all past activities related to coal mining and can highlight potential damage that may have been caused by mining activities in the area. **It can be useful when buying a property in an area with a coal mining history. It will show:** - What types of mining activities have taken place in the area. - Any safety measures or precautions need to be taken to make sure your property is structurally sound. - The potential effects mining activities may have had on the environment. Mining searches are generally carried out by the local authority, and they’ll be able to provide comprehensive information on any mining activities in the area. Usually, mining searches are done as part of the conveyancing process in the UK. However, they’re not always required and it depends on the area you’re buying in. If you’re purchasing a property in an area with a mining history, or if your solicitor has recommended one, then it may be worth getting one done. #### Energy performance certificate (EPC) An EPC provides information about a property’s energy efficiency rating and makes recommendations on how this can be improved, such as replacing inefficient lighting or installing double glazing. This certificate is necessary when selling a house in the U.K., and buyers may request it as part of their purchase. To get an EPC you will need to contact an[](https://energyperformancecertificates.co.uk/get-epc?gclid=CjwKCAiAv9ucBhBXEiwA6N8nYNbusTDo2qfh8KF-5aFaTJ4vXhgvlQauoVgBqtpph39qxqYYK087-xoC9l4QAvD_BwE)[accredited domestic energy assessor](https://energyperformancecertificates.co.uk/get-epc?gclid=CjwKCAiAv9ucBhBXEiwA6N8nYNbusTDo2qfh8KF-5aFaTJ4vXhgvlQauoVgBqtpph39qxqYYK087-xoC9l4QAvD_BwE), who will inspect the property and issue a certificate. #### And finally… The above searches will help you understand potential risks and liabilities when buying a house. Here at Robertsons Solicitors, our conveyancing experts will be able to offer advice and assistance with getting these important searches done before your purchase is completed. [Get in touch](/contact/)for a confidential chat with one of our expert team members. --- ## New landlord and tenant obligations under the Renting Homes (Wales) Act URL: https://robsols.co.uk/insights/renting-homes-wales-act-2016/ Published: 2023-01-03 Updated: 2023-01-03 Author: The new [Renting Homes (Wales) Act 2016](https://www.legislation.gov.uk/anaw/2016/1/contents) that came into effect on 1 December 2022, will bring about significant changes to the rental market in Wales. Both landlords and tenants are affected by how contracts are implemented, homes are maintained, and how parties communicate with each other.  The Welsh government announced the new law to simplify renting, clarify the rights and responsibilities of tenants and landlords, and provide more protection for tenants. All social and private landlords, plus tenants must comply with the new law and make the necessary changes to existing contracts. Whether you are a tenant or a landlord, you should familiarise yourself with the new rules.  New rentals after 1 December 2022 have 14 days from occupation to issue the written statements to the contract holder. Existing rental agreements will automatically convert to the new law. Landlords must issue written statements of the “new” occupation contract to the contract holder within six months maximum. Before we discuss the changes, we need to understand the new terminology. From 1 December 2022, tenants and licensees become ‘contract-holders’ and tenancy agreements are replaced with ‘occupation contracts’.  #### How did the law change for contract holders (tenants)?  Generally speaking, the new Renting Homes (Wales) Act will provide greater security for contract holders. Under the new law, contract-holders will have:  •  **A written contract setting out the rights and responsibilities of both parties** There are two types of occupation contracts: • Standard contracts used for private rentals. • Secure contracts replacing secure and assured tenancies issued by local authorities and housing associations that are Registered Social Landlords (RSLs). These contracts must be in the form of a written statement. This agreement replaces previous tenanc**y **agreements. “Written” includes agreeing to an electronic copy. Written statements must include the following:  • Key matters such as the names of the parties and the property address. • Fundamental terms covering the most important aspects of the agreement, for example, the landlord’s obligation regarding repairs, etc.  • Supplementary terms dealing with practical everyday matters like notifying the landlord if the property will be left unoccupied for four weeks or more. • Any expressly agreed additional terms, for example, whether pets are allowed. The additional terms must be reasonable, fair, and in line with the Consumer Rights Act of 2015. •  **An increased ‘no-fault’ notice period** The new laws provide greater protection from eviction for private rentals. If the contract holder did not breach any terms of the agreement, the landlord must now give contract holders at least six months’ notice to end the contract. Previously, it was two months. These are called ‘no-fault’ notices and cannot be given within six months of occupation. In effect, it means that the contract holder is secure for 12 months from occupation in a no-fault situation.  If you have a fixed-term contract, the landlord cannot usually end the contract. If you remain in the property at the end of the fixed term, it will become a periodic standard contract. If the landlord wants to end the contract, they will have to issue a six-month ‘no-fault’ notice. If your contract is for less than two years, your landlord can no longer include a break clause. (A break clause allows the landlord to end the agreement during the fixed term). If the fixed term is for more than two years, the landlord can only give you notice in month 18 of the fixed term. The notice will have to be for at least six months. •  **Greater protection from eviction** The new law also addresses the issue of ‘retaliatory eviction’. Landlords can no longer ask tenants to leave because they complained about the condition of the house or request repairs.  If the contract holder breaches the occupation contract, the minimum notice period is one month. It can be shorter if it relates to serious rent arrears or anti-social behaviour. For serious rent arrears, the notice period can be 14 days.  •  **Better succession rights** The Renting Homes (Wales) Act allows contract holders to have ‘priority’ and ‘reserve’ successors if the contract holders pass away. A priority successor is a spouse or someone living with the contract holder as their only home. A reserve successor could be a family member who lives in the property as their primary home or who occupied the property in the 12 months before the contract holder passed away.  These provisions allow two successions to occur – first to the spouse and then to a family member who qualifies. Carers can also qualify as reserve successors if they lived in the property as their main home when the contract holder died.   •  **More flexible terms for joint contract holders** From 1 December 2022, a joint contract holder can leave the occupation contract without ending the entire contract. New joint contract holders can also be added to an existing contract. There is no need for a new contract.  #### New laws for landlords In general, landlords must take note of all the above-mentioned changes applicable to tenants and ensure they comply with the new laws.  In addition, landlords must be aware that they are only allowed to issue a ‘no-fault’ notice if they comply with certain conditions. Conditions include deposit protection rules, registration, and registering with Rent Smart Wales. #### Obligations relating to keeping the property in a “fit for human habitation” condition The Renting Homes (Wales) Act places a responsibility on landlords to ensure that rented properties are safe and fit for human habitation. The property’s structure and exterior must be kept in a good state. All installations for water supply, gas, electricity, sanitation, heating, and hot water must be in good working order.  To meet the obligation, the property must be fit for human habitation. The Act explicitly requires landlords to do the following:  • Have working smoke alarms on every floor of the property. • Have working carbon dioxide alarms fitted. • Arrange for electrical testing and have a valid EICR (Electrical Installation Condition Report). The Act requires that this must be done every five years. For existing tenants, landlords have a year to comply with electrical safety and smoke alarm requirements.  Landlords should also know that contract holders can avoid paying rent for any period in which the property is not fit for human habitation. If a landlord resorts to retaliatory eviction in response to a request for repairs, the court can refuse to make a possession order. In such a case, the landlord can only serve a ‘no-fault’ notice six months later.  #### What is the position if the occupation holder abandons the property?  The Renting Homes Act makes it easier for landlords to repossess abandoned property. The landlord can serve a 4-week warning notice on the contract holder after carrying out an investigation to ensure that the tenant indeed abandoned the property. The landlord can then repossess the property without a court order.  The warning notice must include the following:  • State that the landlord believes the contract holder abandoned the property. • Request that the contract-holder informs the landlord in writing if they have not abandoned the property. • Inform the contract holder that the landlord will end the contract at the end of the warning period if the landlord is satisfied that the property was, in fact, abandoned. #### Converting existing tenancy agreements to an occupation contract Many landlords face having to convert existing agreements since the implementation of the Act. The Welsh Government website provides valuable guidance on how to convert existing agreements into occupation contracts.  The ‘new’ occupation contract will depend on the type of tenancy. It will either convert to a secure occupation contract if it is a secure tenancy held by a local authority tenant, or a standard occupation contract if held by a private tenant.  Either way, the default terms of the contract will be those set out by The Renting Homes Act. When converting an existing contract, the landlord must review all the current agreement’s terms and consider whether they are compatible with the new laws. Any incompatible terms should be deleted or modified.  The law recognises that there could be situations where a direct conversion might be unfair to either the landlord or the tenant. Schedule 12 of the Renting Homes Act overrides some of the outcomes of direct conversion. To conclude, the Renting Homes (Wales) Act affects both existing and new rental agreements in Wales. [Landlords and tenants](/personal/litigation/landlord-tenant/) should ensure they understand their rights and obligations under the new Act and take the necessary steps to comply with the new laws.  --- ## Employer Withholding Pay After Quitting: Do I Need a Solicitor? URL: https://robsols.co.uk/insights/employer-withholding-pay-after-quitting/ Published: 2022-11-29 Updated: 2022-11-29 Author: Disputes in the workplace can be frustrating, and when you feel like you’re in the right, it can be difficult to know what to do or where to turn. If your employer is withholding pay after you’ve quit your job, there are a few things you should know. Our employment solicitors here at[](/)[Robertsons Solicitors](/) can help guide you through this process and help you to get the pay you’re entitled to. **An employee is entitled to be paid for any work completed up to the point of their resignation. This includes things like holiday pay, commission, and bonuses. You should receive any payment due for any notice period. If your employer is withholding any of this pay, you can make a claim in an employment tribunal.** #### How long after quitting do you get paid? In the UK, there is no law specifying how long after quitting an employer has to pay you. However, most employers will have a policy in place regarding this, so it’s best to check with your HR department or manager to find out when you can expect to be paid. If your employer doesn’t have a policy in place, the general practice is to pay out your final wages on your next scheduled payday. However, if you have quit without notice, your employer may withhold your final wages until your notice period would have ended. #### Can an employer withhold pay after termination in the UK? Your employer is legally required to pay you for any outstanding holiday pay, wages, or other benefits you’re entitled to when you leave your employment. If they don’t do this, they’re breaking the law. Although there are some cases where they may be able to withhold your final wages to cover the amount that you owe them. However, they can only do this if they have a valid reason for doing so, such as outstanding expenses or unpaid loans and your contract or other documentation allows for a deduction from your wages. **If your employer has failed to pay you what you’re owed, you can contact them directly to try and resolve the issue. If this doesn’t work, or if you feel like you’re being treated unfairly, you can make a claim through an employment tribunal.** #### What happens to my pay if I quit my job without notice? If you quit without giving notice, your employer may withhold payment for the amount of notice they were expecting. For example, if your contract states that you must give two weeks’ notice and you quit without doing so, your employer could legally withhold pay for those two weeks. Usually, the amount withheld will be deducted from your final wages. However, in some cases, your employer may require you to repay the amount owed immediately. If your employer does withhold pay after you quit without notice, you may be able to challenge the decision. For example, if you have already paid for leave time that you didn’t use, your employer may not be able to deduct that time from your final pay. Generally, if you leave your job without notice, you may not be entitled to receive any payment for the notice period. However, your employer may choose to pay you in lieu of notice (PILON). This means they would give you a lump sum that covers the salary you would have earned during the notice period. Employers don’t have to offer PILON, so it’s worth checking your contract to see if this is something they would do. If you’re not sure what to do or think your employer has treated you unfairly, you can get advice from an employment solicitor. They’ll be able to tell you if you have a case and how to take it forward. #### Can an employer withhold pay after termination in the UK? If you’ve been fired for cause, your employer may be within their rights to withhold pay. However, if you’ve been let go without cause, your employer should still provide you with your final paycheck. Here are some reasons why an employer can withhold pay termination of a contract: - If an employee is being paid in lieu of notice, their employer can withhold this from their final wages - If an employee has not worked their full notice period, their employer may withhold payment for the amount of time they were expecting - If an employee has breached their contract in some way, their employer may withhold pay as a form of compensation - If an employee owes money to their employers, such as for expenses or damages, their employer may withhold payments to recoup these costs. Generally speaking, if you’ve been let go without cause, your employer should still provide you with your final payment. If you have any questions about your rights or what you’re owed, it’s best to speak with a solicitor. #### What are my options if my employer is withholding pay? If your employer withholds pay after quitting, you have a few options. You can contact your employer directly and try to resolve the issue. If you’re unable to resolve this, you can file a claim at an employment tribunal. You can also contact your local Citizen’s Advice Bureau for more information or speak to [ACAS](https://www.acas.org.uk/) about your options. #### Filing a Claim With an Employment Tribunal If you’ve tried resolving the issue with your employer and have been unable to agree, you can file a complaint with an employment tribunal. **To do this you will first have needed to contact ACAS, you’ll then need to fill out a claim form and submit it to the tribunal. Include as much information as possible about your case, including any correspondence you’ve had with your employer.** The tribunal will then review your case and decide whether or not to hear it. If they decide to hear your case, they’ll set a date for a hearing. At the hearing, both you and your employer will have an opportunity to present your side of the story The tribunal will then decide whether or not your employer owes you money. If the tribunal decides in your favour, they’ll order your employer to pay you the money they owe you. If your employer doesn’t pay, you can take them to court to enforce the tribunal’s decision. If you think your employer has withheld pay from you unfairly, you may be able to get help from a solicitor. A solicitor can give you advice about your rights and help you decide whether or not to take your case to a tribunal. They can also represent you at the tribunal if you decide to go ahead with your case. #### If my employer hasn’t paid me, do I need to get a solicitor? If you’re owed wages and your employer isn’t responding to your requests for payment, you may need to take legal action as outlined above. A solicitor can help you understand your rights and options and can represent you in court if necessary. The best employment solicitors will be able to tell you if you have a case for wage deduction and can help you get the money you’re owed. **When you instruct a solicitor, they will send a letter to your employer on your behalf to help resolve the process at an early stage.** If your employer doesn’t respond or refuses to pay, you can take them to court. The court process will involve a hearing, where both you and your employer will have a chance to present your case. If the court rules in your favour, they can order your employer to pay you the money you’re owed. Taking legal action can be stressful, so it’s important to choose a solicitor you feel comfortable with. Make sure to ask about their experience in cases like yours, and whether they think you have a strong case. #### And finally… We understand that dealing with an employer can be stressful, especially if you’re owed money. That’s why we’re here to help. We’ll guide you through every step of the process and make sure you get the pay you’re entitled to. [Contact](/contact/) one of our experienced and friendly team members who have dealt with situations like yours before. Fill out our easy-to-use online enquiry form and we’ll phone you back. --- ## What Makes a Will Legal: Requirements, Checklist, and Advice URL: https://robsols.co.uk/insights/what-makes-a-will-legal/ Published: 2022-11-03 Updated: 2022-11-03 Author: Writing a Will is one of the most important things you can do to protect your family and loved ones after you die. But what makes a Will legal? First, we will start with the short answer before heading into more details. **To be classed as a legally binding document a Will must be signed and dated, in writing, and witnessed in your presence by two adults who are not beneficiaries. You *must* be able to understand what a Will is, what your assets are and who the beneficiaries are.** #### What is a Will? A Will is a legal document that sets out your wishes for what should happen to your money, property and possessions after you die. It is important to have a Will in place so that your loved ones know your wishes and can easily access and follow your instructions. If you die without a legal Will, your estate will be distributed according to the [laws of intestacy](https://www.gov.uk/inherits-someone-dies-without-will), which may not be what you would have wanted. **The laws of intestacy simply mean the government will decide how to split up your estate amongst your next of kin.** So, what exactly makes a Will legal in the UK? #### What makes Wills legal? Certain legal requirements must be met for a Will to be valid in the UK. Firstly, you must be over the age of 18 years old. If you are under this age, you are not legally allowed to make a Will. You also need to be what is described as ‘of sound mind’. In its simplest terms this means that you understand what a Will is, you know what property and possessions you have, and you are aware of who your relatives are. You must not be suffering from any form of mental illness that would affect your ability to make a clear and concise Will. This means that you can understand the nature of your assets and how they will be distributed after your death. For a Will to be legal in the UK it also must be in writing. This can be either in paper or electronic form, as long as it can be accessed and read by others. It must be signed by you in the presence of two independent witnesses who are also over the age of 18 years old. The witnesses must also sign the Will in your presence. The Will must also be dated by both yourself and the two witnesses. **A quick Will-writing checklist:** - The testator (the person making the Will) must be aged 18 or over - For a Will to be valid it must be in writing and signed by the testator - The Will must be signed and witnessed by two independent adults - It must be made freely and without coercion - The testator needs to be of ‘sound mind’ If any of these requirements are *not* met, the Will may be declared invalid by a court. We’ve also added a helpful checklist further below to use *prior* to making a Will. #### What is the Informal Probate Process? If you do *not* meet these criteria, your Will may still be valid under what is known as the ‘informal probate process. This is a simpler process than going through the formal probate courts and can be used if: - The total value of your estate is less than £5,000 - You are married or in a civil partnership and your spouse or civil partner agrees to inherit your entire estate - All the beneficiaries listed in your Will agree to the distribution of your estate as set out in the Will. - You have no children under the age of 18 If you want to make a Will but don’t meet the criteria for informal probate, you’ll need to go through the formal probate process. This is more complex and can be costly, so it’s best to [seek professional advice from a solicitor](/contact/) before proceeding. #### What are some common mistakes made when creating a Will? One of the most common mistakes made when creating a Will is not having it witnessed by two independent witnesses. This is a crucial step in making sure your Will is legal and valid. Without the witnesses, your Will may not be considered valid in a court of law. Another common mistake is not having the Will correctly signed. The testator **must** sign the Will in the presence of the witnesses, and the witnesses **must** sign the Will in the presence of the testator. This helps to ensure that everyone involved understands and agrees to the contents of the Will. It is also worth noting that, although not required by law, it is generally advisable to seek professional advice when drafting a will, to ensure that it is correctly written and executed. We can help, so feel free to [contact us for advice here](/contact/). #### What are the consequences of not having a legal Will? If you die without a valid Will in place, your estate will be distributed according to the laws of intestacy. This means that your assets may not go to the people you intended and could even end up going to the government. When this happens, it’s called dying intestate. Creating a valid Will is not as complicated or expensive as you might think. You can either write one yourself or have a solicitor draw one up for you. If you choose to write your own Will, make sure you follow the legal requirements set out above. And, if you’re ever in doubt, seek legal advice. While there are several ways to make your Will legally binding, some methods are more effective than others. For example, having your Will [witnessed by a solicitor](/personal/probate-wills-trusts/) is generally considered to be the most reliable way to ensure its validity. #### Is a Will legal if I do it myself? It is possible to make a Will without using a solicitor, but it is advisable to seek professional help to ensure that your Will is correctly drawn up and witnessed. If you want to create a Will without using a solicitor, you can find do-it-yourself will kits online or at stationery stores. These can be a cost-effective way to create a basic Will, but it is important to make sure that the kit you use is up-to-date and covers all of the relevant points. It is also a good idea to have somebody else read over your Will before you sign it, to make sure that everything is in order. #### A checklist prior to making a will Before you make your Will, it is important to consider what you want to include in it. Here is a checklist of some of the key things to think about: - Who to appoint as executor/s (the person/s who will carry out your wishes) - Who will benefit from your estate? - What assets do you have and what you want to include in your Will - Any debts you want to be paid from your estate - Do you have any special instructions, such as funeral arrangements? - The names of any guardians you wish to appoint as guardians for any young children You can either draw up the Will yourself or use a solicitor. If you’re unsure about anything, it is best to [seek professional legal advice](/personal/probate-wills-trusts/drafting-wills/). If you choose to do it yourself, then you will need to make sure you follow the steps we’ve outlined in this article to make it legal. #### Does a Will have to be registered to be legal? Although a Will does not have to be legally registered in the UK, it is a good idea to keep your Will in a safe place, such as a bank vault or solicitor’s office. You should also let your executor (the person you have appointed to carry out your wishes) know where the will is kept. Another benefit of registering a Will is that, in the event of your death, it can be quickly and easily located by your executor. To find out more about registering Wills, head over to discover more in our other helpful article.[](/does-a-will-have-to-be-registered/)[Does A Will Have To Be Registered? Is It Legal? The Benefits](/does-a-will-have-to-be-registered/). #### And finally… If you would like to learn more about making a Will, or if you need help ensuring that your Will is legal and valid and you are in Cardiff or the South Wales area,[](/personal/probate-wills-trusts/)[contact](/personal/probate-wills-trusts/) one of our experienced Wills, Probate and Trust solicitors who can help support you and navigate through the legalities of making a Will in the UK. --- ## Does a Will Have to Be Registered? Is It Legal? The Benefits URL: https://robsols.co.uk/insights/does-a-will-have-to-be-registered/ Published: 2022-10-10 Updated: 2022-10-10 Author: In a recent survey it was discovered that a staggering 1 in 2 people in Britain has no Will and that almost one in two Brits risk losing control over their assets when they pass away. This is surprising considering that a Will is one of the most important legal documents that a person can have. A Will allows you to specify *how* your assets should be distributed after your death and can help to avoid any confusion or disagreements between your loved ones. One of the questions we are asked regularly as experts in Probate, Wills, and Trusts here at Robertsons Solicitors is whether a Will has to be registered. **The short answer is no, a Will does not have to be registered in the United Kingdom. However, you can register a Will with the National Register for Wills for peace of mind.  You can also store your Will with the Probate Registry, so you know that it is kept in a safe place. If you do not store or register your Will, you should inform your Executors where the original is kept, such as with your solicitor.** We’ll start with some background to what makes a Will legal. In order to ensure the correct registration and execution of a Will, [contact us today](/contact/) to get advice and representation. #### What makes a Will legal in the UK? For a Will to be legal in the UK, it must meet certain requirements. These requirements are set out in the Wills Act 1837, and they include the following: - The Will must be in writing - It must be signed by the person making it (the ‘testator’) in the presence of two witnesses - The witnesses must also sign the Will in the presence of the testator - The Will must state that it is intended to be the testator’s Will If a Will doesn’t meet these requirements, it isn’t legal and won’t be valid. This means that the instructions in the Will can’t be followed, and the Estate will be distributed according to the rules of intestacy. Under the rules of intestacy, the Estate will be divided between the deceased person’s spouse or civil partner and their descendants (children, grandchildren, great-grandchildren, etc) which is set out in law. If the deceased person wasn’t married or in a civil partnership, their estate will be divided between their parents, siblings, nieces, nephews, or grandparents. If there are no surviving relatives, the estate will ‘escheat’ to the Crown. This simply means that the government will inherit the estate. You can find out more about intestacy and [what happens if someone dies without a Will on GOV.UK](https://www.gov.uk/inherits-someone-dies-without-will). #### What happens if you don’t register a Will? If you don’t register your Will or store it with the Probate Registry you simply need to ensure that your Executors know where the original Will is kept.  It is common for the solicitor that drafts your Will, to store it for you.  Therefore, once your Will is signed, ensure that you inform your Executors where your Will is kept so that it can be retrieved upon your death. The original Will would be needed to apply for probate. #### What is probate? Probate is the legal process of validating a Will. To have a Will probated in the UK, you must first apply to the Probate Registry. The Probate Registry is a division of HM Courts & Tribunals Service and is responsible for dealing with the estate of someone who has died. #### How does it cost to apply for probate? If you need to apply for probate, you will need to estimate the value of the Estate to establish if there is inheritance tax to pay.  You shall also need to know the value as this affects the fee to apply for probate.  If the value of the Estate is over £5,000, the application fee is currently £273.  If it is less than £5,000 there is no fee to pay. #### How do I store or register a Will? Once a Will has been drafted, there are two options.  You are able to store the Will with the Probate Registry.  The other option which you can do as well as, or instead of, is register the Will with the  National will Register. **Register a Will** Registering a Will with the [National Will Register](https://www.nationalwillregister.co.uk/) is a simple process and does not involve sending them the Will, but it just creates a record of where the Will is held and the fact that one has been created.  When you pass away, a search can be undertaken of the National Register of Will and your Executors can then contact the necessary solicitor, organisation or person to obtain the original Will. There is however a cost for both registering and searching the register for any Wills.  It currently costs £30 to register a Will and upwards of £114 to search for a Will. **Store a Will** To store your will at the [Probate Registry](https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/store-a-will-with-the-probate-service/how-to-store-a-will-with-the-probate-service#overview), you’ll need to send the original copy, along with a completed application form, to the Probate Registry. The application form can be obtained from the Probate Registry or downloaded from their website. Once your Will is registered, you’ll be given a reference number that you can use to retrieve it at any time. There is a small fee for storing a Will (currently £20), but it’s worth it for the peace of mind it can provide. **Brighton District Probate Registry** William Street, Brighton, East Sussex BN2 0RF Go online for maps and directions: [Brighton District Probate Registry](https://www.find-court-tribunal.service.gov.uk/courts/brighton-district-probate-registry) **Cardiff Probate Registry of Wales** 3rd Floor, Cardiff Magistrates Court, Fitzalan Place, Cardiff, South Wales CF24 0RZ Go online for maps and directions: [Cardiff Probate Registry of Wales](https://www.find-court-tribunal.service.gov.uk/courts/cardiff-probate-registry-of-wales) **Leeds District Probate Registry** York House, 31 York Place, Leeds LS1 2BA Go online for maps and directions: [Leeds District Probate Registry](https://www.find-court-tribunal.service.gov.uk/courts/leeds-district-probate-registry) **Liverpool District Probate Registry** Queen Elizabeth II Law Courts, Derby Square, Liverpool L2 1XA Go online for maps and directions: [Liverpool District Probate Registry](https://www.find-court-tribunal.service.gov.uk/courts/liverpool-district-probate-registry) **Newcastle District Probate Registry** 1 Waterloo Square, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, Tyne & Wear NE1 4DR Go online for maps and directions: [Newcastle District Probate Registry](https://www.find-court-tribunal.service.gov.uk/courts/newcastle-district-probate-registry) **Oxford District Probate Registry** Combined Court Building, St. Aldates, Oxford OX1 1LY Go online for maps and directions: [Oxford District Probate Registry](https://www.find-court-tribunal.service.gov.uk/courts/oxford-district-probate-registry) **Winchester District Probate Registry** 4th Floor, Cromwell House, Andover Road, Winchester SO23 7EW Go online for maps and directions: [Winchester District Probate Registry](https://www.find-court-tribunal.service.gov.uk/courts/winchester-district-probate-registry) #### Benefits of registering or storing a Will Although registering a Will or storing it with the Probate Registry is not required by law in the UK, there are several benefits to doing so. It can help to ensure that the Will is found and read after the person’s death. If a Will is not stored correctly, there is no guarantee that it will be found. This can cause problems if there are disputes about the contents of the Will or if people are trying to track down beneficiaries. Another benefit of registering a Will is that it can help to speed up the probate process and it can be retrieved easily. If a Will is stored with the Probate Registry it could assist with making the probate process quicker (although this depends if it is stored in the same Registry that will deal with the Probate. #### Do I need a solicitor to register a Will? No, you don’t need a solicitor to register a Will. If you use the National Will Register you can register the Will yourself via their website.  You can also apply to the Probate Registry yourself if you want to store it with them However, it’s always a good idea to have your Will prepared by a qualified solicitor to ensure that it’s legally binding. Furthermore, the solicitor will often be able to safely store the original Will for no costs and may already be set up to register Wills with the National Register of Wills. #### And finally… There is no one-size-fits-all answer to whether or not you should register or store your Will. Ultimately, it’s up to you to decide what’s best for your situation. If you have any questions, it’s always a good idea to speak with a solicitor to get professional advice. If you have any questions about Wills find out how our experienced team of solicitors can support you with drawing up your will by [getting in touch](/contact/). --- ## Under What Circumstances Can You Force a House Sale? A Guide URL: https://robsols.co.uk/insights/under-what-circumstances-can-you-force-a-house-sale/ Published: 2022-09-14 Updated: 2022-09-14 Author: There are a few circumstances in which you may be able to force a sale of a property, even if the owner doesn’t want to sell. This can be done through what’s known as a “forced sale.” Join our experts in property law here at Robertsons Solicitors to find out the definitive answer as to under what circumstances can you force the sale of a house. **There are several circumstances where a house sale can be forced. The most common is in a divorce or separation. Other times are people you owe money to, if you’ve bought the property as an investment or if you have inherited a home or share of a home in a Will.** #### Forcing a house sale in a divorce If you’re going through a divorce or are [separating](/when-unmarried-couples-separate-with-property/), you or your spouse may decide that it’s best to sell the family home and split the proceeds. This is often referred to as a “forced sale” and can be a difficult decision for couples to make. **There are a few things to consider before forcing a sale in a divorce:** - What is the fair market value of the home? - How much are you owed on the mortgage? - Are there any other debts or liens against the property? - How will the sale proceeds be divided between you and your spouse? **Some of the reasons you may need to think about forcing a sale after divorce are:** - You can’t afford to keep up with the mortgage payments on your own. - Your spouse isn’t cooperating, and you can’t agree on a sale price or division of proceeds. - There are major repairs needed that neither of you can afford. - The property is located in a declining market and you want to sell before the value decreases any further. If you find yourself in one of these situations, you may want to consider asking the court to force a sale of the property. However, there are a few things to keep in mind before taking this step. It’s important to understand that you can’t force your spouse to sell the property if they don’t want to. It is only a court that can order a sale of a property. The court will generally only force a sale if it’s in the best interests of both parties. If you’re considering asking the court to force a sale of your property in Cardiff or the surrounding areas of South Wales, it’s important to speak with experienced solicitors. They can help you understand the process and what to expect. #### Paying off creditors to force a sale If you owe money to creditors and they obtain a judgment against you, they may place a charging order on your property and thereafter apply to the court for the house to be sold. Before a creditor can force a sale, they must first apply to the court and send you a notice of their application If the court rules in favour of the creditor, they will issue an order for the sale of your home. The proceeds from the sale will go to pay off the debt owed to the creditor. Any money left over will be given to you. It is therefore a good idea to contact your creditors to see if a payment plan can be arranged before matters get to this stage. #### Forcing a sale after inheriting a willed property In some cases, the terms of a Will may allow for the sale of the property to settle debts or distribute assets among beneficiaries. This is typically only done if there is no other way to fairly divide the estate. If you are named as an executor in a Will, it is your responsibility to carry out the wishes of the deceased. This includes ensuring that all debts are paid and that the assets are divided among the beneficiaries under the Will. If you are named as an executor, you should consult with a solicitor to ensure that you understand your responsibilities and rights. #### Is it easy to force a sale after inheriting a willed property? While there are some circumstances under which a creditor or beneficiary can force a sale of property, it is generally not an easy process. If you are considering forcing a sale of property, you should consult with an experienced solicitor to understand your rights and options. You may consider forcing a sale after inheriting willed property when: - You are named as an executor in the Will and need to sell the property to pay debts or distribute assets. - You are a beneficiary and multiple beneficiaries cannot agree on what to do with the property. - The property is in disrepair and you believe it would be best to sell it. - The property is a burden financially and you would like to sell it. You will need to go to court and get a judge to sign an order authorising the sale. This is typically only done if there are no other options for fairly dividing the estate. #### Putting money into an investment property This can sometimes be a risky venture and it could be that you could consider forcing the sale of an investment property if the property is not meeting your expectations or goals and you would like to get out of the investment. If you have a [life estate](https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_estate), you may be able to force the sale of the property if the costs of maintaining the property are too high or if there is damage to the property that is not being addressed. If you are a tenant in common with other people and you are not able to agree with selling the property, you may be able to force a sale through the courts. You may also be able to force the sale of a property if there are liens or other encumbrances on the property that are not being addressed. Liens mean that another party has a claim on the property, such as for unpaid taxes or repairs. Other encumbrances might be an [easement](https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easements_in_English_law), which is a right of way for another party to use a portion of the property. One other circumstance in which you might be able to force a sale is if the owner of the property is not paying the mortgage. If you are a tenant of a property and the owner wants to sell, you may be able to force a sale under certain circumstances. For example, if your lease contains a “tenant’s right of first refusal”, this means that you have the right to purchase the property before it is listed #### And finally… You should always consult with [experienced lawyers](/personal/litigation/) to discuss your options and decide whether or not forcing a sale is a right move for you. Keep in mind, however, that even if you think you have grounds to force a sale, the process can be complicated …but we can help you. If you’re thinking about forcing the sale of a property, or if it’s a situation you are in, [get in touch](/contact/) with one of our friendly team members to discuss your options and whether you have a case. --- ## How Long Does Probate Take? Your Probate Questions Answered URL: https://robsols.co.uk/insights/how-long-does-probate-take/ Published: 2022-09-02 Updated: 2022-09-02 Author: Probate can be a long and complicated process, but it doesn’t have to be. As experienced lawyers in Cardiff and the Barry area of South Wales, join us as we answer some general questions about probate and how long it can take. **Probate usually takes between 6 and 12 months to complete. This does depend on the type of estate, its size and also the jurisdiction where it takes place. If probate is disputed then it could take many months or years if the beneficiaries aren’t able to reach an agreement.** So we can understand a little more easily how long probate takes, we can discover more about probate and the types of processes it entails. #### What is probate? Probate is the legal process of settling an estate after someone dies. The process starts with the filing of an application with the probate registry and ends with the distribution of the estate to the beneficiaries. Probate takes place in the court system, and typically takes between six and twelve months to complete. The amount of time it takes to probate an estate can vary depending on the size and complexity of the estate, as well as the jurisdiction in which it is being probated. Costs associated with probate can also vary but typically range from 1-5% of the value of the estate. In some jurisdictions, there may be a time limit on how long after a person’s death an application for probate can be made. However, in most cases, there is no such time limit. If you are involved in the probate process in Cardiff or the Barry area of South Wales, then an [experienced probate lawyer](/personal/probate-wills-trusts/) can help guide you through the process and answer any questions you may have. #### How probate works Probate is the process of legally proving the Will of a deceased person, and distributing their assets to beneficiaries. The first step is to file an application with the probate court where the deceased person lived. This starts the process and gives the executor or administrator (the person responsible for handling the estate) legal authority to act on behalf of the estate. The next step is to give notice to all interested parties, including beneficiaries named in the Will, creditors, and others with a legal right to know about the death. Once all interested parties have been notified, the executor or administrator will collect and inventory the assets of the estate. After that, the executor or administrator will pay any debts and taxes owed by the estate, and distribute the remaining assets to the beneficiaries. The entire process can take several months to a year or more, depending on the size and complexity of the estate. #### Why probating a Will is important Over 62,312 applications for probate grants during 2021 according to recent [government figures](https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/family-court-statistics-quarterly-april-to-june-2021/family-court-statistics-quarterly-april-to-june-2021), so it’s no surprise that this essential area of dealing with a deceased person’s estate is important. Probating a Will is important because it gives the executor of the estate the legal authority to act on behalf of the deceased person. This includes making sure that all debts and taxes are paid, and distributing the remaining assets to the beneficiaries. #### How long does probate take? If there are no disputes over the Will or the estate, the probate process will be considerably shorter. In most cases, uncontested probates take between six and twelve months to complete. However, some simple estates may be able to be settled in as little as three months. The time frame for probate can vary greatly, it all depends on the size and complexity of the estate, along with any disputes that might arise. In general, however, you can expect the process to take at least several months. **Here are a few of the factors which can affect how long probate takes.** - The time needed to locate and gather all of the assets - The length of time it takes to pay off debts and taxes - Dispute resolution time scales **Some other reasons which might affect the length of time probate takes are:** - Whether or not the Will is contested - The speed at which the executor or administrator of the estate works - The efficiency of the probate court in your jurisdiction #### How long does contentious probate last? If there are any disputes over the Will or the estate, this can lengthen the probate process considerably. If the beneficiaries cannot come to an agreement, it could take months or even years to resolve the issue in court. This is why it’s important to have a clear and concise will that leaves no room for interpretation. [Contentious probate](/personal/litigation/wills-inheritance-disputes/) can take anywhere from several months to many years. #### How to speed up the probate process If you are the executor of an estate, there are some things you can do to help speed up the probate process. First, be sure to file all the required paperwork in a timely manner. The sooner you get the probate process started, the sooner it will be completed. Secondly, keep good records and communicate regularly with the beneficiaries of the estate. Keeping everyone informed and up-to-date will help avoid any misunderstandings or delays. Finally, if there are any disputes among the beneficiaries, try to resolve them quickly and amicably. The longer a dispute drags on, the longer the probate process will take. #### What can I do if I’m not happy with the speed of the probate process? If you are not happy with the speed of the probate process, you can contact the executor of the estate and express your concerns. You can also contact a solicitor or the probate court if you have any questions or concerns. #### Is there a time limit to apply for probate? It is generally advisable to apply for probate soon after the death of the person in question, to avoid any complications or delays. But it is worth knowing that there is no set time limit to apply for probate. However, if you do not apply for probate within a reasonable period of time after the person’s death, beneficiaries may file a petition themselves or ask the court to remove you as executor or administrator. #### What probate costs Probate costs can vary widely, depending on the size and complexity of the estate. In general, you can expect to pay anywhere from a few hundred to a few thousand pounds in probate fees. **There are many factors that can affect the cost of probate including:** - The size and complexity of the estate - Number of beneficiaries - Length of time to settle the estate - How many executors there are - Whether or not there is a Will - The location of the assets - How much debt is owed by the deceased #### Is it possible to avoid probate? There are a few ways to avoid probate, such as setting up a living trust or transferring ownership of assets to a beneficiary. However, in some cases, probate may still be necessary even if these measures are taken. #### What are the consequences of avoiding probate? There can be some consequences of avoiding probates, such as the beneficiaries not receiving their inheritance in a timely manner or the estate incurring additional costs. Some other consequences of avoiding probate could be that the estate may not be able to settle debts or pay taxes owed. #### And finally… If you have any questions about how long probate takes or how much it costs, our experienced probate, wills and trusts solicitors can help you to more easily understand the process and what to expect. Our [probate services](/personal/probate-wills-trusts/probate/) help keep things simple, whether we have been appointed executors or whether we are acting for the next of kin For a confidential discussion or to find out more, [get in touch](/contact/) with our friendly team. --- ## Dismissing Staff Within 2 Years: Exploring The Employment Rights URL: https://robsols.co.uk/insights/dismissing-staff-within-2-years/ Published: 2022-08-12 Updated: 2022-08-12 Author: Over time there have been laws passed by Parliament to protect employees. The Employment Rights Act of 1996 is one example. So how do these laws and others affect employers dismissing staff within 2 years, if at all? With nearly 40 years of experience in employment law within the Cardiff and Barry area of South Wales, we understand that fully ending contracts can be a minefield. So we can understand a little more about employers’ rights when dismissing staff within 2 years, let’s start with looking at why you may be thinking of ending a contract of employment. #### Why would a member of staff be dismissed within two years? Hiring staff is not without risk, and although the process of hiring seemed to place certain individuals as a good fit, after time it could be discovered that’s not the case. It could also be that there may be issues with the capability once in the role or some type of conduct that may be raising concerns. In some cases, it could be that you can lawfully terminate their contract within a two-year period without prior warning or any further investigation. Depending on circumstances, you may not have to defend any decisions in terminating an employment contract within two years, or even how it was handled. However once an employee has had two years of service with your company, you must adhere to the five fair reasons for dismissal. ***“Depending on circumstances, you may not have to defend any decisions* *in terminating an employment contract within two years”*** #### Five fair reasons for dismissal There are five statutory fair reasons for dismissing an employee after two years. according to the [Employment Rights Act 1996](https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1996/18/contents). They include: - Capability - Redundancy - Conduct (which can include some conduct outside of work such as damaging a company’s reputation on social media, for example)  - Breach of a statutory restriction - Some other substantial reasons are commonly abbreviated as SOSR. This reason is wide-ranging and designed to cover other scenarios which don’t fit into the other four areas. Examples of this are employee differences, expiry of a fixed term contract, or a breakdown in trust and confidence #### Follow a fair procedure So although you might feel that dismissing staff within two years can be fast-tracked, it’s worth understanding that as with any kind of employee issue, it’s in both parties interests to proceed with a little caution. By acting in a fair and transparent way with any employees it gives the message to those in your industry and future employees that you are a reputable and caring employer. ***“With any kind of employee issues, it’s in both* *parties interests to proceed with a little caution.”*** #### How to dismiss employees within 2 years Giving new employees the time to improve can help to give the message that yours is a business where staff are treated with respect and given time to settle in and grow. This is especially true with situations relating to capability issues. It’s also worth thinking about the fact that hiring and firing staff is a costly procedure. However, if it really is an untenable situation, then here are a few tips on how to dismiss staff within 2 years. For employees who have a right to claim unfair dismissal, you would also need to show that you acted reasonably in treating any one of these statutory reasons as sufficient for dismissal. - Invite them into a formal meeting and prepare them that the meeting may result in their dismissal - Allow them to bring a representative into the meeting and advise that the spokesperson will be able to respond on their behalf - After the meeting make steps to investigate any representatives or staff members’ responses - Arrange another meeting following investigations so you can notify the staff member personally of your decision. If dismissal at this stage is not appropriate, then issue a written warning or another form of sanction in writing. ***“It’s also worth thinking about the fact that hiring* *and firing staff is a costly procedure.”*** #### Reasons where it will be seen as unfair dismissal within two years If you are in the process of deciding to dismiss an employee within two years, it’s worth understanding that there are circumstances which would be deemed unfair. For those reasons, there is no requirement for a member of staff to have been with your company for more than two years. These particular reasons are seen to be a violation of basic human rights and as such, the law protects them. This law, [The Equality Act 2010](https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2010/15/contents) protects all staff, whether or not they have only been with a company for less than two years. As outlined in this act, the law protects all employees including those who have less than two years of service for the following 9 characteristics - Gender reassignment - Marriage and civil partnerships - Age - Disability - Religion - Race - Sexual orientation - Pregnancy and maternity - Race nationality or ethnicity (including skin colour) - Raising a health and safety concern - Making a disclosure about a wrongdoing - Statutory rights relating to annual leave or minimum wage If an employee is dismissed for any of the reasons above it may amount to unlawful discrimination. Any employee who seeks to lodge a claim with the Employment Tribunal for any of the above reasons  is bound by strict time limits. There is usually a three-month window from the time of the discriminatory action to start the process of ACAS Early Discrimination. ***”These particular reasons are seen to be a violation of* *basic human rights and as such, the law protects them.”*** #### Wrongful dismissal of staff within 2 years of service Although there are many reasons you can dismiss staff by law within a two-year period, statutory and contractual notice periods are still a legal entitlement. Even if they have not yet accrued 2 years of continuous service they *may* be able to claim wrongful dismissal as a result of a breach of contract claim. Wrongful dismissal is usually based on a breach of contract claim where a staff member has been dismissed without being given the correct notice or pay in lieu of notice. This means any employer who fires a staff member within two years must ensure to provide them with the statutory notice period. This statutory notice period covers any staff member who has been employed for more than one month and less than two years. There are some specific cases where you would be able to dismiss an employee without either pay in lieu of notice or without any notice. These include such conduct as: - Physical violence - Serious health and safety breaches - Fraud - Intoxication with the use of drink or drugs - Theft - Significant insubordination ***“Any employer who fires a staff member within two years must* *ensure to provide them with the statutory notice period.”*** #### And finally… We hope this article has given you some important information on dismissing staff within 2 years. Dismissing staff for any length of service is not without its pitfalls and even a genuine mistake could potentially cost you legal fees and damages if your employee makes a claim. Our expert law team is on hand to help you navigate through [employment law](/personal/employment-law/) processes and protect you from legal risk. We provide jargon-free, no-nonsense help to make sure your business is protected. For more information [get in touch](/contact/) with our experienced team for a confidential chat. --- ## Can My Employer Reduce My Hours? What They Can and Can’t Do URL: https://robsols.co.uk/insights/can-my-employer-reduce-my-hours/ Published: 2022-07-15 Updated: 2022-07-15 Author: Recently times have been challenging for many businesses. With changing working settings changing, some employers might be looking for ways to ease the financial burden. In difficult times, it can be quite common for businesses to reconsider employees’ contracts …and sometimes it may be essential. So it’s not surprising that many people might be wondering whether an employer can reduce your working hours. **Your employer can reduce your hours. It is a legal requirement, however, that you are given notice of any reduced hours and a legitimate reason. An employer cannot bring in a change of working hours without your approval. If you do not agree with changes, contact a union rep or ACAS to find out your rights.** #### Why would my employer consider reducing my hours? During times of business downturn and uncertainty, your employer may have considered changes to employees’ contracts. One change which may have happened to you is that your working hours might have been reduced. This can often be stressful when it happens as it can cause a lot of uncertainty. It’s worth understanding that there are usually common reasons for this happening and might be as a result of a business downturn or other unforeseen circumstances. Your employer may reduce your hours for the following reasons: - Change of work structure and duties - Business changes such as a downturn - A drop in the demand for your particular product or service - General changes in responsibility and duties - Lack of work - Situations such as the Coronavirus ***“One change which may have happened to you is tha*t *your working hours might have been reduced.”*** #### Can an employer reduce hours at work? If your employer is to reduce your working hours, employment law requires them to have a legitimate reason. This means that your employers cannot simply make changes to your working hours without reasonable justification **The law states that employers need your agreement before they can change your working hours.** They must also keep you informed throughout the process. Once the process is complete along with your agreement, they can update your contact and must give you a written notice of any changes. ***“your employers cannot simply make changes to your* *working hours without reasonable justification”*** You might be wondering about the legalities surrounding changes to your hours. #### Is it illegal to reduce employee hours? It’s not illegal to change employees’ hours, but some protocol has to be followed to fall in line with employment law. The main point is that employees need warning of any change. Employment law states that as an employee you require ‘reasonable’ or ‘adequate’ notice if they want to make any changes, including reducing your working hours. The definition of ‘reasonable’ and ‘adequate’ can vary depending on the industry or profession you work in, and the law isn’t fully transparent in this area. #### Make sure you receive notice of any reduced hours in writing As part of becoming well informed during any change of hours, it is advisable to ensure you are given notice of any potential changes to hours in writing. **If your employer fails to keep you fully briefed during the process it could lead to legal consequences as a breach of contract.** You should also be given the opportunity to answer the proposal for any working hours changes in writing. Before you give your answer in writing, check with your employer on how it might change any benefits related to the pay you’re entitled to. Such as any future redundancy pay, pension contributions from your employer, and sick pay. #### What should my employer do if they reduce my hours? Before any kind of formal notice of reduced working hours, it’s reasonable to expect a conversation about why your hours will change. If for instance, it’s due to poor performance, your employer needs to make sure they provide evidence to support the claim. **The first approach should be an honest conversation that explains the circumstances.** So this could be the reason for the change in hours and how your employer comes to the decision as to whose hours should be changed. You are also entitled to know any new proposed hours and if there is a change of pay and reasonable notice. Once you have been formally told in writing and you agreed, then your contract will need updating. You should expect to receive notice within a month of all changes made and how it’s likely to affect you. ***“The first approach should be an honest conversation* *that explains the circumstances.”*** #### Your rights if your employer changes your contract Although it may suit the business needs of your employer it might not work for you to reduce your working hours. It could be that you are a working parent or because of other caring responsibilities. If there are difficulties that might be difficult for you such as childcare or nursery hours then your employer cannot force you to accept any potential changes. #### What if you don’t agree to reduced working hours? What happens if you and you and your employer don’t agree to any changes to your working hours? As mentioned above, employers are unable by law to make any changes that you do not agree to. Make sure if you don’t agree with any reduction to your working hours, you bring it to the attention of your employer as continuing with any changes may be seen as an ‘agreement’ on your part. It’s important to understand your rights if your employer reduces your hours, so speak to your trade union rep, if you have one, call the [ACAS helpline](https://www.acas.org.uk/contact) or get in touch with one of our experts on employment law, here at Robertsons Solicitors. #### How long can you be put on reduced hours? Depending on what your contract says, there’s no limit to how long you can be laid off or put on shorter working hours. But if you’ve been in this position for four weeks in a row (or six non-consecutive weeks in a 13-week period), you should be able to claim redundancy pay if you decide you’ve had enough. #### And finally… We hope this has given you some important information around changes of working hours, along with what you can do if you don’t agree with any changes. If you employer is considering changing your job description, you can [view our blog](/can-my-employer-change-my-job-description-heres-what-to-do/). Here at Robertsons Solicitors, we understand changes at work can be a stressful time so do get in touch with our specialist team of lawyers who can help you navigate through [employment law](/personal/employment-law/) matters. Call us on 02920237777 to talk in confidence with one of our experienced team or click [here](/contact/) to email us. With an honest and ethical approach to law at Robertsons Solicitors, you will have access to our specialist team of lawyers to help you with all your employment law matters. --- ## We Explore What Happens to Title Deeds After a Mortgage Is Paid Off? URL: https://robsols.co.uk/insights/title-deeds-after-a-mortgage-is-paid-off/ Published: 2022-04-10 Updated: 2022-04-10 Author: Paying off your mortgage is a life event that is often accompanied by the pop of a champagne cork. Your home is finally yours and you are mortgage-free. But what happens to all the documents, do you need to arrange to recover them, will a solicitor do it for you and what about the deeds? For anyone in the Cardiff area of South Wales or anywhere else across the UK, find out the answer from our experienced conveyancing solicitors. **Once your mortgage is paid off, your mortgage lender or solicitor will contact HM Land Registry and inform them the property has been ‘discharged’ or paid off. The land registry will** **update details. Afterwards, you can keep the title deeds yourself (if any exist) or give them to a solicitor or bank for safe keeping.** To understand more easily what happens to title deeds after a mortgage is paid off, let’s start with a little background on what title deeds are. #### What are title deeds? The land registry was first set up in 1862 and began to provide a record of land ownership.  It provided an easy method of locating the owner of any property or land. It also considers whether the property is held as [joint tenants or tenants in common](/difference-joint-tenants-and-tenants-in-common/). Paper documents were originally used to show a particular property or land ownership, but the Land Registry has moved all its paper documents onto a digital system since 2003. Title needs are now all held electronically and they no longer keep any paper copies. Once a property is sold, title deeds are passed to the new owner and this transfer of title remains an integral part of the legalities required when buying or selling a property. They are also used if any property developers or owners are looking for planning permission for any redevelopment. ***“The land registry was first set up way back in 1862* *and began to provide a record of land ownership.”*** #### What happens to the deeds when I first buy a house? For anyone wondering what happens to deeds once you’ve paid off your mortgage, it’s worth understanding the deed process when buying a property. (Read our article: [Should you get a solicitor before making an offer?](/making-a-house-offer/)) During the purchase process of land or property, your solicitor will receive the title deeds. At this point, they will then register your mortgage against the deed title. The deeds are then usually sent electronically to your mortgage provider who will usually keep them until your mortgage is paid off. Once your property is registered there is no specific need for you to physically hold the deeds. However, mortgage lenders may hold the title deeds during the term of the mortgage or ask that your solicitor does so. They will also register a ‘charge’ on your property to declare and protect their interest as the mortgagee, meaning that you will not be able to sell or remortgage the property without their consent. ***“During the purchase process of land or property,* *your solicitor will receive the title deeds”*** #### What if I decide to sell my property before my mortgage is paid off? When you sell a property before your mortgage is paid off, then this will be cleared from the proceeds of the sale by your solicitor. Once the mortgage amount is fully cleared, your solicitor will arrange for the deeds to be released to the solicitors and mortgage provider of the new buyer. Once this mortgage has been finally paid, you may need to pay the lender a final fee which will cover the administration necessary to return your deeds. The deeds will then be sent to you and you can either keep them safe yourself or ask your bank or solicitors to hold them securely for you. This may come with a charge for administration. ***“your solicitor will arrange for the deeds to be released* *to the solicitors and mortgage provider of the new buyer’*** #### Is there any information I need on the deeds when I pay off my mortgage? When owning a house, you personally don’t need to hold proof of ownership in the same way as you might do when legally requiring a logbook for your car, for example. The records relating to your home kept by the land registry can supply various information which may be useful. For instance, you may discover that a house you were interested in has neighbours who have been unknowingly using part of a garden relating to the property. Deeds will usually show the boundaries and the extent of the property and also will show who owns the property and the mortgage. Once you have paid off your mortgage there will of course be no mortgage details showing. If you have paid off your mortgage and you would like to check any details of the deeds, you can search for a property on the [HM Land Registry website](https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/land-registry). #### Where are house deeds kept? Electronic copies of title deeds are stored by Land Registry, but they no longer keep paper copies. Original title deeds are usually stored with a solicitor or conveyancer who acted on the last sale of the property. Alternatively, you may find they have been retained by your mortgage provider if you have a mortgage on the property. If you would like to see a digital copy of the title deeds, you can request a copy on the Land Registry website. You will be required to pay a small fee. #### What happens upon mortgage completion? When you’ve finished paying off your mortgage you are entitled to have your *own* documents which include property deeds returned to you. At this point, the mortgage provider is no longer entitled to keep them and will usually return them to you with your final payment. Your mortgage lender or solicitor will usually tell HM Land Registry that a particular property has been paid off or ‘discharged. Once this has been completed you may receive notification via a form that has been completed known as a ‘cancellation of charges’. Once this is received by you, you will need to apply to ‘[cancel entries relating to a charge](https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/cancel-entries-relating-to-a-charge-registration-ds2)’ and fill in a form which proves your identity. At this point, the Land Registry will make sure those details have *all* been updated and will inform you once it’s been completed. If your mortgage provider holds the deeds there may be a payment of between £50 to £100 to release them. This may change during the time you have held the mortgage and is subject to the terms of your mortgage agreement. #### What happens to the title deeds if I have an interest-only mortgage? When you have an interest-only type mortgage the original amount you borrowed will still be owed to the lender. So in this case, once the term has ended on an interest-only mortgage there will still be a charge on the property (until the capital amount is paid off in full). This charge will still remain on the deeds. #### And finally… Our [professional conveyancing team](/property-construction/residential-conveyancing/) here at Robertsons Solicitors is accredited by The Law Society Conveyancing Quality Scheme (CQS). We also deal in [Land Acquisition](/property-construction/site-development/land-acquisition/). For any help with deeds, mortgage redemption or for any stage of house purchase, call a member of our **Cardiff Solicitors team on 029 2023 7777** or email us via [law@robsols.co.uk](mailto:law@robsols.co.uk) for a no-obligation consultation. We can ensure a smooth transaction without hidden fees and are always on hand to help. --- ## Alternative Dispute Resolution. What Are the Options? URL: https://robsols.co.uk/insights/types-of-alternative-dispute-resolution/ Published: 2022-04-01 Updated: 2022-04-01 Author: In recent times, many courts are looking for alternative dispute resolution before any matter is taken before a judge. This applies to Wales as much as England. According to research from the faculty of law at the [University College of London](https://www.ucl.ac.uk/judicial-institute/sites/judicial-institute/files/court-based_adr_initiatives_for_non-family_civil_disputes.pdf), 52% of those using alternative methods of dispute resolution settled out of court. So what are the ways of settling ongoing arguments? In this article, we will look at the types of alternative dispute resolutions, what is meant by ADR and why you should consider it **There are four types of alternative dispute resolution or ADR, in the UK these are mediation, negotiation, conciliation and arbitration. It’s worth understanding that if any party changes their mind following an agreement, the agreement may not be legally binding (with the exception of arbirtation).** #### What is ADR? The letters ADR are an abbreviation of the term **alternative dispute resolution**. In a nutshell, it means using other methods of settling disputes in all types of areas from divorces to business disagreements without going to court. It avoids the full [litigation process](/personal/litigation/). **ADR can provide a less stressful, practical and commercially viable solution to matters of conflict between two parties.** So what are the reasons that many disputes are being resolved before going to court using Alternative Dispute Resolution? #### Why should you use ADR? - ADR maintains privacy: Taking disagreements to court can not only be costly, it also means your dispute will become a matter of public record. As long as the relationships between the two parties have not completely broken down, using ADR helps to maintain the privacy of both parties. - ADR offers a third party: Using Alternative Dispute Resolution can help those in dispute to work through their issues with the help of a professional third party. In mediation, a third party can help by offering practical solutions and providing a neutral standpoint. In arbitration, a third-party acts as a judge where evidence and case will mean they can come to a decision on the outcome. - ADR is generally cheaper: Although there are some instances where this isn’t the case, in general, ADR is a less costly exercise. This is because parties are responsible for their own individual costs. Whereas in a court judgment, the losing party will find themselves pay costs. - Time-saving: Again although in some cases such as arbitration and more complex cases, ADR can still have significant time spans until an agreement is reached, typically ADR takes less time. In a simple case, it could take only half a day. But obviously more complex cases can take longer. - Less stressful: There’s no question that all kinds of arguments and disputes can take their toll on the parties involved in terms of stress and anxiety. By looking to other methods of ADR, which we will uncover later in this article, it may be a much less worrying time. A court appearance can be daunting so with time to resolve differences in a less formal setting it can relieve some of the worrying aspects of attending court So what are the types of ADR offered in the UK? #### Mediation can help resolve disputes Mediation is a process where an impartial third party called a mediator helps two parties in disagreement find a mutually beneficial solution. **Mediation has benefits in that it’s both a private and a confidential way of coming to an agreement over a dispute.** Most civil cases can be mediated such as: - Bankruptcy and money issues - Breach of contract - Personal injury - Neighbour disputes - Matters concerning wills and probate [Mediation is a safe and supportive environment](/mediation/mediation-process/benefits-of-mediation/) and also means you can decide how you want to resolve the dispute. In court, a judge makes the decisions, but during mediation you are in control of how your disagreement is resolved. By using the services of a mediator you may be able to better preserve your relationships as often going through the courts can put added pressure on both parties. Using mediation, one of the types of dispute resolution in the UK, you can communicate effectively whilst finding a solution that works for both parties. ***“Mediation has benefits in that it’s both a private and a* *confidential way of coming to an agreement over a dispute.”*** #### Negotiation is a type of dispute resolution This is one of the simplest and probably best-understood methods of resolving disputes. Negotiation is simply a question of both parties coming to a mutual agreement either through a written medium or by meeting up with everyone concerned in the disagreement. Using negotiation by means of resolving a disagreement is probably one of the most straightforward and flexible options. Unlike mediation, negotiation doesn’t use an impartial third party as part of conflict resolution. Instead, those involved come to an agreement between themselves or through the assistance of their solicitors. **Negotiations are voluntary and non-binding statements. This means that if the situation escalates to a court hearing, it cannot be used against any of the parties involved. This kind of negotiation is known as ‘‘without prejudice”.**  Negotiation overall does tend to be a cheaper process than some of the other types of dispute resolution. ***“Using negotiation by means of resolving a disagreement* *is probably one of the most straightforward and flexible options.”*** #### Conciliation – one of the four types of dispute resolution Conciliation is a dispute resolution very similar to mediation. It’s more often used when the situation has more legal ramifications rather than general problems. The conciliator encourages both parties in the dispute to reach an agreement themselves, whereas a mediator may often suggest a solution. Often conciliation is used in employment disputes. Conciliation can be tried and, if it does not resolve the issue, you can still go down the employment tribunal route without being affected. Conciliators are impartial and are not on the side of either party. This means they will discuss your disagreement in a fair way, and offer helpful advice for you so you can more easily work out your options. ***“Often conciliation is used in employment disputes*.”** #### Arbitration can be used in dispute resolution Arbitration is one of the more formal methods of dispute resolution. It involves an independent arbitrator and a tribunal procedure, whereby both sides of the argument are heard before a resolution is reached. The results of arbitration are legal and binding and are a private replacement for the court process. The process is run similarly to a tribunal and often proceeds with either a single, or up to a panel of three, arbitrators. There will usually be documents required to be disclosed and cross-examination of witnesses similar to court proceedings. However, generally, the arrangement will be not as long or as formal as a court. Before you can use arbitration as an alternative dispute resolution, the other party in the disagreement needs to agree or there needs to be a clause in your contract which requires it. At this point, you will need to apply to an independent arbitrator who agrees to take on your case. #### Types of dispute resolution – Next steps… Here at Robertsons Solicitors our experienced and dedicated team of Cardiff solicitors has a long history of swiftly concluding disputes with the most cost-effective solution. We understand that disputes can be an anxious time for everyone involved and speed is the essence in resolving them with our many years of experience in negotiation and mediation. We offer a completely free of charge consultation to bring you on-the-spot peace of mind without obligation. If you are in need of support in a dispute resolution matter, get in touch with a member of our friendly and professional team [here](/contact/). --- ## What Are the Chances of Winning a Personal Injury Claim? URL: https://robsols.co.uk/insights/winning-a-personal-injury-claim/ Published: 2022-03-28 Updated: 2022-03-28 Author: According to a [recent report](https://www.hse.gov.uk/statistics/overall/hssh1920.pdf) by the Labour Force Survey, a staggering 693,000 were injured in workplace accidents between 2020 and 2021. With slips, falls and trips making over a third of those figures, it’s little surprise that many are wondering about the chances of winning a personal injury claim. What happens with a personal injury claim and how can you improve your chances of winning? **If you have had a personal injury, the chances of winning will depend on a number of factors. Instructing a solicitor or representative, producing required documents, showing medical and photograph evidence, reporting and recording injuries,  along with proving negligence will give you the best chance.** #### What happens in a personal injury claim? The procedures of a personal injury claim are pretty straightforward. - Lodge a claim - Attempt to agree on a settlement - Go to court only if an agreement can’t be reached. Although instructing a solicitor is not required by law, it can considerably help your claim if you do. For more information on how solicitors can help you navigate this challenging time, read our other helpful article **‘[Do I Need A Solicitor To Make A Compensation Claim](/solicitor-to-claim-compensation/)’**. It’s beneficial to seek professional legal advice as soon as you can, so you will have a better understanding of what’s required in advance. #### Appointing A Representative Most people will use the services of a solicitor, however, be aware you may be cold-called by a management company that has information on your case. It’s worth understanding that even though you have been contacted directly, you don’t have to discuss the case in detail with anyone you haven’t chosen. It’s up to you who you instruct to help with your case, so do not feel bullied or pressured by any cold caller. To ensure your best chance of winning a personal injury case, there will be an array of documents that will be required and put into place. ***“Anyone wondering what the chances are of winning a personal injury claim* *will increase those chances by appointing an expert legal representative.”*** #### What documents do I need? It stands to reason that for the best chances of winning a personal injury claim, you have all the correct documentation in place. Below we’ve listed the four types of documentation you need for the best chance of a good result: - Your Identity Documents - Proof of the cause of injury - A medical record of the accident - Your financial records of any expenses #### Medical Evidence The more evidence you supply, the greater chance you will have of winning your claim. Evidence is usually in the form of medical records and photographs. It may be hospital records if you were admitted following your injury or a related GP appointment after the event.  This evidence could also include any notes from any specialists you may have been referred to such as physiotherapists. #### Independent medical report For the best chance of winning your personal injury case, sometimes a solicitor may suggest an independent medical report. This can help your claim by providing an extensive and thorough overview of the extent of your injuries including any long term impact. Another way you will ensure a better chance of winning a compensation case is by providing photographic evidence. It’s worth knowing that the more information you provide, the faster your claim is likely to be processed. #### How long does a personal injury claim take to resolve? There are a few factors that determine how long your claim might take to reach a resolution. It can vary depending on a few factors. In most cases, the type of injury will determine the timescale. For instance, a car accident may only take a couple of weeks, whereas a complex medical case of negligence or industrial injury could take years. Claims can also take longer if it is not clear who is responsible for your injury or if the defendant denies liability. These are a few of the main factors which determine the length of time a personal injury claim might take: - Whether you know the identity of the other party - The type of injury - How the injury happened - Whether the third-party accepts accountability - How long the evidence takes to compile #### What do you need to prove? In order to win a case for compensation, you and your representative will need to make sure the following is in place. #### Liability Firstly, in order for the best chance of winning compensation due to negligence, it’s crucial to prove that a third party (a person or a company) is responsible for your injuries. The law states that liability is shown by proof that someone else either failed to comply with their statutory duty and that any injuries you sustained were as a result of that breach of duty. #### Causation Secondly, there has to be proof that there was negligence on behalf of the third party which caused your injuries. ***“There has to be proof that there was negligence on behalf* *of the third party which caused your injuries.”*** #### Quantum This part of the claim is concerned with the extent of the injuries. Quantum essentially is an assessment of the value you might be awarded. As each injury is different, they each have varying values attached. For instance, a broken arm will be worth more than other minor injuries. There are published guidelines that show the value of each type of injury. #### How can I improve my chances of winning a personal injury claim? To improve your chances of winning a personal injury claim it’s advisable to follow the tips below: - Ensure all injuries are properly recorded and reported along with the cause of your accident - Get medical attention immediately when you notice any injury - Make sure you fully comply with your legal representative’s queries and requests #### And finally… We hope that’s helped you understand a little more about the process of [personal injury claims](/personal/personal-injury-claims/personal-injury-at-work/) and offered you some tips on the best way to ensure a successful outcome. If you have been injured in the workplace or a victim of medical negligence it can often be difficult to know where to start. [Get in touch](/personal/personal-injury-claims/personal-injury-at-work/) with one of our highly skilled and experienced Personal Injury teams here at Robertsons Solicitors to help support you through this challenging time. --- ## Can My Employer Change My Job Description? Here’s What to Do URL: https://robsols.co.uk/insights/can-my-employer-change-my-job-description-heres-what-to-do/ Published: 2022-02-21 Updated: 2022-02-21 Author: With over [40% of employees](https://www.ibm.com/downloads/cas/08GZQKL1) leaving their jobs because they don’t like what they are doing, it’s not surprising that many might be wondering what kind of rights you have if your employer makes changes to your job role. It can come as a shock when your job function changes unexpectedly and you might be trying to uncover whether your employer has the power to change your job description. In our helpful article, we will cover the legalities around your employer’s boundaries when setting out your job function. **As long as there is no significant increase in duties and requirements are reasonable and legal, an employer can make changes to your job description. Your employer should discuss any changes with you first. If you think you might be being discriminated against, seek legal advice.** #### What is a job description? Your job description should in essence outline your main duties and responsibilities within your job role. This forms part of a [‘written statement of particulars’](https://www.gov.uk/employment-contracts-and-conditions/written-statement-of-employment-particulars) and employers must give it to you on, or before your first day at work, containing your job title and a brief description of your duties and tasks. A written statement of particulars is a legal document in which basic terms and conditions of your employment are set out. To comply with the law, you must receive this within eight weeks of starting a new job. Although it’s not a legal requirement, it is good practice for employers to give you a more lengthy detailed job description. So how does your job description bind you and your employer in a legal way? ***“Although it’s not a legal requirement, it is good practice for employers* *to give you a more lengthy detailed job description.”*** #### How legally binding is a job description? In general, unlike a contract of employment, a job description isn’t legally binding. You might be asked to take on other tasks as long as they are reasonable and legal. However, within some contracts of employment, there might be what’s known as a ‘variation clause’. This allows your employer to make changes to your contract. However, if a change to your contract was without notice or is unreasonable it may be a breach of implied ‘trust and confidence’. You should be given “fair warning” if your employer is using a variation clause to make changes to your contract, which could include working hours, rates of pay, etc. ***“In general, unlike a contract of employment,* *a job description isn’t legally binding.”*** #### Can my employer change my job description without my agreement? According to the [U.K. government website](https://www.gov.uk/your-employment-contract-how-it-can-be-changed), it’s usually the case that your employer needs to make sure you agree to any changes in the contract. However, it’s worth noting if you as an employee have a legal right to a change, you can insist that your job description is changed. This might be due to disability or other reasons. In order to remain within legal boundaries, your employer should follow a reasonable program of activities before making any changes. **These may include:** - Explaining to the employee why changes have been made - Discuss employee’s future plans, such as with more mature workers who may be approaching retirement. This could include changes in shift or any other changes to their job role. - Talk through any alternatives - Consult with any staff associations or trade unions that are applicable #### Can my employer change my job description without extra pay? Your payment for a job you perform should be laid out in the terms of your contract. It’s worth understanding your average pay should not fall below minimum wage and that any employer could be breaching the terms of your contract if you are asked to do significant duties above or beyond your normal duties, especially if that means extra working hours. Within your contract there is an implied term of trust and confidence which means any extra duties should be reasonable or they could be breaching your contract of employment. ***“Any employer could be breaching the terms of your contract if you are asked to do* *significant duties above or beyond your normal duties, especially if that means extra working hours”*** #### What extra tasks should I not perform? Most job descriptions form part of your contract of employment. Within your contract, there is often a clause that states that you should be willing to undertake any reasonable task outside of your job description. However, if you are being asked to do something that is a breach of health and safety rules or asked to perform a task that is illegal they may be violating what’s called a ‘public policy’. This means that if you were fired because of this type of task your employer would be acting illegally. You are within your legal rights to refuse any task that puts you or others at risk. #### What to do if you don’t agree to a change in the job description? - Try to reach an agreement with your employer: If you carry on working if you don’t agree with any extra or different duties required from you, it could be seen that you have agreed. So it’s important to take action as soon as possible. If you are unable to come to an agreement, you may think about using the employment tribunal to make a claim. This is known in legal terms as a ‘breach of contract’. - Let your employer know you won’t accept the change:  If your employer hasn’t given you fair warning of notice about any changes to your job role, you should mention it to them as soon as you can. Ask for reasons for the change and see if you can come to a compromise with tasks or duties that are more reasonable. If this cannot be achieved then let your employer know you won’t accept the change. - Tell your employer that you are working ‘under protest’: You should let your employer know that you are ‘working under protest’ as soon as you can following any unreasonable change of duties, with or without extra pay. If you carry on working, as usual, it could be seen that you have accepted the change. Let your employer know straight away. #### What happens if I resign? If you decide to resign due to changes in your job role that might be considered unreasonable, it’s worth deciding whether to continue in your role while you look for other employment. If any changes are significant enough to form a serious breach of contract, you could claim for constructive dismissal after your resignation. If you feel that a change to your contract could be termed as ‘[discriminatory](/personal/employment-law/discrimination-equal-pay/)’ for example if you are disabled then you should contact expert solicitors in employment law. #### And finally… If you are having difficulties at work with changes to your job role or feel that you might have been discriminated against, here at Robertsons solicitors we can help you make the right choices. If you want to know your rights if your employer is wanting to change your working hours, [read our blog](/can-my-employer-reduce-my-hours/). Our expert specialist employment law solicitors understand all aspects of this complex area of law. We can advise you on the best course of action for quick resolution and a positive outcome. If you would like a chat in confidence about any changes to your job role or employment contract, get in touch [here](/personal/employment-law/). --- ## Advantages and Disadvantages of Litigation: A Quick Guide URL: https://robsols.co.uk/insights/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-litigation-a-quick-guide/ Published: 2022-02-14 Updated: 2022-02-14 Author: Disputes of any kind can be worrying and stressful for businesses if you’re going through a divorce or even a quarrel over a will. We have years of experience in litigation, especially in South Wales. Sometimes it is often the last option for parties involved in any kind of disagreement. But before you begin this often lengthy and potentially challenging way to resolve your differences in the UK, discover the advantages and disadvantages of litigation before you commit. **Engaging in litigation can mean protecting intellectual property, sets a precedent and can sometimes be less costly than other methods and also becomes public record. Disadvantages are that it can be a lengthy process, can damage relationships and be impersonal.** Sometimes it can be the only option left in solving a long-standing argument with another person or business. But is litigation the best course of action for a satisfactory result? This article shall explore some of the key positive and negative consequences of litigation in dispute resolution. #### When might you consider litigation? There can be a wealth of reasons why you might feel like litigation is the way to navigate through a potential issue you have and why you might be considering legal action. - Employee disputes over unfair dismissal - Discrimination or harassment in the workplace after sustaining an injury at work - Other types of personal injury - Business disputes - Disagreements with landlords - Problems with neighbours  - Complications of divorce - Contesting a will What are some of the advantages of solving arguments through court action? #### Advantages of litigation Often there are other ways set out to help two parties work out their differences and even reduce the costs attached. Although mediation and other forms of settling conflicts can be a worthwhile solution, litigation is sometimes the most effective way to resolve a dispute if it is clear there can be no alternative resolution. #### Protecting Intellectual property When protecting a company’s important intellectual property, which can be one of the most important assets in business, often litigation is the best solution. It could be that using the power of the courts might be the only avenue to gain that protection and keep your reputation. Litigation could help protect owners and creatives to enforce rights over inventions, music and writing. This can be for areas such as copyright, patents, trademarks and trade secrets. #### Sets a precedent Although mediation can be a first step in settling quarrels in a business arena, this has the disadvantage of having no precedent set. Although even though mediation is private, sometimes publications, legal press and court appeals can be public. However, going through the courts in terms of litigation can provide lasting benefits in the form of precedent. This means essentially that companies can benefit from other previous rulings for similar cases which can help reinforce their argument. It can help to measure comparable disputes rather than starting from scratch. #### Cheaper costs In some circumstances, surprisingly litigation can be a more cost-effective option, especially if it is a small-scale dispute that could be resolved quickly by the courts. Although other forms of settling disputes such as ADR more generally provides a lower cost than more major disputes, sometimes litigation can bring a lower cost than you might expect. ADR is an abbreviation for Alternative Dispute Resolution and can include arbitration and mediation. One of the main reasons litigation is comparable in terms of other forms of ADR is that often there are similar cost implications, such as hiring a  solicitor, venue and other fees. The advantage with litigation is that after heading up the costs, there will be a legally binding resolution and the fact that often disputes using ADR can end up eventually in court. #### Public record Using ADR to conclude disputes are confidential might seem like a better way to forward some disagreements. As litigation is pursued through the courts, in other cases a public record of the dispute might be advantageous. When taking legal action the judgment reached will be on public record. This can help to limit damage and also to stop any rumours or inaccurate information leaking from the dispute.  This could reduce social media speculation and anywhere reputation is paramount. Another advantage of setting the record straight legally through the courts is that it sends out a clear message that you and your business are not to be toyed with. This will result in discouraging any other parties from future discourse. #### Disadvantages of litigation Generally, litigation can be a difficult and emotionally draining experience where you will never be certain of an outcome until decided by a judge. For this reason, alternative methods of solving disputes such as mediation and arbitration is becoming increasingly popular. There is also the cost of litigation.  Once you start, you are never sure how the case will turn which, if it becomes more complicated, could bring with it unforeseen costs. #### Court backlog Due to the large number of cases waiting to be considered in U.K. courts, there is often a huge backlog waiting to be given a court date. Even with a date set for your hearing, it could be several months spent until your case gets resolved. This can often mean extra expense not to mention the emotional stress of waiting for a date for the lawsuit. Our UK court system is also often plagued with rescheduling and postponements which can add to costs and other stress factors. Often you could also be waiting for another party to schedule a date which can cause lengthy proceedings. In some cases, you may reach a resolution more quickly, and in a less bureaucratic way by using forms of ADR such as arbitration and mediation. #### Damaging for relationships         Predictably, pursuing a remedy through the U.K. court system can be damaging to any relationship set between the two parties involved. After the court hearing and the final outcome, it can often be that the trial process may irrevocably cause long-standing rifts between those involved. Litigation can be a challenging way for professional and personal relationships to survive the impact of a court appearance where judgment has been passed. #### Can be time consuming Litigation generally has a lengthy time frame which to resolve. Sometimes it can take up to several years for a resolution and judgment to be passed. This is especially true in more complex cases. This can mean both parties involved in U.K. legal proceedings may have to wait significantly until the case has been concluded. Sometimes arbitration or mediation can be a better course of action if a matter requires or would benefit from a swifter decision to resolve the matter. Other methods of reaching a reasonable outcome for both parties might be worth considering. #### Litigation is impersonal It’s usually not possible to use opportunities for communication by building rapports if you decide to use litigation as a means by which to resolve a dispute. This can be an important method of making sure your side of the story is fully understood and gives the means for persuasion to be delivered in a more personal and empathetic way. Usually, court hearings will not have the benefit to build any kind of rapport during the litigation process. In general, judges will merely have the important key facts of a case. So in some cases, make sure you think carefully before proceeding with litigation. Resolving a dispute before it goes as far as a trial can be advantageous in some cases so make sure you seek professional guidance from experienced solicitors before you begin the process. #### And finally… Legal action is often the only course of action to resolve a difficult and complex set of circumstances including in [commercial litigation](/business/commercial-litigation/). Although ultimately you may be able to feel that Justice has been done, your rights have been satisfactorily reestablished, or even receiving a sum of money as compensation, litigation can be draining emotionally and physically. [Contact](/contact/) our specialist team of civil [litigation solicitors](/personal/litigation/contractual-disputes/) to find out how we can help you if you are in the Cardiff or Barry area of Wales. --- ## Can a Child Under 18 Inherit? A Guide to What You Need To Know URL: https://robsols.co.uk/insights/can-a-child-under-18-inherit-heres-how-it-works-a-guide/ Published: 2022-02-07 Updated: 2022-02-07 Author: The rules of inheritance can be a little difficult to unravel especially if you’re wondering if a child under 18 can inherit. We will guide you through some of the important points around trusts, wills, and leaving minors gifts. **If a child under 18 is left a gift under a will, arrangements must be made on their behalf to look after any assets until they are old enough to inherit. However, in certain circumstances, capital from a trust fund may be given to a parent or the minor for their maintenance under the Trustee Act 1925.** #### Can a minor be a beneficiary in your will? Although minors (specified as anyone under 18) can be beneficiaries of an estate, in general, they aren’t allowed to accept a share of an estate or a gift until they reach 18 years of age. By law they are not deemed to have the ‘capacity’ to receive any gifts of money or any part of a deceased estate. **What usually happens if anyone wishes to leave a gift to a child under 18, is that the funds will be kept ‘in trust’ by people known as ‘trustees’ who will be named in the will.** #### Trustee information in a ‘letter of wishes’ The person who has made the Will, known as the testator, can leave what’s called a ‘letter of wishes’ alongside the Will, outlining any important trustee information regarding a gift in a Will to a minor. The ‘letter’ will also include the ways the testator wishes the funds to be invested or used for the under 18 whilst it is being held in trust. #### A gift or inheritance can be left to the parent of the minor As we mentioned in the short answer, there are certain circumstances where the gift or inheritance can be paid to the parent of the minor but this will depend on the terms of the Will. When you are writing your Will as a parent, it’s worth noting that it’s useful to leave your gifts or any share of an estate to ‘my children’ other than individual names, especially if you might be considering having other children. Also if you would like to leave a share of your estate to any stepchildren, they must be referred to as such within the Will. This is because they won’t have any entitlement as simply your ‘children’. #### What is trust? In a nutshell, a trust is an arrangement bound by law that states that a trustee (or trustees) are the custodians of property such as gifts or a share of an estate on behalf of the beneficiary. A beneficiary is a person under 18 or another who will benefit from your Will. This means that until a young person under 18 reaches ‘majority’ or turns 18, the trustee will look after their share of the estate. #### Who should you choose as a trustee? It goes without saying that a trustee should be someone well known to the testator and also someone who they regard as trustworthy. Often, a child’s guardian is a good choice and many choose to use them as a trustee. This is because usually, they will have a good understanding of the child and their requirements. It is important to make sure any trustee understands what is required of them as a trustee. A bare trust is one of the simplest types of trusts you can use so that under 18’s can inherit. It helps to understand more about what a “bare trust” is, so let’s look at that next. #### What is a bare trust? A bare trust is one of the simplest types of trust. They are very often used as a way to hold shares for any minors (children under the age of 18). This type of trust typically uses very little paperwork and is fairly cheap when compared with other types of trust. They also are also fairly advantageous tax-wise. In this type of trust, the trustee (or otherwise known as the nominee) holds all assets ‘passively’ for the beneficiary (the under 18-year-old who benefits from the will). The under 18 or the beneficiary is entitled to both capital and income. Once they reach the age of 18 and are classed as ‘legally capable’ they are able to accept the assets held. #### Disadvantages of a bare trust Although these types of trusts are very simple and cost-effective, they can have disadvantages. **This is mainly because once a child reaches the age of 18 they are automatically given the right to take possession of any shares or other estate particulars as soon as they are 18.** Many parents and grandparents worry that although this is legal at the age of 18, many young people are still not old enough to make the best decisions for the use of their inheritance. This often leads people to wonder if you can set up a trust so that the beneficiary will not know of the inheritance at age 18. #### Can I set up a bare trust secretly? You may want the beneficiary to be unaware and does not take control of the assets at age 18. A bare trust can be set up without the young person knowing of the inheritance. However, this can be more complicated if there is a substantial amount of money or capital gains. Mainly because of the tax obligations on such inheritance.  The main thing to remember is that even if a bare trust is set up without a minor’s knowledge, upon reaching 18, they *must* be told. #### Do you need to set up a trust for minors in advance? It’s not a legal requirement to set up a trust for an under 18-year old before you write your Will. However, it can be done. If the Will is creating the trust for any minor it’s worth noting that you will need to appoint two trustees. #### What happens if you have not set up a trust If you haven’t written a will or have not put a trust in place, then an automatic trust will be established for any beneficiaries under the age of 18. Until the young people benefiting from an inheritance reach 18, an executor or administrator will look after those funds until the beneficiary reaches the age of 18. #### How much it costs to set up and run a trust The cost of [setting up a trust](/personal/probate-wills-trusts/drafting-wills/) can vary and it depends on your personal circumstances. A bare trust, as we found out earlier, is set up at a minimal cost, but if you have a more complex set of circumstances with substantial income and other assets the cost is usually more. It’s worth understanding that any ongoing expenses by the trustee, along with any tax requirements need to be included in the cost of the trust. These costs are usually annual tax accounts and returns. A solicitor can advise you on the likely costs for your particular requirements. #### And finally… If you would like some advice from our team of experts concerning a trust in your Will for an under 18 or any provisions already included in it, contact us [here](/personal/probate-wills-trusts/) Registered with Certainty, the National Will Register, our expert legal support at Robertsons Solicitors will help you handle complex family matters and explore your options. --- ## Does Employment Law Apply to Contractors: The Simple Guide URL: https://robsols.co.uk/insights/does-employment-law-apply-to-contractors-the-simple-guide/ Published: 2022-01-04 Updated: 2022-01-04 Author: Employment law can be a minefield for businesses in terms of employee safeguarding, contracts and other areas of staff welfare. Making sure your business is compliant in these important areas of law is crucial to business reputation and to avoid costly disputes. And this applies to our local area of Cardiff and South Wales just as much as any other part of the country. So it’s not surprising that many businesses and contractors need to make sure they understand their obligations in a working relationship. But does employment law apply to contractors? In our helpful but simple guide, we’ll give you the definitive answer to protect freelancers, contractors, and the businesses they work for. Let’s first start with the short answer before we head into a little more detail. **Employment rights are not applicable in the relationship between a contractor and the company they work for, as this is governed by contract law. Contractors working with an umbrella company are, however, protected by employment law.** Ok with the short answer in mind, to help understand a little more easily as to whether employment law applies to contractors, let’s begin by finding out what a contractor is. #### What is a contractor? A contractor is self-employed and works independently. Whether in Cardiff, South Wales, or any other part of the UK. If you perform contract work you may be referred to …or refer to yourself as a freelancer, consultant or similar title representative of your profession. A contractor usually has a specialist skill which is required for a limited time. This is just why businesses generally hire such workers, as long term, that skill isn’t required on a full-time basis. A contractor will usually work for a specific length of time on a project. As a freelancer or contractor, it’s likely they will work alongside full-time employees. ***“A contractor usually has a specialist skill* *which is required for a limited time”*** #### Long-standing contractor relationships In general, the relationship between contractors and employers is generally straightforward, but there can be times when companies and contractors need to define their agreements. As specialists in UK employment law, we often find that these types of problems more likely occur with long-standing contractor/business partnerships. However, they can happen at any time. It could mean any contract drawn up between both parties is no longer valid and could see a breach of employer or contractors obligations. So if you are a contractor and are wondering if employment laws refer to you, or a business hiring contractors, then it’s helpful to discover more about the differences between a contractor and an employee. #### Difference between a contractor and an employee If you have found yourself in a workplace situation as a contractor it’s worth understanding that there are three main ways in U.K. law that contractors and employees differ.   **Contractor** **Employee** **Mutuality of obligation** If you are a freelancer or contractor, a business is not required to offer you work, and in turn, you don’t have to accept any offers of work An employed member of a company is required to be offered work by their employers and in return accepts that offer **Control** A self-employed freelancer or contractor can choose their own hours, decide how long they work, and set a schedule of work over their daily, weekly or monthly output Employees, in general, have set hours, days, and other parameters within which they agree to complete work **Substitution** Any hired freelancer or contractor can subcontract a third party or their own employees to carry out work An employed member of a business must complete work themselves So from our helpful table, we can see quite clearly how businesses and freelancers’ obligations differ from fully employed members of staff. #### Does employment law cover contractors with umbrella companies? So as we saw in the quick takeaway, employment law isn’t applicable with a standard contractor or freelancer arrangements with businesses. However, those contractors working for umbrella companies are able to be protected by employment law. Let’s find out more about what an umbrella company is:** #### What is an umbrella company? Relationships between an individual contractor and their umbrella solutions provider differ from usual contractor partnerships as your relationship is with the company rather than the business you are completing work for. Some contractors prefer to use umbrella companies as there is no need to submit a tax return along with other benefits of employment such as enrollment onto a pension scheme, maternity pay, and other benefits. As a contractor, when you begin a relationship with an Umbrella company, you will be required to sign a contract between yourself and the company in the same way as an employee. **Relationship between contractor and umbrella company** Umbrella companies employ contractors and freelancers to undertake work for various businesses and clients. In the contract, there will be specific terms and other agreements where the contractor agrees to work and get paid. They also hold back a portion of the income earned by the contractor to cover usual employee benefits such as holiday pay and sometimes contractor’s insurance. The umbrella company then has a business relationship with agencies and clients, where any disputes will be handled by the umbrella company under contract law. ***“When you begin a relationship with an Umbrella company, you will be required* *to sign a contract between yourself and the company in the same way as an employee.”*** As we discovered earlier in the brief answer, contract law is how any disputes are solved between contractors and any company they carry out work for. So let’s find out more about contract law to help us understand why it applies to contractors rather than fully employed members of staff. #### Contract law and how it differs from employment law In a nutshell, contract law refers to the ‘contract’ between the freelancer, contractor, or agency and the business they are providing skills for. A contract can relate to many types of everyday activity such as buying a house or signing a lease for a car. **Essentially a contract is a legally enforceable agreement upon which both parties subject to the contract have legal responsibilities.** Employment law is specifically to protect full-time members of staff. This includes workers’ rights, welfare, pay, and other aspects of working as an employee of a company. For example, fully employed members of staff should receive a written statement on the first day of employment which forms the agreement of an employee to work for the company, and the company to provide payment. It’s worth noting that there is still a contract, regardless of whether anything is given in writing. ***“contract law refers to the ‘contract’ between the freelancer,* *contractor or agency and the business they are providing skills for.”*** #### And finally… We hope that has helped anyone wondering if [employment law](/business/employment/)relates to contractors and given some insight into the laws governing contractors and employees relationships. Here at Robinsons Solicitors, we understand the difficulties you might be facing with disputes in the workplace. Especially when it comes to continuing your daily working life. We can offer you an expert solution and help you make the transition to legal measures. For a confidential chat on meeting your legal obligations in and around Cardiff, or South Wales, or if you need urgent advice, do [get in touch](/contact/) with our friendly expert team. --- ## What is the legal definition of discrimination? We explore this employment topic URL: https://robsols.co.uk/insights/what-is-the-employment-law-definition-of-discrimination/ Published: 2021-12-07 Updated: 2021-12-07 Author: #### Defining Discrimination at work, and how it may affect termination All employers should be fully aware of the law regarding discrimination at work and take steps to ensure that every employee is comfortable enough to complete their duties without ever feeling victimised, bullied or harassed. At the same time, should they have to terminate employment, they need to ensure that they do not make any discriminatory mistakes in doing so.  As an employer, what do you need to know about discrimination, the law and potential repercussions? #### What is the definition of discrimination at work? The Oxford dictionary describes discrimination as *“the unjust prejudicial treatment of different categories of people, especially on the grounds of race, age, sex or disability*.” It is illegal to discriminate within the workplace, and the [Employment Rights Act](https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1996/18/contents) of 1986 provides workers throughout the country with specific rights while working for a business. #### What types of discrimination at work are there? The [Equality Act](https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2010/15/contents)of 2010 identifies that discrimination can come in many different forms;  these including: **Direct discrimination**. This is where somebody is directly treated unfairly or less favourably due to a protected characteristic. These characteristics are defined as age, disability, gender reassignment, marriage and civil partnership, pregnancy and maternity, race, religion or belief, sex and sexual orientation. **Indirect discrimination**. This is where a provision, criterion or practice is adopted by the business that discriminates against a group of people with a protected characteristic. For example, an employer may fire somebody because they could not attend a hearing on a certain day. However, that day was a religious holiday for the individual, and as such, they were unable to attend. **Associated discrimination**. This is where the person is discriminated against because someone they are associated with has a protected characteristic. For example, they may determine that an employee would not be available for a promotion because they assumed that they had to care for somebody with a disability. **Discrimination by perception**. In this case, the person may be discriminated against due to an incorrect assumption or belief. For example, the employer may assume that an employee had a disability that would prevent them from performing their duties when, in reality, they did not. #### Discrimination through redundancy and termination Under the Equality Act, all employers must ensure that redundancy selections are always fair and never determined by relationships, age or other potentially discriminatory reasons. When making someone redundant, employers must also be very careful to ensure that, it is done with due cause and that there can be no claim for discrimination made by the individual in question. #### Potential compentation in discrimination cases If an employee brings a case against an ex-employer for unfair dismissal due to discrimination, the case could go to an employment tribunal. In 2019/20, the maximum award in an age discrimination claim was more than £240,000, so for everyone involved, the stakes are high. #### Education staff and managers about discrimination at work Employers must ensure that all managers and supervisors understand the rules related to workplace discrimination and that they take particular care when terminating staff contracts.  Employment law changes regularly and it’s essential that employers and managers are up-to-date.  Our employment law team is available to provide advice, and for our retained HR clients, will update staff handbooks, policies and procedures in line with any changes.  The team can be contacted via [law@robsols.co.uk](mailto:law@robsols.co.uk) and you can visit our [Discrimination and Equal Pay](/personal/employment-law/discrimination-equal-pay/) page --- ## When do Tenancy Guarantees End: Can a Guarantor Be Released? URL: https://robsols.co.uk/insights/when-do-tenancy-guarantees-end/ Published: 2021-10-11 Updated: 2021-10-11 Author: It is becoming more common for a landlord to ask a tenant for a Guarantor; a Guarantor being someone who agrees to pay your rent if the tenant doesn’t. A tenancy Guarantor is usually a parent or close relative.  If a Guarantor is required, there is a legal requirement for a guarantee agreement to be in writing which sets out the Guarantor’s legal obligations. There is often confusion surrounding when the tenancy guarantee ends, with Guarantors often assuming that the guarantee only lasts for the length of the tenancy fixed term. However, it is possible for a guarantee to last longer than the fixed term of the tenancy if the tenant remains in the property. Ideally, Landlords want a guarantee to last the entire time the tenant is living in a property and will word the guarantee agreement to reflect this; thus it’s important to be mindful of the end date when entering into any such agreement. In this context, the tenancy end date, and tenant moving out dates are not always necessarily the same.  Technically all tenancies will end at the end of the fixed term but in cases where the tenants stay in situ beyond the fixed term, the fixed term tenancy will be replaced by either a new tenancy agreement or a periodic tenancy. #### What is a periodic tenancy? A periodic tenancy is one that runs from month to month or, less commonly, from week to week, quarter to quarter or even year to year. It is possible to extend a tenancy guarantee to apply to a periodic tenancy with a well-worded tenancy guarantee, but it is unlikely to survive following the signing of a new tenancy agreement. This is because it is no longer the same tenancy that the Guarantor actually agreed to guarantee. #### Ending the guarantee Most tenancy guarantees end when the substantive agreement that the Guarantor agreed to changes significantly. This is usually when there is a change to the rent or a renewal of the tenancy.  By way of example, should a Guarantor agree to guarantee a tenancy where the rent is £1500 per month and then the rent increases to £2000 per month, the guarantee may end because it is not the tenancy to which the Guarantor originally agreed.   The agreement can always be ended if both sides wish, or if the option to do this has been set out in the tenancy guarantee agreement. As such, the Guarantor’s liability will end depending on what the guarantee agreement states and so should be checked carefully by all parties. Our litigation team works with both landlords, tenants and protective guarantors to ensure that all parties are equally aware of the contract that they are entering into, and provides advice on potential scenarios and their implications. Email [law@robosols.co.uk](mailto:law@robsols.co.uk)for further information and an informal discussion. --- ## Who Pays Household Bills During Separation? We Discuss Your Options URL: https://robsols.co.uk/insights/who-pays-household-bills-during-separation/ Published: 2021-08-05 Updated: 2021-08-05 Author: When two people who are either married or in a civil partnership separate, the time between the separation and waiting for dissolution/decree absolute can be financially challenging.  This is particularly true with regards to the mortgage or rent, utility bills and council tax payments if money is tight. #### Who is responsible for the bills during the separation? Ultimately, the person whose name is listed on the bills is responsible for them. Both parties should continue with their existing arrangements, regardless of emotions, as any subsequent unpaid bills could result in County Court Judgements (CCJs) and subsequently that person’s ability to get credit further down the line. Indeed, the consequences of letting mortgage payments slide can be severe and could even result in repossession of the property; therefore the partner with named responsibility, even if they have moved out, should consider the long-term risks of non-payment.  In any case, penalties incurred as a result of non-payment of the mortgage, for example, will ultimately reduce the size of the ‘matrimonial pot’.  Although one half of the couple usually moves out, it should be recognised that both parties have the right to continue living at the family home whilst the divorce/dissolution is in progress, regardless of who owns the property. #### What if one party isn’t paying their fair share? If one party stops paying their share this could lead to financial difficulties, debt, and stress.   It is vital to keep a written record of income and expenditure that can show the court where each party’s money goes every month and who has paid the bills to any given point. If you are thinking about separating, and are concerned about maintaining monthly payments, talk to our family law team on 029 2023 7777 or email [l](mailto:law@robsols.co.uk)[aw@robsols.co.uk](mailto:law@robsols.co.uk) --- ## Can An Electronic Signature be Contractually Binding? We Review a Recent Case URL: https://robsols.co.uk/insights/can-an-electronic-signature-be-contractually-binding/ Published: 2021-07-22 Updated: 2021-07-22 Author: Emails are the most common means of correspondence used by both individuals and organisations. Therefore, an important question that should be considered is whether these emails are capable of bearing legally valid electronic signatures, even if the signatures are automatically generated. To consider this, the case of *Neocleous v Rees* *needs to be examined. #### The facts of the Case The parties were originally involved in a dispute concerning a right of way. During that time, the parties’ solicitors were engaging in settlement discussions through emails. It was decided that the defendants (Rees) shall sell a part of the land to the claimants (Neocleous) in consideration of £175,000. The relevant terms of the agreement had been laid down and were agreed upon by the solicitors. Both solicitors had their names and details added in the footer of the emails, which was automatically generated. After some time, the defendants returned to the Courts implying that no settlement was reached. The claimants sought specific performance, saying that the agreement discussed was a legally binding contract. The defendants responded by saying that the emails did not comply with Section 2(3) of the LP(MP)A 1989; which requires that agreements of sale concerning land must be signed by the parties. The issue to be decided was: Did the solicitors’ names and details mentioned in the automatically generated footer amount to a signature for the purposes of Section 2(3)? #### The decision of the Court The court decided that a name mentioned in the footer of the email can amount to a valid signature if it is mentioned with authenticating intent, even if it is automatically generated. The fact that the solicitor towards the end of the email had also added, “many thanks” shows an indication that there was clear intention to authenticate the email. And although the footer was added without the action or intention of the solicitors, the setting up of that system in itself was a conscious action. The judge also held that the parties had the intention to make a contract and all the other formalities had been fulfilled. Hence, the agreement was legally valid. #### Summary The decision follows the Law Commission Report (No. 386) on the electronic execution of documents and is important in an increasingly digital era. It provides a reminder that discussions through emails should include “subject to contract” or disclaimers to indicate the relevant intention. Additionally, one should familiarise themselves with various email functions. The case also makes it clear that the automated nature of footers does not prevent the signature from being valid. An important point to note is that this a county court judgement, hence, it is not binding on other courts. A decision from a higher court or specific legislation may further clarify the standing of such a case. However, it does indicate a change in the attitude of the judges towards electronic signatures. **Case: Neocleous v Rees [2019] EWHC 2462 (Ch).  The Judgment can be read here: [Neocleous & Anor v Rees [2019] EWHC 2462 (Ch) (20 September 2019) (bailii.org)](https://www.bailii.org/ew/cases/EWHC/Ch/2019/2462.html)* --- ## Paying Unlawful Dividends: What Are the Legal Repercussions? URL: https://robsols.co.uk/insights/paying-unlawful-dividends/ Published: 2021-03-12 Updated: 2021-03-12 Author: A legal dividend is a distribution of a share of profits of a Limited Company amongst the shareholders.  It is governed by Part 23 of the Companies House Act 2006 which sets out the requirements. If the criteria are not met, then a dividend is unlawful.  The case of BM Electrical Solutions Ltd* has set out the consequences of dividends not being paid in accordance with the rules of the Companies Act. The company had one sole shareholder who was also a Director (Michael Belcher).  He took a salary from the company of £11,702.00 and the remaining income was by way of dividends.  However, the company ran into financial difficulties and a large tax bill was due to HMRC.  HMRC commenced a successful winding up an application against the company in 2015.  Following this, the Liquidator reviewed the company and found that £220,000 of transfers had been paid to the sole shareholder without valid reasons.  It was also noted that the company had only ever filed one set of Accounts. At the trial, the shareholder indicated that these payments were recorded as dividends on the accounting software.  The court’s view was that the money paid to Mr Belcher should not be classed as dividends but as director’s loans.  There were two main reasons for this: – - A dividend must be declared so that it can thereafter be legally paid to a shareholder.  The shareholder in this company could not prove that the declaration had been made and therefore there was no confirmation that it was a legal dividend. - Part 23 of the Companies Act 2006 states that a dividend can only be paid out of profits available and those profits can only be determined by profits, loss and liabilities consistent with accounts.  As the company had not filed accounts, (even though dividends had been declared) it was unknown how these ‘dividends’ were calculated. The court, therefore, found that the payments to the shareholder were a director’s loan and must be repaid to the company. This amounted to £288,000. This case highlights that it is important for all companies to ensure that dividends are declared in accordance with the rules and regulations set down by law.  Failure to do so can have a drastic effect. For commercial and corporate support and guidance please contact our team via [law@robsols.co.uk](mailto:law@robsols.co.uk). *BM Electricals Ltd (in liquidation) [2020] EWHC 2749 (Ch) (14th October 2020). A copy of the judgment can be found here: [BM Electrical Solutions Ltd & Anor v Belcher [2020] EWHC 2749 (Ch) (14 October 2020) (bailii.org)](https://www.bailii.org/ew/cases/EWHC/Ch/2020/2749.html) --- ## Understanding the Bank of Mum and Dad: What Should be Considered? URL: https://robsols.co.uk/insights/bank-of-mum-and-dad/ Published: 2021-02-23 Updated: 2021-02-23 Author: Recent reports have suggested that many first-time buyers receive significant support from the *Bank of Mum and Dad*, with an average contribution of £18,000. While this may solve the problem of finding the deposit to allow first time buyers to take their first step on the property ladder, it can create other issues. Parents may help out in many ways from providing a few thousand pounds right the way up to gifting an entire house. Whatever the level of contribution, there are some things which should be considered. ##### Has the contribution been mentioned in the Will? If you would like your estate to be divided among your children in an equitable way, you may need to consider updating your Will to reflect any funds or gifts given to any of them during your lifetime. There are also very complex Capital Gains Tax and Inheritance Tax (IHT) rules and it is easy to trip up, particularly when it comes to holding shares in property or if you are relying on IHT taper relief which is a 7-year sliding scale of payable inheritance tax. If you believe that your estate will be liable to IHT or you are thinking about making a financial decision which could lead to a Capital Gain event, you will need expert advice beforehand. There are some circumstances where a gift could be viewed as a deliberate attempt to evade care home fees, and this can be problematic at a later stage. ##### Is a Declaration of Trust needed? A Declaration of Trust is one of the ways you can protect any funds that you contribute for a property deposit. With this kind of arrangement, it’s possible to go into more detail about how the sales proceeds from the property should be dealt with when it’s eventually sold, and also what should happen in the event of a relationship breakdown. The Trust can also include information on liabilities for outgoings. Bear in mind however, that if your child marries after the Trust is created the terms of it could be overruled. ##### Are the funds a loan or a gift? It is very important to make it clear from the outset whether the funds are a gift or a loan. If your expectation is for the money to be repaid when your child is in a stronger financial position, then it is essential to set out the terms. However, you will need to first discuss and agree with your child the repayment conditions of the loan and any interest which will become payable. As part of these discussions, you should also decide on what would happen to the loan if it’s not paid back before you die. ##### Will a legal charge be placed on the property? If you would prefer to have protection for the loan, placing a legal charge on the property is one option. You would need to set it up as a formal loan and then back this with the security of placing a charge on the property. You will need a solicitor to draw up the necessary paperwork and if there’s a mortgage on the same property, the lender will have to consent to the charge. When the property is sold, the proceeds are used to settle the loan. ##### Is there a long-term partner or spouse buying with your child? Whether your child is buying alone or jointly with a partner may affect your decision as to whether the cash is a loan or a gift. The full implications should be considered, and it may be advisable to take steps to protect the contribution of your child. A legal charge would be one way to achieve this. Having a Will in this scenario is extra-important, both for your child and their partner. ##### Can I make a joint property purchase with my child? Another alternative would be to purchase the property jointly with your child, funding it with a joint mortgage. There are pros and cons to this option that you should carefully consider, including the fact that you would be equally responsible for the repayment of the full sum. Capital Gains Tax may arise upon the sale of the property and stamp duty at a higher rate may be due if it’s a second home. When providing either a loan or a gift to your child, it is imperative to consider the full circumstances and the optimal way to achieve the best outcome. Acting as the *Bank of Mum and Dad* is not always as straightforward as it seems and pausing to [get legal advice before offering to step in](mailto:law@robsols.co.uk) is highly recommended. --- ## Should We Leave Passwords in our Will? Considerations for a Digital Age URL: https://robsols.co.uk/insights/should-we-leave-passwords-in-our-will/ Published: 2017-07-07 Updated: 2017-07-07 Author: Despite our best efforts, we are very much in the digital age. The reach of social media is vast and encompasses virtually every aspect of our lives. We record our activities, thoughts and feelings for the world to see at the mere click of a button. A recent survey found that our digital assets have an approximate value of £25 billion, and given the trend of reliance upon digital goods, this is likely to continue rising. Our digital footprint exists from our first moment to our last; so is it wise to consider our digital legacy when we are no longer here? The UK has no formal legal definition of a “digital asset”. Most would define it as any information that exists in digital form, a vast and all-encompassing definition. If we consider our typical day, the use of digital media is huge. We send messages, post photos and stream music; all of which resides in ‘cyberspace’. But what happens after our death? Without action on your part, nobody would have any way to make use of your digital property. Does this not seem a waste? By the same logic that states it is wise to make arrangement for what should happen to your estate upon death, it now stands to rise that the plight of the millennial is to also consider their digital property. Some of this property may have actual financial value, and many assets will likely have an emotional value which you may wish to be passed to those who survive you. Some digital information may have implications to tangible property, such as the password to your laptop. The social media accounts which depict our every move can become memorials after we are gone, or simply taken offline. Facebook has a feature which allows the user to nominate somebody to receive access to the account upon their death thus allowing friends and family to interact still. Bruce Willis was supposedly making arrangements in 2012 to ensure his music collection stored digitally could be passed to his children. This turned out to be ‘fake news’ but still raised question marks as to the relationship between digital possessions and the law of wills and probate. Clearly, this is a relatively new issue, and whilst law is often not definitive, it certainly is not here. However, our advice for dealing with your digital estate is: - Never presume people know what digital property you have. Make a list of all your assets, including any passwords and other pertinent information, and refer to the list in your will or annexe it to it. - Keep your digital property information in a safe place, and ensure the person you have chosen to deal with it can access the property. Use of a password manager or database may prove useful, and the nominated receiver of your digital property then only need remember one password. - Discuss with the person you have nominated what you would like to be done on your death with the property. For example, you may wish for some property to be destroyed. - Where there is an option to create a memorial on your social media account, discuss with the nominated person your wishes and any message you would like to be left. - Create or update your will, and remember, do not forget digital property!  Robertsons have experts on hand to guide you through the Will making process.  Call us on 029 20237777 or email us at [law@robsols.co.uk](mailto:law@robsols.co.uk) to make an appointment. --- ## When is a Contract not a Contract? Examining the Legal Formalities URL: https://robsols.co.uk/insights/when-is-a-contract-not-a-contract/ Published: 2017-05-16 Updated: 2017-05-16 Author: The starting point to any contract matter has to begin with the question as to how and when a contract is made. Sometimes agreements are not signed, or some documents are incomplete which creates an impression that there is no contact.  This article hopes to dispel some of the myths about contract law. #### It does not have to be written down A contract is created when there is an offer and acceptance, and this does not necessarily have to be in writing.  A contract can be formed when the parties agree to the terms of that contract.  It could be for example by way of e-mail or discussions.  The conduct of the parties can also have an impact as to whether or not there is a contract. A Court will look at the way that the parties conducted themselves and the words that were used and will apply an objective test.  Some contracts are required to be in writing, such as the sale of land, but for the most part, there can be an oral contract, or it can be created simply by way of some written correspondence back and forth.  Ideally, don’t start work until everybody has signed the contract and if work does need to start sooner then try to agree on the important matters first.  Try to make sure that obligations are clearly defined. The Court of Appeal has previously found that a contract was binding despite the lack of a signature.  The other party had signed, and there was a space for another signature, but it was blank. The Court found that the party had accepted the terms of the agreement. A very recent case only just decided this year was*MacInnes v Gross*where, following a discussion over dinner, it was found that a contract had been entered into.  During the dinner, A agreed that he would leave his job and provide services to B.  That night, A emailed B saying that they were delighted to have “agreed on headline terms”.  Nine months later work was undertaken and B continued as though there was no contract.  A successfully sued B on the contract made. #### No official agreement Often there are negotiations back and forth, but nothing transpires into a formal written document.  It is often assumed that there is no binding agreement until all the information is placed within one document.  The Court, however, will look at the words and conduct to determine what the parties intended to be bound by.  To avoid any difficulties, the best practice is to clearly label the correspondence as “subject to contract” this gives an indication that the person writing the correspondence does not intend to create a binding contract with the information given.  However see below where this is not always the case. #### Commencement of work without an agreement If there are matters that are still in correspondence and labelled as “subject to contract” then problems can arise if work commences. There may be some misperception as to whether a contract has been agreed and upon what terms or indeed whether there is any binding contract at all.  There may be a belief that there is no intention to create a binding agreement but this can be overwritten if a Court considers that the parties’ communications and conduct are such that it should be overridden.   The question will be whether the party intended to be bound by the terms of the negotiations and that will depend upon the facts of the case.  There is much case law in respect of this, but an important case of*RTS Flexible Systems*shows that the moral of the story is to agree on the contract first and start the work later.  Naturally, this is not always possible especially in a commercial setting, and by way of protection, you will need to agree as much as possible.  Maybe you should set out what has been agreed in a short contract or by making them binding within Heads of Terms.  Good examples for elements to incorporate would be the level of work that will be undertaken at that initial stage, what payments are due, how long the contract will last, what are the termination provisions and what will take place if there is no formal agreement put in place after that interim contract. #### Heads of Terms When the main elements of the agreement are decided, it is often recorded in a document labelled Heads of Terms upon which negotiations will continue.  The Heads of Terms are not intended to be binding although there may be certain aspects of it which are designed to be binding from the outset such as confidentiality or exclusivity.  Again, the Courts can determine what the parties intended to be bound by before the execution of any formal documents.  It is, therefore, important to make it clear in the Heads of Terms or similar documents whether they are intended to be a binding agreement and if so, to what extent.  Again, the words “subject to contract” can be used for anything that is not binding upon any of the parties.  If there are conditions to the agreement such as terms being subject to a shareholder approval, then this can be a conditional agreement rather than no binding agreement at all.  #### Consideration For a contract to be a contract and complete all the legal requirements, then there has to be some consideration provided by both parties.  This means payment or value.  If the document is a Deed, then consideration is not required.  Most commercial contracts are not.  The Court does not mind what the payment or value is, but there has to be something.  For example, if the agreement were £1 for a car then that would be sufficient. The above clearly shows that contract law is a complex area of law.  If you are looking to draft a contract or have found yourself in a position where someone is enforcing a contract that you don’t agree with, then contact Robertsons Solicitors and speak to one of our experts. --- ## Litigants in Person: Is it fair being on your own? We find out. URL: https://robsols.co.uk/insights/litigants-in-person-is-it-fair-being-on-your-own/ Published: 2016-10-26 Updated: 2016-10-26 Author: A Litigant in Person (LIP) is a description of those people who represent themselves in court proceedings and at court hearings. They don’t retain a solicitor often for reasons of costs, and sometimes because they believe they can run the case better themselves.  There has been a definite increase of LIPs going through the court system. In October 2016 government statistics show that 34% of Child Arrangement Cases had neither a solicitor nor barrister representing either party. Child Arrangements involve applications concerning children. Previously known as residence and contact but now to be described as ‘child arrangements’. Read our article about [parents disagreeing over inoculations](/parents-disagree-over-innoculations/). One of the reasons for this increase is that legal aid was removed for a majority of children matter cases. To even think about getting Legal Aid now, a client will need to have some evidence of being in a domestically violent relationship, such as a police conviction of the other party or involvement from a Domestic Violence charity. Even then you still have to satisfy the Legal Aid Agency that your earnings are below a certain level and that there are merits in the application that you want to make. All in all, a difficult hurdle to get over. Solicitors have tried to assist by bringing in fixed fees for this type of work, but often the client simply doesn’t have the money to retain a solicitor. There are also arguments of injustice, where one party qualifies for legal aid, but the other party doesn’t. The unrepresented party feels that they are at a disadvantage and if they don’t achieve what they set out to achieve often state it is because the other party was represented. I have come across a number of LIPs through cases that I have run. Although I don’t criticise the other party for not being represented by a solicitor, it does often cause difficulty. More often than not it will slow the process down. LIPs don’t deal with the court on a day to day basis and it is, therefore, understandable that they often aren’t up to speed with the court process and requirements of the Judge. Usually, hearings listed for 30 minutes could take an hour as LIPs don’t keep to the issues at hand. One reason being that they are emotionally involved and want to ‘get it all out’. Some will turn up with a plastic bag of papers and hope to be able to give all this to the Judge. On one recent occasion, the LIP had made an enforcement application to the court against my client where they tried to rely on part of a court ordered that was simply unenforceable. The LIP, after spending £255 on the application, was told by the Judge that he had to dismiss it. Time and money wasted. Judicial time is already at a premium and, especially when there is no solicitor at all, the Judge has to explain things in much more detail and often micromanages the parties. This will have a knock-on effect to other hearings causing delay. In addition, this lack of knowledge which causes delay to the hearings and the court process generally can prove to be costly for the paying client. There may be adjournments because there is not enough time to deal with things which means another trip to court. The Judges also like to ask the solicitor to do work that the non-represented party should do because they know it will get done correctly and on time (such as drafting orders, instructions experts, compiling court bundles etc). Great for the LIP, but more costly for the client. It can’t be easy for a LIP.  Any court process is emotional and without a solicitor you can’t hand over the running of the case to anyone else. This means that there is no objective view and is an all-consuming process. I have even had LIPs breaking down in court at a final hearing saying that they didn’t know the hearing would be like it was and felt completely out of their depth. The lack of legal experience can mean they miss the most important points and end up making their position weaker in the court. Moreover, the Judge is not there to explain some of the complexities or the details comprehensively to the litigant in person. Although I would, of course, say that it’s better to engage a solicitor(!),  I have seen first-hand how difficult it is for people and how emotionally drained they can be. They often find themselves frustrated at not being able to understand or realise things about the court process. They will often feel disadvantaged.   Solicitors do have to ensure they consider the LIPs and remember that being at court is not an everyday occurrence for LIPs. There was a recent case of Re*B (Litigants in person: timely service of documents)*where the barrister was severely criticised for handing the LIP, on the day of the hearing, a 14-page position statement and a 100-page law report. Furthermore, the LIP was not of British nationality and had to have the assistance of an interpreter in order to read the documents. Needless to say, the hearing had to be adjourned. It is always best to try and get some legal advice. More and more solicitors are offering ‘unbundled services’ which means that clients can pay for help at different stages of the court process, maybe with statements or one of the court hearings. Although there can be a cost, it is often worth making sure you are at least on the right track. There is also the option of [mediation.](/mediation/areas-of-mediation/) As always, I’m always happy to help. [law@robsols.co.uk](mailto:law@robsols.co.uk) --- ## Muireann Sheedy URL: https://robsols.co.uk/our-team/muireann-sheedy/ Published: 2026-06-08 Updated: 2026-08-10 Author: Muireann is a Director and heads up the Commercial & Residential Property department. She trained with the firm and became a member of the commercial property team, before being made a Partner, now Director, in 2006. Over the course of her career she has built deep specialist expertise across all aspects of commercial property work. Muireann advises on acquisitions, disposals and development, with particular expertise in landlord and tenant work, primarily for industrial and office premises. She also advises on affordable housing and works closely with UK developers, bringing a practical, commercially focused approach to complex transactions and long-standing client relationships. With her entire career built at Robertsons, Muireann combines technical depth with a strong understanding of the local property market and the needs of the developers and businesses the firm serves across Cardiff and South Wales. --- ## Katie Corcoran URL: https://robsols.co.uk/our-team/katie-corcoran/ Published: 2026-07-30 Updated: 2026-07-30 Author: Katie is a Conveyancing Executive in the Residential Property team. She holds a first-class honours degree in Criminology and Criminal Justice from Swansea University and is a qualified Associate member of the Chartered Institute of Legal Executives (ACILEx). Katie spent over eight years at Hugh James before joining Robertsons in August 2024, building extensive experience across all aspects of residential conveyancing. She acts primarily for private clients and has developed a particular specialism in new-build conveyancing, handling new-build purchases and leasehold matters, including those involving the Building Safety Act. For Katie, buying or selling a property is one of the biggest milestones most people will experience, and she enjoys guiding clients through the legal process with clarity and confidence, making sure all parties work collaboratively towards a successful outcome. Known for her clear communication, attention to detail and proactive approach, she is valued by clients for making the process feel less overwhelming, keeping them updated throughout and progressing matters through to completion. --- ## Jeff English URL: https://robsols.co.uk/our-team/jeff-english/ Published: 2026-06-26 Updated: 2026-07-30 Author: Jeff is the IT Manager, responsible for the firm’s IT infrastructure and for supporting the whole team in the implementation of new systems and the smooth day-to-day running of its technology. Jeff began his IT career in 1988 as a programmer writing taxation software, before becoming a LAN and Unix installation specialist for Kalamazoo between 1989 and 1992. In 1996 he qualified as one of the first Microsoft Certified Systems Engineers (MCSE) in the country, and set up his own IT consultancy business later that year. After a wide-ranging career involving more than 2,000 site visits, he joined Robertsons in his current role in 2004. With more than three decades in IT and over twenty years at the firm, Jeff combines deep technical expertise with an intimate understanding of how Robertsons works. He plays a central part in keeping the firm’s systems secure, reliable and effective, the behind-the-scenes foundation that allows the legal teams to deliver a first-class service to clients. --- ## Dannielle Howard URL: https://robsols.co.uk/our-team/dannielle-howard/ Published: 2026-05-29 Updated: 2026-07-30 Author: Dannielle works in the Education Law department, where she supports clients across school exclusions, admissions appeals and special educational needs matters. She joined the firm in November 2021 and has worked across a number of departments, building broad practical experience before finding her focus in education law. Before joining Robertsons, Dannielle gained experience at another firm working on personal injury cases, particularly road traffic accidents. Alongside her work at the firm she completed her LLB in Law with The Open University, graduating in 2024 after balancing full-time study with a demanding caseload. Dannielle’s keen interest in education law led her to help develop the firm’s growing Education Law department alongside Rhys Palmer. Her commitment and contribution were recognised when she was shortlisted in the “Legal Assistant of the Year” category at the 2023 Wales Legal Awards. She brings genuine dedication and a client-focused approach to a practice area that makes a real difference to the families and students it serves. --- ## Matthew Terrell URL: https://robsols.co.uk/our-team/matthew-terrell/ Published: 2026-07-22 Updated: 2026-07-22 Author: Matthew is a Junior Legal Executive in the Residential Conveyancing team. He first came to conveyancing after university, joining Countrywide as a case progressor and going on to work with estate agents to maintain instructions, train legal assistants and handle his own caseload, building a strong practical grounding in property work before joining Robertsons. Now approaching two years with the firm, Matthew deals with almost all aspects of a conveyancing matter, from file opening through to post-completion. He supports the Residential Conveyancing team and is often the first point of contact for clients, the voice at the end of the phone, keeping people proactively updated and making complex legal problems feel less intimidating. Friendly, hard-working and efficient, Matthew is drawn to the part of the job that involves speaking with clients and guiding them through what can be a stressful process. Early in his time at the firm he successfully managed the sale of a £1.2 million country house and was personally recognised by the client for the service he provided, a reflection of the resilience, adaptability and genuine care he brings to his work. --- ## Lyndsey Gordon-Webb URL: https://robsols.co.uk/our-team/lyndsey-gordon-webb/ Published: 2026-06-19 Updated: 2026-07-21 Author: Lyndsey is an Associate Director and heads up the firm’s Workplace Illness department, as well as leading its dedicated Military and Veterans legal service. She graduated from Cardiff University with a law degree in 2006 and qualified as a solicitor, building a career specialising in complex, high-value asbestos and industrial disease litigation. Over more than a decade Lyndsey has worked on disease and injury cases throughout the world, including matters involving complex multi-jurisdictional issues and both individual and group actions. She has been involved in a number of high-profile cases that have resulted in millions of pounds of compensation for claimants, frequently taking on substantial opponents on behalf of injured people. Before joining Robertsons she held senior roles including Head of Disease Litigation at Watkins and Gunn and Partner in the Asbestos and Industrial Disease team at Hodge Jones & Allen in London, having begun her career at Hugh James. Lyndsey leads Robertsons’ Military and Veterans service, a dedicated legal pathway for former service personnel and their families across the UK. The service offers clearer routes to advice on service-related injury and illness claims, employment rights, family matters and the often-confusing processes around medical discharge. Wales has one of the highest proportions of Armed Forces veterans in the UK, and the initiative is designed to ensure they are not left to navigate complex systems alone. Lyndsey takes a holistic approach, working closely with medics, support workers and other professionals to support the whole of a client’s needs. Alongside her casework she regularly delivers training to members of the legal profession and to NHS institutions, and she works with charities supporting injured and military communities. --- ## Robin Street URL: https://robsols.co.uk/our-team/robin-street/ Published: 2026-06-19 Updated: 2026-07-21 Author: Robin is an Associate in the Residential Conveyancing department and a Licensed Conveyancer. He started his career as a conveyancer in 2010 and soon progressed to managing a large remortgage team, building broad experience across the field before moving into private practice. Robin joined Robertsons as a Legal Assistant in the conveyancing department in 2017, qualified as a Licensed Conveyancer in 2020, and was made an Associate in 2023. He deals with all aspects of residential conveyancing, sales, purchases, remortgages and transfers of equity, and heads up the firm’s Equity Release work. Known for his responsive, approachable manner, Robin is particularly valued by first-time buyers for his clear communication and proactive approach, keeping clients informed and confident at every stage of the process. --- ## Rhys Palmer URL: https://robsols.co.uk/our-team/rhys-palmer/ Published: 2026-05-28 Updated: 2026-07-21 Author: Rhys studied at Cardiff University and qualified as a solicitor in September 2016. He began his career specialising in education law and litigation, quickly building a reputation as a committed advocate for students and families navigating a system that can feel overwhelming and opaque. During the Covid-19 pandemic he was among the first solicitors in Wales to speak publicly on the rights of students seeking tuition fee refunds, his commentary featured in *The Independent* and drew national attention to the consumer protection obligations universities owe their students. He joined Robertsons in May 2023, bringing with him substantial experience across both school and higher education disputes. His commitment to plain-English education law guidance and to making legal advice genuinely accessible to families has been a defining feature of his practice. He was promoted to Associate Director in early 2025. Rhys has wide experience advising university students at institutions across England and Wales. His higher education caseload spans academic misconduct proceedings, including the growing area of AI-related allegations, fitness to practise investigations, student complaints and internal appeals, and consumer rights claims against universities. He has been quoted by *Times Higher Education* on Covid-era compensation claims and engages closely with the Office for Students, the Competition and Markets Authority and the OIA on the evolving landscape of student rights. He was approached by The Sunday Times in May 2025 to be interviewed about the increase of AI in university. Alongside his university work, Rhys acts for parents and children in school disputes across England and Wales. He handles SEND and EHCP appeals, including complex EOTAS cases, ALN matters under the Welsh framework, school exclusions, reinstatement appeals, and admissions challenges. He has a particular interest in autism and education, having spoken at Autistic Minds LIVE Cardiff in 2023, and he is a regular voice on the SEND reform debate. He is known for producing accessible, practical guidance on SEN law, making the legal process less daunting for the families who need it most. --- ## Luke Hallinan URL: https://robsols.co.uk/our-team/luke-hallinan/ Published: 2026-06-06 Updated: 2026-07-21 Author: Luke is a Director and heads up the Civil Litigation department. He qualified in 1989 and has been a civil litigator throughout his career, building more than 30 years of experience and a strong reputation in his field. Over the years he has acted for multinational companies and worked on a number of high-profile cases. Luke’s litigation practice spans a wide range of contentious work for both individuals and businesses, with particular strengths in neighbour and boundary disputes and contentious probate. His broader caseload includes commercial litigation, property disputes, professional negligence claims and personal injury matters, and he has acted for multinational companies on high-profile cases. He has extensive court and mediation experience, and consistently focuses on achieving outcomes that serve his clients’ interests. More than 15 years ago he created the firm’s debt recovery department, which handles both commercial and consumer debt and has grown from strength to strength under his leadership. --- ## Leah Donovan URL: https://robsols.co.uk/our-team/leah-donovan/ Published: 2026-06-26 Updated: 2026-07-21 Author: Leah is a Trainee Solicitor in the Commercial Property department, based in Cardiff. She graduated with first-class honours in Law and Criminology, and went on to complete a Master of Laws in Legal Practice and Advanced Drafting. Leah’s route into the profession reflects a steady, well-earned progression at the firm. She joined Robertsons as a secretary in September 2023, was promoted to paralegal in February 2024, and secured a training contract in February 2025, drawn to law by a genuine passion for helping others, and to Robertsons by its workplace culture and standing as a respected firm in the heart of Cardiff. Day to day, Leah works on commercial property transactions including sales, acquisitions and leases, assisting the department’s fee-earners and supporting clients by phone, email and in person. She particularly values the client-facing side of her role, often being the first point of contact, building relationships and offering support. Known for being efficient, available and detail-focused, she having recently completed her Professional Skills Course and is due to qualify as a solicitor in 2026. --- ## Martell Williams URL: https://robsols.co.uk/our-team/martell-williams/ Published: 2026-06-09 Updated: 2026-07-21 Author: Martell is a Consultant Solicitor and one of the founders of the firm as it exists today. He joined as a Partner of Gilbert Robertson & Co when Robertsons was formed in 1985, and over a career spanning more than 40 years has become renowned throughout South Wales for his expertise in commercial property. A Welsh speaker, Martell has long worked with well-established property developers in Cardiff and across South Wales, with particular specialisms in land acquisitions and landlord and tenant work. His depth of experience and his standing in the local property market have been central to the firm’s commercial property practice for decades. Having stepped down as a Director, Martell now acts as a Consultant, continuing to share his expertise and support the firm’s clients and commercial property team.  --- ## Tom Sidford URL: https://robsols.co.uk/our-team/tom-sidford/ Published: 2026-06-08 Updated: 2026-07-21 Author: Tom is a Director in the Commercial Property department. He studied History at Leeds University before completing his legal training at Cardiff University, and joined Robertsons as a trainee solicitor in 2013, qualifying in 2015. He was appointed Commercial Property Director in December 2023. Tom advises businesses, investors and developers across the full range of commercial property work. His experience spans business and property sales and acquisitions, company refinancing, and landlord and tenant matters, including lease negotiations, assignments, variations and surrenders. Clients value his clear, practical, business-focused approach and his ability to keep transactions moving toward completion. Having trained and qualified at the firm, Tom has built his entire career at Robertsons and brings deep familiarity with both the local property market and the needs of the commercial clients the firm serves across Cardiff and South Wales. --- ## Caitlin Kloet URL: https://robsols.co.uk/our-team/caitlin-kloet/ Published: 2026-06-09 Updated: 2026-07-21 Author: Caitlin obtained a first-class honours law degree from Cardiff University and, shortly after graduating, gained experience at Eversheds before joining Robertsons in September 2019 in the residential conveyancing department. Caitlin undertook her training contract at the firm while studying for her Legal Practice Course at Cardiff University, achieving a distinction and qualifying as a solicitor in August 2022. She now works in the Commercial Property team, advising on a range of matters from land acquisition to landlord and tenant work. Having trained and qualified at Robertsons, Caitlin combines strong academic foundations with practical, hands-on experience across both residential and commercial property. She brings a clear, diligent and client-focused approach to every transaction. --- ## Rhian Whiting URL: https://robsols.co.uk/our-team/rhian-whiting/ Published: 2026-05-29 Updated: 2026-07-19 Author: Rhian is a Director and a leading child care solicitor, known for her compassionate approach and an impressive track record in care proceedings. She studied law at the University of Wales, Aberystwyth, completed her Legal Practice Course at Chester College of Law, and qualified in 1998. She joined Robertsons in June 2016. Rhian is an accredited member of the Law Society’s Children Panel and holds Higher Courts Advocacy Rights. Her practice encompasses the representation of children, parents and extended family members, as well as acting for local authorities in public law proceedings. The majority of her work involves representing children in court, where she receives instructions from CAFCASS Cymru, and she has earned a reputation as a highly skilled and dedicated child care solicitor across Wales. Rhian is also a member of the Association of Lawyers for Children and Resolution. Beyond her practice, she is a trustee of Cancer Research Wales, in 2022 she climbed Mount Kilimanjaro to raise vital funds for the charity, which works to improve cancer prevention, treatment and research in Wales. --- ## Rachael Carter URL: https://robsols.co.uk/our-team/rachael-carter/ Published: 2026-05-29 Updated: 2026-07-19 Author: Rachael is a dedicated child care solicitor who joined Robertsons in 2024 to strengthen the firm’s Child Care Law department. She studied at the University of Law and qualified as a solicitor in 2019, having established herself as an accomplished practitioner in child care law before joining the firm. Rachael has a genuine passion for advocating for the welfare of children and families, and specialises in navigating the complex legal landscape of public law children work. She represents children, parents and family members in care proceedings, bringing both technical skill and real compassion to cases that are often deeply sensitive. Her practice includes some of the most complex and demanding work in this field. Rachael was part of the Robertsons team, working alongside Director Ian Williams, that represented a child through their court-appointed Children’s Guardian in a profoundly sensitive reported case concerning the withdrawal of life-sustaining treatment, instructing leading counsel and working with highly specialised expert medical evidence. --- ## Rebecca Lewis URL: https://robsols.co.uk/our-team/rebecca-lewis/ Published: 2026-06-26 Updated: 2026-07-19 Author: Rebecca is the Facilities Manager, responsible for the smooth running of the firm’s offices and the working environment that supports its teams day to day. Rebecca began her career as a legal secretary in 1990, working for Cardiff firm Leo Abse & Cohen before moving to Hugh James in 2002. She joined Robertsons in 2012 in a secretarial role in the conveyancing department, and over the years took on growing responsibility, assisting with HR and working alongside the office manager. Her ability to pick up new areas quickly led to her appointment into her current role as Facilities Manager. With more than three decades in the legal sector and over a decade at the firm, Rebecca brings a deep understanding of how Robertsons works and what its people need. She plays a key part behind the scenes in keeping the firm’s offices running well, the practical foundation that allows the legal teams to focus on their clients. --- ## Liz O’Connor URL: https://robsols.co.uk/our-team/liz-oconnor/ Published: 2026-06-06 Updated: 2026-07-19 Author: Liz is an Associate Director in the Litigation & Dispute Resolution team, and heads the firm’s Employment department. She qualified in 2008, having studied Law and Business at Swansea University followed by the Legal Practice Course in Cardiff, and brings over 15 years of experience advising both individuals and businesses across a wide range of contentious matters. Most recently Liz was a Partner at a Newport firm, where she led the Commercial Litigation team. Much of her work is for business clients, advising on commercial and contractual disputes, professional negligence and the partnership and shareholder disagreements she particularly enjoys resolving. Alongside this she heads the firm’s employment work, acting for both employees and employers on tribunal claims, settlement agreements, dismissals and the full range of workplace issues. Clients value her practical, commercially minded approach and her focus on resolving disputes efficiently. Liz also brings a perspective beyond the purely legal: she previously spent time helping to run her family’s events business, giving her first-hand insight into the pressures faced by small and medium-sized businesses, and into the commercial and employment issues they navigate day to day. She joined Robertsons as an Associate Director in May 2025 --- ## Olivia James URL: https://robsols.co.uk/our-team/olivia-james/ Published: 2026-06-26 Updated: 2026-07-19 Author: Olivia is a Litigation and Employment Legal Executive.. She graduated from Cardiff University with a Merit in Law in 2023, before completing a Master of Laws with Legal Practice, also with a Merit, in 2025. Olivia joined Robertsons in October 2025 and supports Associate Director Liz O’Connor across a broad range of contentious matters. Her role involves preparing and drafting legal documents, managing case files and handling correspondence, helping ensure that client matters progress smoothly and efficiently. She particularly enjoys the variety that litigation work brings. Olivia places real value on client care, making a conscious effort to communicate clearly, respond promptly and keep clients updated at every stage, because clients should feel listened to and informed, never just a number. Approachable, highly organised and known for her attention to detail, she takes pride in producing accurate, reliable work. --- ## Mollie Ellerman URL: https://robsols.co.uk/our-team/mollie-ellerman/ Published: 2026-06-26 Updated: 2026-07-19 Author: Mollie is the Business Development Manager at Robertsons, responsible for building the firm’s relationships, raising its profile and supporting growth across its offices and practice areas. Mollie joined Robertsons as a Legal Assistant in June 2016 and progressed to become a Conveyancing Executive, developing particular expertise in the purchase and sale of new-build properties, a niche area in which her knowledge became exceptional, with developers regularly recommending her to their prospective plot purchasers. That hands-on experience of guiding clients through their transactions, and of working closely with developers and referrers, gives her a strong foundation for her current role. Now leading business development, Mollie draws on her deep understanding of how the firm works and what its clients value to nurture relationships, strengthen referral networks and help the firm continue to grow. With nearly a decade at Robertsons, she combines genuine warmth with real commercial insight --- ## Linsey Edmonds URL: https://robsols.co.uk/our-team/linsey-edmonds/ Published: 2026-07-10 Updated: 2026-07-19 Author: Linsey is an Associate Director in the Matrimonial and Family team. Swansea educated, she studied a joint honours degree in Law and Sociology at Cardiff University before completing her Law Society Finals at the University of the West of England in Bristol. She trained with Swansea firm Avery Naylor and, after qualifying in 1996, spent five years at Ivor Evans & Benjamin undertaking both family and criminal law work. Linsey specialises in divorce, matrimonial finance, cohabitation disputes and Children Act parental disputes. She acts for a broad range of clients, from high-net-worth individuals to those with more modest means, and is particularly known for her matrimonial finance work, including complex, high-value cases involving businesses and assets running into the millions. Her track record reflects her tenacity on behalf of clients. She has secured a Mareva injunction in the High Court to protect a client whose husband had sold the family home without her knowledge or consent, and successfully instructed a forensic accountant to expose concealed business assets and profit in another matrimonial finance dispute. In Children Act proceedings she has provided robust representation for a father facing unsubstantiated allegations, obtaining a court order for him to spend time with his child. Linsey is drawn to family law by a genuine desire to help people through some of the most difficult and stressful periods of their lives. Friendly, professional and eager to help, she is valued by clients above all for her understanding and support. She is a member of the Law Society Family Law Panel. --- ## Rhianne Mace URL: https://robsols.co.uk/our-team/rhianne-mace/ Published: 2026-06-19 Updated: 2026-07-19 Author: Rhianne is a Conveyancing Executive in the Residential Conveyancing department. She has worked in conveyancing since 2007, by her own admission, having “fallen into it by accident” when she started as a receptionist in a Pontypridd law firm, and has built nearly two decades of hands-on experience across the field. Over her career Rhianne has worked as a legal assistant in several established firms before becoming a fee earner at Hugh James in 2017, and later handling modern auction sales for iamsold. She joined Robertsons in May 2024. She is a Conveyancing Technician, having completed Level 4 of the CLC (Council for Licensed Conveyancers) course. Rhianne acts for both individuals and companies, and is particularly known for auction sales and purchases, both modern and traditional, as well as leasehold properties (especially in Cardiff Bay), retirement apartments and unregistered titles. She regularly acts for Management Companies on their post-completion requirements, and has handled high-value sales including a £1.2m property in Cardiff. Rhianne focuses on explaining legal issues in a practical way, so that clients can make informed decisions. By managing expectations and identifying potential issues early, she provides an efficient service while making sure clients feel supported throughout the transaction, and clients most often thank her for keeping them updated regularly at every stage. --- ## Lisa Shrimpton URL: https://robsols.co.uk/our-team/lisa-shrimpton/ Published: 2026-05-29 Updated: 2026-07-19 Author: Lisa qualified as a solicitor in 2010 and joined Robertsons in 2021 as a Senior Associate. Over the course of her career she has built a strong reputation throughout South Wales across all aspects of family and matrimonial law, becoming one of the most sought-after family practitioners in the region. She was promoted to Associate Director in 2025. Lisa works across both divorce and financial matters and private law children cases. Her caseload includes high-net-worth and complex matters, often involving international elements, as well as work for vulnerable clients, including those who have experienced domestic abuse. Clients consistently praise her friendly approach and her straightforward, robust advice, and she is known for being a safe, reassuring presence at a difficult time. Lisa’s standing is reflected in independent recognition. In 2026 she was ranked by Chambers & Partners as an “Associate to Watch” for Family/Matrimonial in Wales, noted for her work across financial and children proceedings with particular expertise in domestic abuse issues. She is also recognised in The Legal 500, described as well prepared and client-focused, and providing clear and constructive advice tailored to her clients’ needs. Lisa is an accredited member of the Law Society’s Advanced Family Law Panel. --- ## Michelle Collins URL: https://robsols.co.uk/our-team/michelle-collins/ Published: 2026-06-19 Updated: 2026-07-19 Author: Michelle is Head of Secured Lending, with two decades of specialist experience in the field. Her career began at HSBC Bank in 2001 within their Securities Processing Department, and when that department closed she moved to Robertsons as a Legal Assistant for a newly established second-charge lender. In 2007 Michelle relocated to Manchester and joined the legal department of a large, well-established second-mortgage lender. Following the 2008 credit crunch she moved to a Stockport law firm, supporting their expanding PPI mis-selling and credit-enforceability teams, and later contributed to the development of a new debt-management company. She returned to South Wales in 2013 and rejoined Robertsons, where she now leads the department supporting many of the UK’s largest secured-loan providers. Having worked on both sides of the industry, for lenders and in firms acting against them, Michelle brings a uniquely balanced, commercially aware perspective. This dual experience allows her to understand lender priorities, anticipate legal and operational risks, and deliver solutions that are both compliant and pragmatic. Her core work involves assessing property titles and advising on the suitability and risk profile of security offered for proposed lending, ensuring clarity, compliance and commercial awareness throughout. Michelle’s approach is hands-on and highly engaged. She stays closely involved throughout the entire process, communicating proactively and remaining available whenever issues need resolving or decisions need to be made, building strong, collaborative relationships where clients can rely on her not just for technical expertise, but for consistency, clarity and genuine partnership. --- ## Robyn Bramham-Exley URL: https://robsols.co.uk/our-team/robyn-bramham-exley/ Published: 2026-06-19 Updated: 2026-07-19 Author: Robyn is a Litigation and Employment Legal Executive. She supports the firm’s Litigation and Employment work, assisting Associate Director Liz O’Connor across a broad range of contentious matters including commercial, property, employment and contentious probate disputes. Robyn’s route into law was an unconventional one. Following a junior athletics career, she began working in legal-sector hospitality at Addleshaw Goddard in Leeds, where she became inspired to join the profession. She went on to build experience across a series of well-regarded firms across Wales and the South West, progressing from legal administrator and secretary roles to paralegal, and ultimately lead litigation paralegal, before joining Robertsons in August 2025. Day to day, Robyn assists with drafting proceedings and witness statements, disclosure exercises and preparation for court hearings and trials, and handles possession proceedings and advice for professional and regulatory bodies in the property sector. She holds the CILEx Level 3 Diploma in Law and Practice and the CPQ Advanced Paralegal Qualification, and is working towards qualifying as a CILEX Lawyer. Clients most often thank Robyn for her regular updates and proactive approach. She believes excellent client service comes down to keeping clients well informed about the progress of their matter and handling every query promptly, making sure people feel supported from the moment their file is opened. --- ## Ian Williams URL: https://robsols.co.uk/our-team/ian-williams/ Published: 2026-05-29 Updated: 2026-07-19 Author: Ian is a Director and a leading child care solicitor with a genuine passion for advocating for children’s rights. With a career spanning more than 35 years, he has developed deep expertise in public law proceedings, adoption and child protection, and is recognised as one of the most experienced practitioners in this field in Wales. Ian represents a diverse range of clients in care proceedings, including children, parents and local authorities. The majority of his work involves representing children in court, where he receives instructions from CAFCASS Cymru, and he handles cases throughout Wales. His approach combines decades of courtroom experience with a steady, child-centred focus on achieving the right outcome in often complex and sensitive circumstances. Ian holds the highly respected Children Law accreditation from the Law Society, recognising his dedication and expertise in this area, and he is a member of the Law Society’s Children Panel. He is based at the firm’s Park Place office in Cardiff. Outside the law, Ian is a keen cricketer and fundraiser, in October 2023 he cycled from London to Paris over three days for the Professional Cricketers’ Trust, supporting mental health services. --- ## Gemma Berrow URL: https://robsols.co.uk/our-team/gemma-berrow/ Published: 2026-06-26 Updated: 2026-07-19 Author: Gemma is a Conveyancing Executive in our Barry office. She began her career in residential conveyancing as an administrative assistant in 2012, and as part of her progression has also gained experience in family law and probate, though conveyancing has always been her main passion. Before joining Robertsons she spent five years as a personal assistant to two conveyancing consultants, building a strong foundation in the field. Today Gemma guides clients through the sale and purchase of their homes, and is especially valued by first-time buyers for making what can feel like a daunting process smooth, simple and stress-free. Clients regularly single her out for the clarity of her communication and the speed with which she moves matters forward, on one purchase, taking a first-time buyer from instruction to completion in just 27 days. Warm, professional and reassuring from start to finish, Gemma is a trusted and familiar presence at the Barry office, where she is known for the genuine care she brings to every transaction. --- ## Ffion Davies URL: https://robsols.co.uk/our-team/ffion-davies/ Published: 2026-06-26 Updated: 2026-07-19 Author: Ffion is an Education Legal Executive. She holds an undergraduate degree in Law and Criminology and a master’s in Criminology and Criminal Justice, and found herself drawn to the legal elements of her studies and to how legal principles can be applied to secure positive outcomes for people who need support. Ffion joined Robertsons in January 2026 and stepped up to the role of Education Legal Executive in June 2026, moving from a legal assistant role to become more closely involved in the legal side of education law. She works alongside the head of department, Rhys Palmer, and Dannielle Howard, supporting clients through university and school matters, with a particular interest in SEN and ALN cases, where the work contributes directly to better outcomes for children, families and students. Day to day, Ffion manages the early stages of a client’s matter, taking enquiries and explaining how the team can help, before supporting cases through to resolution and keeping a close eye on key dates and deadlines. Friendly, organised and calm under pressure, she is valued by clients for engaging properly with their questions, checking in regularly and responding promptly throughout. She hopes to begin her route to qualification through the SQE in the coming year. --- ## Hannah Magee URL: https://robsols.co.uk/our-team/hannah-magee/ Published: 2026-05-29 Updated: 2026-07-19 Author: Hannah is a Director at Robertsons and heads the Family Law team. She specialises in highly complex divorce and financial matters, with particular expertise in high-net-worth cases involving trusts, business assets and internationally dispersed wealth. Over a career spanning more than a decade, she has built a reputation as one of the leading matrimonial lawyers in Wales. Hannah deals with all areas of family law, including divorce, cohabitation disputes, children matters and ancillary financial relief. She is known for her calm, measured approach, always seeking quick and amicable solutions where possible, while retaining the ability to fight hard for her clients when circumstances demand it. Clients and peers alike consistently praise her judgment, thoroughness and the empathy she brings to emotionally difficult cases. Her standing in the profession is reflected in sustained independent recognition. Hannah has been ranked in Chambers & Partners for eight consecutive years, currently in Band 3 for Family/Matrimonial in Wales, where she is noted for handling complex cases including financial settlements involving overseas assets, complex pension structures and maintenance orders. She has also featured consistently in The Legal 500, recognised for her depth of expertise in high-net-worth matrimonial finance work. She is a member of Resolution and holds the Law Society’s Family Law accreditation. --- ## Chris Barber URL: https://robsols.co.uk/our-team/chris-barber/ Published: 2026-05-26 Updated: 2026-07-19 Author: Chris studied Law and French at Cardiff University and the Université de Picardie Jules Verne in Amiens, France, before completing his Legal Practice Course in Bristol. Having spent time living and working in France, he returned to Wales and joined Robertsons, initially working in the property department before undertaking his training contract and qualifying in 2011. Over the course of his career Chris has handled all aspects of contentious work, including civil litigation and employment matters. He became the firm’s first qualified mediation specialist, an area he has developed significantly, and has also published a book on business law. Having been appointed a Director, he now serves as Managing Director, overseeing the strategic direction and daily operation of the firm alongside his fee-earning practice. Family law is at the heart of everything Chris does. He specialises in complex financial cases, cohabitation disputes, and children matters for divorcing couples and partners, including those in same-sex relationships. He has a particular strength in high-net-worth matters, and clients consistently praise his depth of legal knowledge, his focus on resolving matters quickly and amicably, and his ability to cut through legal complexity without losing sight of the human dimension of each case. Recognised in The Legal 500, Chris holds Resolution specialist accreditations in both Financial Remedies and Children Law, and is an accredited Civil and Commercial Mediator. He is working towards his accreditation in Mediation for family law. He is also a member of the Association of Lawyers for Children. His approach, described by The Legal 500 as ‘approachable and calming’, reflects a genuine commitment to helping clients find resolution even in the most difficult of circumstances. --- ## Babar Khan URL: https://robsols.co.uk/our-team/babar-khan/ Published: 2026-06-26 Updated: 2026-07-19 Author: Babar is a Trainee Solicitor, currently in our Family Department. He completed his LLB and Legal Practice Course at Cardiff University, and began his training contract in July 2025, gaining experience across a broad range of family matters including divorce, financial remedies and children matters, from limited-asset cases to high-value disputes. Before starting his training contract, Babar worked at Robertsons as a paralegal in the Secured Lending and Debt Recovery departments, where he developed a detailed understanding of financial disputes, enforcement procedures and client management in fast-paced environments. Earlier in his career he was a Legal Advisor at Arc Legal Group in Cardiff, advising clients on civil, consumer and property disputes, which sharpened his ability to support people through complex legal issues with clarity and professionalism. Day to day, Babar prepares briefs to counsel, attends FDR hearings, drafts court documents including C100 applications and financial dispute paperwork, prepares hearing bundles, and reviews Cafcass reports, expert reports and disclosure. He supports the family team’s solicitors throughout the life of a case, with a particular focus on case progression and strategic preparation for hearings. Babar brings patience, empathy and a genuinely client-centred approach to family law, qualities that matter most when clients are navigating sensitive and emotional circumstances. He takes care to keep clients informed of key dates and the progress of their matter, and is known for the support he provides during court hearings. --- ## Amy Palin URL: https://robsols.co.uk/our-team/amy-palin/ Published: 2026-06-07 Updated: 2026-07-19 Author: Amy is a Wills, Trusts and Estates solicitor and heads up the firm’s Probate department. She graduated from King’s College London with a Law degree in 2016 and embarked on her legal career with a keen interest in estate planning and probate law, qualifying as a solicitor in February 2020. Amy joined Robertsons in 2024 and has quickly become a key member of the team. She assists clients in navigating complex legal matters relating to wills, trusts and estate planning, from drafting wills and setting up trusts to putting Lasting Powers of Attorney in place, always with a focus on providing clarity, protecting assets and giving clients genuine peace of mind. Her practice also includes estate administration and probate, where she works closely with colleagues Kelsey Marks and Alex Lewis, and she has experience in international probate matters. Amy is committed to making estate planning accessible and compassionate. Through the firm’s partnership with Sight Life, the Welsh sight loss charity, she supports people living with visual impairment in planning ahead with expert, tailored advice.  --- ## Amy Lewis URL: https://robsols.co.uk/our-team/amy-lewis/ Published: 2026-05-28 Updated: 2026-07-19 Author: Amy studied Law at Swansea University, graduating with a 2:1, before completing her Legal Practice Course at the University of South Wales with a Distinction. She began her legal career as a litigation paralegal at a national legal services provider, where she built a strong grounding in contentious work and case management, before joining another legal firm in Cardiff to undertake her training contract. Following her training contact, Amy qualified into the Private Family Law team, gaining experience across property and litigation seats before focusing on family matters. She spent nearly three years there as a qualified solicitor, advising clients on divorce, child arrangements and financial disputes. Outside of her caseload, Amy served as Events and Media Officer for the Cardiff and South East Wales Junior Lawyers Division, reflecting a genuine investment in the wider legal community and the next generation of practitioners. She joined Robertsons in 2025. Amy brings a calm, empathetic approach to family law, qualities that matter deeply when clients are navigating some of the most difficult periods of their lives. She advises on the full range of family matters, including divorce and separation, child arrangements, financial settlements and cohabitation disputes, always with a focus on clear communication and constructive resolution. --- ## Kim Swallow URL: https://robsols.co.uk/our-team/kim-swallow/ Published: 2026-05-30 Updated: 2026-07-12 Author: Kim is an Associate in the Residential Conveyancing team. She completed her law degree and Legal Practice Course at the University of South Wales in 2015, secured a training contract at a Newport firm in 2016, and qualified as a solicitor in 2018. Although she initially gained experience in Wills and Probate, she soon found her focus in residential conveyancing and has worked exclusively in the field since qualifying. Kim handles a wide range of property matters with efficiency and precision, including complex transactions such as high-rise leasehold properties, shared ownership arrangements, Help to Buy purchases and new-build developments. She is particularly skilled at guiding first-time buyers through the process, offering clear and practical advice at every stage. Known for her approachable manner and attention to detail, she is committed to making conveyancing as smooth and stress-free as possible. Her commitment to professional development has been recognised throughout her career: she was awarded the Chwarae Teg ILM Level 2 Award in Leadership and Team Skills in 2019, and achieved the Law Society’s Residential Property Advanced Accreditation in 2024. Kim joined Robertsons in 2022 and was promoted to Associate in February 2025. --- ## Natalie Wride URL: https://robsols.co.uk/our-team/natalie-wride/ Published: 2026-06-25 Updated: 2026-06-25 Author: Natalie is a Conveyancing Executive in the Barry office, where she has built her entire career. She completed her secretarial course in Barry before joining the firm, and over more than 20 years she has worked across both the Barry and Cardiff offices in a variety of departments, including wills, matrimonial and conveyancing. Today Natalie focuses on residential conveyancing, guiding clients through the sale and purchase of their homes. Natalie is well known for her exceptionally high service standards and is frequently commended by clients, who regularly return with cards and gifts to thank her after their transactions complete. She understands that buying and selling a home can be stressful, with so much outside a client’s control, and she works hard to repay the trust her clients place in her. She is a familiar face in the local community. --- ## Andrew Humphreys URL: https://robsols.co.uk/our-team/andrew-humphreys/ Published: 2026-06-20 Updated: 2026-06-25 Author: Andrew is a Director at Robertsons and runs the firm’s Barry office. He joined Robertsons in 1991 and has over 30 years of qualified experience, having initially started out in family and litigation work before broadening his practice considerably over the decades since. Andrew now deals mainly with residential conveyancing and probate, wills and trusts, advising clients across Barry and the wider Vale of Glamorgan. His long experience across several areas of law means he brings a broad, practical perspective to his work, and he is consistently praised by clients for his honest, professional and approachable manner and his use of plain language to make legal matters easier to understand. As the solicitor who runs the Barry office, Andrew is a familiar and trusted presence in the local community, valued for the personal, attentive service he provides to the individuals and families he acts for. --- ## Rebecca Baker URL: https://robsols.co.uk/our-team/rebecca-baker/ Published: 2026-05-29 Updated: 2026-06-18 Author: Rebecca is a Chartered Legal Executive in the Child Care Law department. She has been working in family law since 2001 and qualified as a Chartered Legal Executive in 2019, building extensive experience across a broad range of family matters over more than two decades in practice. Rebecca joined Robertsons in September 2018, having previously worked at a well-established Cardiff law firm. She is an integral part of the Child Care Law team, representing parents and family members involved with social services. Her work provides expert legal advice and support throughout the child protection process, PLO (Public Law Outline) pre-proceedings and care proceedings. Known for her steady, supportive approach, Rebecca understands how distressing it can be when a family becomes involved with children’s social care. She is committed to guiding clients clearly and compassionately through what is often one of the most difficult experiences of their lives. --- ## Experienced Conveyancing Legal Assistant URL: https://robsols.co.uk/careers/experienced-conveyancing-legal-assistant/ Published: 2026-07-28 Updated: 2026-08-17 Author: Moving house is one of the biggest things most people ever do, and the person guiding them through it makes all the difference. We’re looking for an experienced Legal Assistant to join our Conveyancing department and help our clients get to completion smoothly, safely and without the sleepless nights. You’ll be someone who already knows this work well, at least three years in a conveyancing environment, and who can pick up a file, see what it needs and get on with it. Searches, contract packs, enquiries, SDLT and Land Transaction Tax returns, Land Registry applications, the phone call to reassure a first-time buyer who’s worried about the chain: it’s varied, it moves quickly, and it matters to the people on the other end of it. In return, you’ll be part of a long-established independent Welsh firm where you’re a name rather than a number. You’ll have proper support from experienced fee-earners, genuine scope to take on more complex work as you grow, and colleagues who’ll cover for you when you need it. If that sounds like the right fit, we’d be glad to hear from you. ## Key Responsibilities: - Support conveyancing fee-earners in progressing a caseload of residential sale, purchase, transfer of equity and remortgage files from instruction through to post-completion. - Open new files and carry out client identification, source of funds and anti-money laundering checks, and issue client care and terms of business documentation. - Handle correspondence, including emails, letters and telephone calls, with clients, estate agents, brokers, lenders and the other side’s solicitors. - Proofread documents for accuracy and completeness. - Order and review property searches (local authority, drainage, environmental, mining and chancel) and chase outstanding results. - Prepare and issue contract packs and protocol forms, and obtain and check official copy entries, title plans and title deeds. - Draft routine conveyancing documents, including contracts, transfers, completion statements and Land Registry applications, for fee-earner approval. - When required, undertake routine pre-contract enquiries under supervision. - Assist with exchange of contracts and completion, including requesting redemption figures and mortgage advances and confirming completion to all parties. - Prepare and submit SDLT and Land Transaction Tax returns and Land Registry applications, and deal with any requisitions raised. - Maintain and organise case files, both electronic and physical, on the firm’s case management system. - Track case progress against chain, lender and completion deadlines, and ensure all key dates are met. - Assist with post-completion work, ensuring registrations are completed promptly and files are closed and archived correctly. - Serve as a point of contact for clients, estate agents, brokers and lenders, providing regular updates and addressing enquiries. ## Skills and Qualifications: - A minimum of 3 years’ experience as a legal assistant within a residential conveyancing department - Sound working knowledge of the residential conveyancing process from instruction to post-completion, including freehold, leasehold, transfer of equity and remortgage matters - Experience of preparing SDLT and Land Transaction Tax returns and submitting Land Registry applications - Working understanding of CQS, Lexcel and anti-money laundering requirements - Ability to manage a busy caseload - Excellent written and verbal communication skills - Proficiency in Microsoft Office Suite, case management systems and legal research, Land Registry and search provider portals - Strong organisational skills with the ability to manage multiple tasks effectively - Attention to detail and a high level of accuracy - Ability to work independently and collaboratively as part of a team - Professional and courteous demeanour - Discretion and ability to handle sensitive and confidential information - Proactive, with a strong sense of initiative --- ## I’ve been injured, or made ill, where to start URL: https://robsols.co.uk/tools/ive-been-injured/ Published: 2026-06-01 Updated: 2026-07-31 Author: The pathway asks how you came to be injured or unwell, an accident, an illness linked to your work, something connected to military service, or harm caused by a professional, along with when it happened and when you realised the cause. From that it points you to the route that fits. Different situations are handled differently, and the pathway reflects that: a work-related illness, an asbestos condition, an Armed Forces injury and an accident each follow their own rules. Where a tool can help you go further, checking how long you have to claim, screening a work-related illness, or estimating an Armed Forces award, it points you straight to it. Time limits run through all of these, and they are strict. For many claims the deadline is three years, often running from when you first knew your injury was linked to a cause, so it matters to act rather than wait. The result is a guide to where to start, not a decision on whether you have a claim. If it suggests there may be something to look at, a short conversation will help you understand your options before any deadline. --- ## What might an Armed Forces compensation claim be worth? URL: https://robsols.co.uk/tools/afcs-compensation-estimator/ Published: 2026-06-01 Updated: 2026-07-19 Author: Tell the estimator about the injury or illness, how it relates to your service, and how serious its lasting effects are. It maps that against the AFCS tariff, the table of awards the scheme uses, and indicates the likely band and whether a Guaranteed Income Payment (GIP) for long-term loss of earnings may be in point. The AFCS covers both injuries from a single incident and illnesses or conditions that develop over time, including mental health conditions, hearing loss and the effects of cold injury. Different rules and time limits apply depending on the type of claim, which the result will flag. Claiming under the AFCS does not always rule out a separate civil claim, and in some cases a civil claim may be worth more. Which route is right depends on the circumstances, and the two interact in ways worth taking advice on. The figures the estimator points to are indicative only. The actual award depends on medical evidence and how the scheme’s rules apply to your situation. If the result suggests a claim is worth pursuing, the next step is a proper conversation. --- ## Unmarried and separating, where do you stand on the home? URL: https://robsols.co.uk/tools/cohabitation-property-checker/ Published: 2026-06-03 Updated: 2026-07-19 Author: Tell the checker how the home is owned, in one name or both, and what each of you put in, financially and otherwise, and whether anything was ever written down or promised. It points to whether you may have a claim to a share, and how it would be worked out. For unmarried couples, the relevant law is mainly the Trusts of Land and Appointment of Trustees Act 1996, known as TOLATA. If the home is in both names, the starting point is usually that you share it, though that can be displaced. If it is in one name, the other may still have a ‘beneficial interest’, a share earned through contributions or a common intention to share, but that has to be established, and it is harder to do. Where there are children, Schedule 1 of the Children Act can provide for their housing and support separately from any property claim. And a cohabitation agreement or a declaration of trust, made at any point, can put the position beyond doubt and save a great deal of difficulty later. These claims are fact-sensitive, and the evidence, who paid what, and what was said, matters a great deal. Treat the result as a starting point and take advice before you move out or sign anything. --- ## UK Court Fees Calculator URL: https://robsols.co.uk/tools/court-fees-calculator/ Published: 2026-06-03 Updated: 2026-07-19 Author: Tell the calculator what you are doing, issuing a money claim, a family or probate application, a Court of Protection matter, or working out interest owed on a debt. It returns the current court fee, which is payable to the court and separate from any solicitor’s costs. It also checks Help with Fees, the scheme that can reduce or remove the fee for individuals on a low income or with limited savings, companies and other organisations cannot use it. And for money claims it can work out the statutory interest you may be entitled to add. The fees are statutory amounts set by the Ministry of Justice and were last updated in November 2025; they change from time to time, so treat the figure as current guidance rather than a permanent quote. The calculator collects no personal details and is not legal advice, if you would like help with your matter, we can explain what is involved. --- ## Someone has died, what to do next URL: https://robsols.co.uk/tools/someone-has-died/ Published: 2026-06-01 Updated: 2026-07-19 Author: The pathway asks, in plain and unhurried terms, about the person who died and the circumstances, whether there was a will, whether there is a business or property, whether anyone close may be left without enough, what they died of, and whether there is an inquest. There are no wrong answers, and you can take it at your own pace. From your answers it shows the things most likely to matter, in order, and points you towards the right help, dealing with the estate through probate or intestacy, a possible inheritance claim, an asbestos or work-related illness claim, an Armed Forces matter, or support around an inquest. Most people find several of these apply at once. Some of this can wait until you are ready; a few things are more time-sensitive, and the pathway flags those gently rather than alarming you. Nothing here is something you have to work out on your own. The result is a guide to where to start, not a decision on your situation. When you feel ready, a single conversation can help you understand what to deal with first and how we can help with each part. --- ## My relationship is ending, where to start URL: https://robsols.co.uk/tools/my-relationship-is-ending/ Published: 2026-06-03 Updated: 2026-07-19 Author: The pathway moves at your pace. It asks whether you were married, in a civil partnership or living together, because that changes your options, and then points you towards the parts that matter for you: ending the relationship itself, sorting finances and property, and arrangements for any children. If you were married or in a civil partnership, there is a clear legal process for the divorce or dissolution and for dividing finances fairly. If you were living together, the picture is different, there is no common-law marriage, and your position on the home usually turns on property law instead. Where there are children, the focus is on practical arrangements for where they live and how they spend time with each parent. These can very often be agreed without court, through discussion or family mediation, and are decided by a judge only where that is not possible. Nothing here is advice on your situation, and using it commits you to nothing. It is simply a calm way to get your bearings before talking to someone, and when you are ready, we can help you take the next step. --- ## Is the notice from your landlord valid? URL: https://robsols.co.uk/tools/renters-rights-notice-checker/ Published: 2026-06-01 Updated: 2026-07-19 Author: Tell the checker what kind of notice you have been given, the reason stated on it, and how and when it was served. It looks at whether the notice appears to use the correct procedure and notice period for that ground. The rules in this area have changed significantly under the Renters’ Rights Act, which reshapes how landlords can end tenancies and the grounds they must rely on. A notice that does not follow the current rules, wrong form, wrong period, or a ground that does not apply, may not be valid, which affects what a landlord can do next. A notice being invalid does not necessarily mean you can stay indefinitely, and a valid notice does not always mean you must leave immediately, in most cases a landlord still needs a court order to require possession. Knowing where you stand helps you respond calmly and in time. The result is an indication based on what you enter, not a ruling on your tenancy. If you are facing the loss of your home, or are unsure whether a notice is valid, it is worth prompt advice. --- ## Japanese knotweed: do you have a claim? URL: https://robsols.co.uk/tools/japanese-knotweed-checker/ Published: 2026-06-03 Updated: 2026-07-19 Author: Tell the checker where the knotweed has come from, an adjoining property, or a home you bought where it was not disclosed, and what you have been told along the way. It points to the type of claim that fits, and to whether the sensible first step is a letter, a survey, or treatment. Where knotweed encroaches from a neighbour’s land, or its presence interferes with the use and enjoyment of your own, that can be an actionable private nuisance. Claims usually cover the cost of treatment and any reduction in your property’s value, and often a neighbour will deal with it once they understand the position. Where you bought a property and the seller answered ‘no’ or ‘not known’ to the standard knotweed enquiry when they knew otherwise, that can be misrepresentation. Where a surveyor inspected and missed visible knotweed, that can be professional negligence. Each turns on what was known, said and recorded at the time. Knotweed cases turn heavily on evidence, photographs, dates, the sale paperwork and a specialist’s report, so it is worth gathering those early. Treat the result as a starting point and take advice before sending anything formal. --- ## How much interest is owed on a debt? URL: https://robsols.co.uk/tools/simple-interest-calculator/ Published: 2026-06-01 Updated: 2026-07-19 Author: Enter the amount, the interest rate, and the period, or the start and end dates, and the calculator works out the simple interest and the total. Simple interest is calculated on the original amount only, not on interest already added. This is useful in a range of situations: checking the interest element of an unpaid invoice, working out interest claimed on a debt, or sense-checking a figure someone has quoted you. It lets you set the rate yourself, so it is not tied to any one type of claim. Where a claim involves a statutory rate, such as interest on a late commercial payment, or interest a court may award, the applicable rate is set by the rules rather than chosen. For commercial late payment specifically, our late payment calculator applies the statutory figures. The result is a calculation based on the figures you enter, not a statement of what is legally recoverable. What interest you can actually claim, and at what rate, depends on the circumstances and may need advice. --- ## How much property tax will you pay? URL: https://robsols.co.uk/tools/stamp-duty-ltt-calculator/ Published: 2026-06-01 Updated: 2026-07-19 Author: Choose whether the property is in Wales or England, enter the price, and tell the calculator about your situation, for example whether you are a first-time buyer or will own more than one property. It applies the relevant rates and bands and estimates the tax due. Wales and England use separate taxes with different thresholds and bands. Land Transaction Tax (LTT) applies to property in Wales and is collected by the Welsh Revenue Authority; Stamp Duty Land Tax (SDLT) applies in England. The bands are not the same, so where the property sits changes the figure. Surcharges and reliefs can change what you pay. An additional rate usually applies if you will own more than one residential property, and reliefs can apply in some cases. The calculator reflects the main situations, but unusual transactions can need specific advice. The figure is an estimate for budgeting, not a substitute for the exact calculation done as part of your purchase. Your conveyancer will confirm the precise amount payable before completion. --- ## How much can you charge on a late commercial payment? URL: https://robsols.co.uk/tools/late-payment-calculator/ Published: 2026-06-01 Updated: 2026-07-19 Author: Enter the invoice amount, the date payment was due, and the date you are calculating to. The calculator applies the statutory rate of interest for late commercial payments and adds the fixed compensation sum the legislation allows for each overdue invoice. The right to claim this comes from the Late Payment of Commercial Debts (Interest) Act 1998. It applies to business-to-business debts, sets interest at a fixed margin above the Bank of England base rate, and entitles you to a fixed sum per invoice as well, rising with the size of the debt. These figures can be claimed even if your contract is silent on late payment, and they often prompt payment once a debtor sees them set out. Where a contract sets its own substantial remedy for late payment, that can apply instead. The result is an indication of what you are entitled to add, not legal advice on recovering the debt. If an invoice is significantly overdue or being disputed, it is worth talking through how best to recover it. --- ## How long do I have to make a claim? URL: https://robsols.co.uk/tools/how-long-to-claim/ Published: 2026-06-01 Updated: 2026-07-19 Author: Tell the calculator what kind of claim you have, an injury, a contract dispute, a faulty product, a professional’s mistake, and so on, and roughly when it happened or when you first realised something was wrong. It applies the usual limitation period for that type of claim and shows you the likely deadline. Some claims run from the date something happened; others run from the “date of knowledge”, when you first knew, or should reasonably have known, that you had a claim. That difference matters, and the calculator handles both. Certain situations change the clock entirely. Time can run differently for children, for people who lack mental capacity, and in cases involving deliberate concealment or fraud. The result will flag where one of these may apply. Treat the answer as a prompt to act, not a precise legal ruling. If your deadline is close, or you are unsure which date applies, speak to us before time runs out, once a limitation period passes, it is very rarely possible to bring a claim. --- ## How healthy is your business, legally? URL: https://robsols.co.uk/tools/business-legal-health-check/ Published: 2026-06-01 Updated: 2026-07-19 Author: The health-check works through the areas that most often catch businesses out, how the business is owned, the terms you trade on, your staff and contractor paperwork, your premises, money owed to you, disputes, and your filings and records. It tailors the questions to how your business is set up. From your answers it produces a prioritised report: each area is flagged by how much attention it needs, with the most pressing first. The aim is not to fix everything at once, but to show you clearly where the real exposure is and where things already look in order. Each finding points to where the relevant help sits, ownership and governance, employment, commercial property, debt recovery, or dispute resolution, so you can act on the priorities. The areas that look sound are noted too, so you know what you do not need to worry about. The result is a starting point for a conversation, not a legal audit of your business. If the report flags priorities, talking them through is the quickest way to understand what dealing with each would involve. --- ## Do you need a financial consent order? URL: https://robsols.co.uk/tools/financial-consent-order-checker/ Published: 2026-06-01 Updated: 2026-07-19 Author: The checker asks whether you are divorcing, what assets are involved, a home, pensions, savings, a business, and whether you and your former partner have reached an agreement about how to divide them. From that it indicates whether a consent order is the right step. The point many people miss is that a divorce on its own does not end financial claims between former spouses. Without a consent order, an ex-partner can in principle make a financial claim against you years later, even after the divorce is final. A consent order is what draws a line under that. A consent order only works if the agreement behind it is fair and properly informed. The court has to approve it, and full and frank disclosure of finances on both sides is expected. An agreement reached without that can be challenged later. The result is a guide to whether a consent order applies to your situation, not a view on what a fair split looks like for you. If it suggests you need one, the sensible next step is to talk through your agreement before it is drawn up. --- ## Do you have a professional negligence claim? URL: https://robsols.co.uk/tools/professional-negligence-checker/ Published: 2026-06-03 Updated: 2026-07-19 Author: Tell the checker who the adviser was, what went wrong, and roughly when you found out. It points to whether the building blocks of a claim look present, and to how close you may be to a deadline. A professional negligence claim has to clear four hurdles. The adviser owed you a duty of care. They breached it by doing something a reasonably competent professional in their field would not have done, getting it wrong is not always negligence. That breach has to have caused your loss, rather than something else being the real cause. And the loss has to be one the law will compensate. Timing is often the trap. The usual limit is six years from the negligent act, but where the damage was not obvious at the time you may have three years from when you first knew enough to investigate, subject to a long-stop of fifteen years. Because these rules are technical and easy to miss, anything near a deadline needs prompt advice. Treat the result as a prompt, not an opinion on the merits. Professional negligence claims are evidence-heavy and the adviser’s file is usually central, so it is worth taking advice, and asking for that file, sooner rather than later. --- ## Do you have a constructive dismissal claim? URL: https://robsols.co.uk/tools/constructive-dismissal-checker/ Published: 2026-06-01 Updated: 2026-07-19 Author: The checker asks about the conduct that made you consider leaving, for example a serious breach of contract, a fundamental change to your role, unpaid wages, or a breakdown in trust, and about how, and how quickly, you responded to it. Constructive dismissal turns on three things: a serious breach by the employer, your resigning in response to that breach, and your not waiting too long before leaving. If you stay too long after the event, you can be treated as having accepted it, which is why timing matters so much. These claims are among the harder employment claims to win, because the burden is on you to show the breach was serious enough to justify resigning. Strong, contemporaneous evidence makes a real difference, and early advice helps you preserve it. There is a strict time limit: you generally have three months less one day from your resignation to start a tribunal claim, and you must usually begin ACAS early conciliation first. The result is an indication only, if it suggests you may have a claim, take advice quickly. --- ## Do you have a right to renew your business lease? URL: https://robsols.co.uk/tools/lease-renewal-checker/ Published: 2026-06-01 Updated: 2026-07-19 Author: Tell the checker about your tenancy, whether you occupy for business purposes, whether the lease was “contracted out” of the renewal rules at the start, and how the end of the term or any notice is being handled. From that it indicates whether the renewal regime is likely to apply to you. The right comes from Part 2 of the Landlord and Tenant Act 1954. Where it applies, a business tenancy does not simply end on the last day, it continues until ended in a particular way, and the tenant usually has the right to a new lease unless the landlord can make out one of a limited set of grounds. Strict notices and time limits run this process on both sides, and missing one can be costly, a tenant can lose the right to renew, or a landlord can lose the chance to oppose it. The dates are unforgiving, so they need to be diarised early. The result is an indication of your likely position, not a substitute for checking the lease itself. If renewal or a notice is on the horizon, it is worth advice well before any deadline. --- ## Can you make an Inheritance Act claim? URL: https://robsols.co.uk/tools/inheritance-act-1975-checker/ Published: 2026-06-01 Updated: 2026-07-19 Author: The checker asks how you were connected to the person who died, spouse, former spouse, child, cohabitant, or someone they maintained, and about your financial situation. Only certain categories of people can bring a claim, so this is the first thing it checks. A claim is not about whether the will is valid. It accepts the will but asks the court to adjust what you receive, on the basis that reasonable financial provision was not made for you. What counts as reasonable depends on your relationship and needs. Time is critical. A claim must usually be brought within six months of the grant of probate or letters of administration. The court can sometimes allow a late claim, but you should never count on it, the safe course is to act well within the six months. The result is an indication of whether you may be eligible, not a view on what a court would award. If it suggests you may have a claim, the next step is prompt advice, because the time limit moves quickly. --- ## Can you appeal to the Education Tribunal for Wales? URL: https://robsols.co.uk/tools/education-tribunal-wales-checker/ Published: 2026-06-01 Updated: 2026-07-19 Author: Tell the checker what the school or local authority has decided, for example about whether your child has additional learning needs, or what their Individual Development Plan should contain, and when you were told. It indicates whether that kind of decision carries a right of appeal to the Tribunal. The system in Wales is built on the Additional Learning Needs and Education Tribunal (Wales) Act 2018. It replaced statements with Individual Development Plans (IDPs), and the Education Tribunal for Wales hears appeals about additional learning needs and the support a child should receive. There is a time limit for appealing, and it runs from the date of the decision, so it pays to act promptly once you know you disagree. Many disputes are also resolved through the local authority’s own processes before, or instead of, a Tribunal hearing. The result is an indication of whether you may have a right of appeal, not a view on whether the appeal would succeed. If it suggests you can appeal, the next step is advice in good time before the deadline. --- ## Could you have an industrial disease claim? URL: https://robsols.co.uk/tools/industrial-disease-checker/ Published: 2026-06-01 Updated: 2026-07-19 Author: Tell the screener about the condition you have been diagnosed with, the kind of work you did, and roughly when you were exposed and when you were diagnosed. It looks at whether the illness is one commonly linked to work and whether the timing fits the usual rules for claiming. Many industrial illnesses take years, sometimes decades, to appear, conditions linked to asbestos, dust, chemicals, noise or repeated strain often surface long after the job ended. Because of that, the deadline for claiming usually runs from when you were diagnosed, not from when you were exposed. Employers who are no longer trading are not necessarily a dead end. Claims of this kind are often met by the insurer that covered the business at the time, and tracing that insurer is part of the work we can do. The result is an indication only. Whether a claim succeeds depends on medical evidence and the history of your exposure, which need proper assessment. If the checker suggests there may be something to look at, the sensible next step is to talk it through. --- ## Dilapidations: how much might you really owe? URL: https://robsols.co.uk/tools/dilapidations-checker/ Published: 2026-06-03 Updated: 2026-07-19 Author: Tell the checker where you are, a schedule already received, a lease ending soon, or an interim schedule mid-term, and what your lease actually requires, from full repairing and insuring down to internal decoration only. It points to the parts of the claim most likely to be open to challenge. A dilapidations claim is rarely the headline number. The works claimed have to be ones your lease genuinely obliges you to do; the cost has to be reasonable; and the damages a landlord can recover are capped by section 18(1) of the Landlord and Tenant Act 1927 at the amount by which your disrepair has actually reduced the value of the landlord’s interest. If the landlord is redeveloping or reletting in a way that overtakes the works, ‘supersession’, that can reduce the claim to very little. Timing matters too. An interim schedule served mid-term is handled differently from a terminal schedule at lease end, and the landlord is expected to follow the Dilapidations Protocol. Responding well, and early, usually settles the figure for far less than first asked. Treat the result as a starting point, not a valuation. The right response depends on your specific lease and the state of the property, so it is worth having the schedule reviewed against your lease before you reply or pay anything. --- ## Can a Will be challenged? URL: https://robsols.co.uk/tools/will-validity-checker/ Published: 2026-06-03 Updated: 2026-07-19 Author: Tell the checker a little about the will and the circumstances, the person’s health and state of mind when they made it, who was involved, how it was signed, and whether anything changed late in their life. It points to the grounds, if any, that might apply. There are a limited number of recognised grounds. The person must have had testamentary capacity, broadly, they understood they were making a will, what they owned, and who might have a claim on them. They must have known and approved what the will said. They must not have been unduly influenced, which means coerced rather than merely persuaded. And the will must have been signed and witnessed as the law requires. A forged will, or a valid later will that revokes the one in question, is a separate route again. Challenging a will’s validity is different from an Inheritance Act claim, where the will may be perfectly valid but did not make reasonable financial provision for someone who depended on the person who died. The two are easily confused, and the checker keeps them apart. Time and evidence both matter. Medical records, the will file and witness accounts are far easier to gather sooner rather than later, and once an estate has been distributed, putting things right is much harder. Treat the result as a prompt to take advice, not a verdict on the will. --- ## Are you a minority shareholder being treated unfairly? URL: https://robsols.co.uk/tools/shareholder-dispute-checker/ Published: 2026-06-03 Updated: 2026-07-19 Author: Tell the checker what is happening, removal from the board, being shut out of decisions, profits taken as pay rather than dividends, or a share issue that dilutes you, and what agreements are in place. It points to the route that fits and the kind of remedy it offers. The main protection for a minority shareholder is the unfair prejudice petition under section 994 of the Companies Act 2006. If the company’s affairs are being conducted in a way that unfairly harms your interests as a shareholder, the court can order a remedy, most commonly that the others buy your shares at a fair value. Where there is a shareholders’ agreement or articles that have been broken, that is a contract claim. Where the wrong is really done to the company, by a director in breach of duty, a derivative claim brought on the company’s behalf may be the route. The three can overlap, and choosing the right one matters. These disputes are document-heavy and often time-sensitive, especially where shares are about to be issued or the company restructured. Treat the result as a starting point and take advice early, while options are still open. --- ## Boundary & neighbour disputes: where do you stand? URL: https://robsols.co.uk/tools/boundary-dispute-checker/ Published: 2026-06-03 Updated: 2026-07-19 Author: Tell the checker what the disagreement is really about, the position of the boundary, something built or planted over it, access across land, or works to a shared wall. It points to the route that fits, from a simple conversation to a determined boundary or, where genuinely needed, court. The legal boundary is often not where people assume. The title plan shows only a general boundary, not the exact line, so disagreements about a few inches usually turn on the deeds, historic features and sometimes expert evidence rather than the plan alone. Adverse possession, a claim to land you have used as your own for long enough, is a separate question again. Rights of way and other easements, party-wall works under the Party Wall etc. Act 1996, and disputes over trees and high hedges each have their own rules and routes, several of which avoid court entirely. Because neighbour disputes are draining and can affect a future sale, the proportionate route usually matters as much as who is right. Treat the result as a guide, and take advice before sending anything that hardens positions. ---